基礎(chǔ)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)簡(jiǎn)介英文版

Chapter11ChapterOneWhatisStatistics?ONEUnderstandwhywestudystatistics.TWOExplainwhatismeantbydescriptivestatisticsandinferentialstatistics.THREEDistinguishbetweenaqualitativevariableandaquantitativevariable.FOUR

Distinguishbetweenadiscretevariableandacontinuousvariable.FIVEDistinguishamongthenominal,ordinal,interval,andratiolevels

ofmeasurement.SIXDefinethetermsmutuallyexclusiveandexhaustive.GOALSWhenyouhavecompletedthischapter,youwillbeableto:2Whystudystatistics?NumericalinfoiseverywhereButhowdoweknowifconclusionsreportedareaccurate?StatisticaltechniquesareusedtomakedecisionsthataffectourlivesThisiswhyyoungerpeoplepaymoreforinsurance…KnowledgeofstatisticalmethodsatleasthelpsyouunderstandwhydecisionsaremadeInfutureyouwillmakedecisionsthatinvolvedata3WhatisMeantbyStatistics?

Statistics

isthescienceofcollecting,organizing,presenting,analyzing,andinterpretingnumericaldatatoassistinmakingmoreeffectivedecisions.

Incommonusagestatisticsreferstonumericalinformation…..Butinthiscoursethetermhasawidermeaning….4WhoUsesStatistics?

Statisticaltechniquesareusedextensivelybymanagersinmarketing,accounting,qualitycontrol,consumers,professionalsportspeople,hospitaladministrators,educators,politicians,physicians,gamblers,etc...5TypesofStatistics

DescriptiveStatistics:Methodsoforganizing,summarizing,andpresentingdatainaninformativeway.EXAMPLE1:AGalluppollfoundthat49%ofthepeopleinasurveyknewthenameofthefirstbookoftheBible.Thestatistic49describesthenumberoutofevery100personswhoknewtheanswer.6TypesofStatistics

DescriptiveStatistics:Methodsoforganizing,summarizing,andpresentingdatainaninformativeway.EXAMPLE2:AccordingtoConsumerReports,GeneralElectricwashingmachineownersreported9problemsper100machinesduring2002.Thestatistic9describesthenumberofproblemsoutofevery100machines.7TypesofStatistics

DescriptiveStatistics:Methodsoforganizing,summarizing,andpresentingdatainaninformativeway.EXAMPLE3:TheCanadiangovernmentreportsthatthepopulationofCanadawas18,238,000in1961,21,568,000in1971,24,820,000in1981,28,031,000in1991,and31,050,700in2001.Ifwecalculatepercentagegrowthoverthedecadesitisalsodescriptivestatistics.8TypesofStatistics

InferentialStatistics:Themethodsusedtodeterminesomethingaboutapopulation,basedonasample.

O

EXAMPLE1:IntheprecedingexampleonCanadianpopulationchanges,ifyouusethepastdatatoforecastthepopulationofCanadaintheyear2010orexpectedpercentageofgrowthfrom2000to2010,thenthisisconsideredinferentialstatistics.9TypesofStatistics

InferentialStatistics:Themethodsusedtodeterminesomethingaboutapopulation,basedonasample.

EXAMPLE2:Theaccountingdepartmentofalargefirmwillselectasampleoftheinvoicestocheckforaccuracyforalltheinvoicesofthecompany.10TypesofStatisticsInferentialStatistics:Themethodsusedtodeterminesomethingaboutapopulation,basedonasample.EXAMPLE3:Winetasterssipafewdropsofwinetomakeadecisionwithrespecttoallthewinewaitingtobereleasedforsale.11Populationvs.SamplePopulationistheentiresetofindividualsorobjectsofinterestorthemeasurementsobtainedfromallindividualsorobjectsofinterest.Sampleisaportion,orpart,ofthepopulationofinterest12Seealsop.7Population:AllitemsSample:Itemsselectedfromthepopulation13NB:don’tconfusepopulationinstatisticswithacountry’spopulation!ApopulationmightconsistofallthepeopleinNanaimobutalsomaymeanthePEratiosforallchemicalstocks,ortotalassetsofthe20largestbanksinNorthAmerica,totalcollectionofprices,ages,squarefootageofretailspaceinNanaimo,andsoon.14TypesofVariablesForaQualitativeorAttributevariablethecharacteristicbeingstudiedisnonnumeric.EXAMPLES:Gender,religiousaffiliation,typeofautomobileowned,countryofbirth,eyecolourareexamples.15TypesofVariablesInaQuantitativevariableinformationisreportednumerically.EXAMPLES:balanceinyourchequingaccount,minutesremaininginclass,ornumberofchildreninafamily.16TypesofVariablesQuantitativevariablescanbeclassifiedaseitherdiscreteorcontinuous.Discretevariables:canonlyassumecertainvaluesandthereareusually““gaps””betweenvalues.EXAMPLE:thenumberofbedroomsinahouse,orthenumberofhammerssoldatthelocalHomeDepot(1,2,3,………Thusdiscretevariablesresultfromcounting.17TypesofVariablesAcontinuousvariablecanassumeanyvaluewithinaspecifiedrange.Examplesare:Thepressureinatire,theweightofaporkchop,ortheheightofstudentsinaclass.Typically,continuousvariablesaretheresultofmeasuringsomething.18SummaryofTypesofVariables19LevelsofMeasurementDatamaybeclassifiedintofourclassesorlevelsofmeasurement:nominal,ordinal,interval,andratio.Nominallevel:Datathatisclassifiedandcounted.EXAMPLES:eyecolour,gender,religiousaffiliation.20LevelsofMeasurementMutuallyexclusive:Anindividual,object,ormeasurementisincludedinonlyonecategory.Exhaustive:Eachindividual,object,ormeasurementmustappearinoneofthecategories.Nominaldatahavenoparticularorderorrankandaremutuallyexclusive.21MaritalStatus2000(population15yearsandolder)StatusNumberSingle(nevermarried)7,285,560Married(legally,separated,common-law)14,614,564Divorced1,452,000Widowed1,527,075Total24,879,199Thesedataareanominallevelofmeasurementbecauseitcanonlybeclassifiedintoclassesandtheorderofthemaritalstatusisnotimportant.Theclassesarealsomutuallyexclusiveandexhaustive.22LevelsofMeasurementOrdinallevel:involvesdataarrangedinsomeorder,butthedifferencesbetweendatavaluescannotbedeterminedoraremeaningless.EXAMPLE:Duringatastetestof4softdrinks,MountainDewwasrankednumber1,Spritenumber2,Seven-upnumber3,andOrangeCrushnumber4.23LevelsofMeasurementIntervallevelissimilartotheordinallevel,withtheadditionalpropertythatmeaningfulamountsofdifferencesbetweendatavaluescanbedetermined.Thereisnonaturalzeropoint.EXAMPLE:TemperatureontheCelsiusscale.0degreesdoesnotrepresenttheabsenceoftemperature,justthatitiscold!24LevelsofMeasurementRatiolevelistheintervallevelwithaninherentzerostartingpoint.Differencesandratiosaremeaningfulforthislevelofmeasurement.EXAMPLES:Monthlyincomeofsurgeons,ordistancetraveledbymanufacturer’srepresentativespermonth.252627282930ChapterOneWhatisStatistics?ONEUnderstandwhywestudystatistics.TWOExplainwhatismeantbydescriptivestatisticsandinferentialstatistics.THREEDistinguishbetweenaqualitativevariableandaquantitativevariable.FOURDistinguishbetweenadiscretevariableandacontinuousvariable.FIVEDistinguishamongthenominal,ordinal,interval,andratiolevels

ofmeasurement.SIXDefinethetermsmutuallyexclusiveandexhaustive.GOALSWhenyouhavecompletedthischapter,youwillbeableto:319、靜夜四無無鄰，荒居居舊業(yè)貧。。。12月-2212月-22Friday,December23,202210、雨中黃葉葉樹，燈下下白頭人。。。07:03:4607:03:4607:0312/23/20227:03:46AM11、以以我我獨(dú)獨(dú)沈沈久久，，愧愧君君相相見見頻頻。。。。12月月-2207:03:4607:03Dec-2223-Dec-2212、故人江江海別，，幾度隔隔山川。。。07:03:4607:03:4607:03Friday,December23,202213、乍見翻翻疑夢(mèng)，，相悲各各問年。。。12月-2212月-2207:03:4707:03:47December23,202214、他鄉(xiāng)生生白發(fā)，，舊國見見青山。。。23十十二月20227:03:47上午午07:03:4712月-2215、比不不了得得就不不比，，得不不到的的就不不要。。。。十二月月227:03上上午午12月月-2207:03December23,202216、行動(dòng)動(dòng)出成成果，，工作作出財(cái)財(cái)富。。。2022/12/237:03:4707:03:4723December202217、做前前，能能夠環(huán)環(huán)視四四周；；做時(shí)時(shí)，你你只能能或者者最好好沿著著以腳腳為起起點(diǎn)的的射線線向前前。。。7:03:47上上午7:03上上午午07:03:4712月月-229、沒有有失敗敗，只只有暫暫時(shí)停停止成成功??！。12月月-2212月月-22Friday,December23,202210、很多多事情情努力力了未未必有有結(jié)果果，但但是不不努力力卻什什么改改變也也沒有有。。。07:03:4707:03:4707:0312/23/20227:03:47AM11、成功功就是是日復(fù)復(fù)一日日那一一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小小努力力的積積累。。。12月月-2207:03:4707:03Dec-2223-Dec-2212、世世間間成成事事，，不不求求其其絕絕對(duì)對(duì)圓圓滿滿，，留留一一份份不不足足，，可可得得無無限限完完美美。。。。07:03:4707:03:4707:03Friday,December23,202213、不不知知香香積積寺寺，，數(shù)數(shù)里里入入云云峰峰。。。。12月月-2212月月-2207:03:4707:03:47December23,202214、意志堅(jiān)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人人能把世世界放在在手中像像泥塊一一樣任意意揉捏。。23十十二月20227:03:47上午午07:03:4712月-2215、楚楚塞塞三三湘湘接接，，荊荊門門九九派派通通。。。。。十二二月月227:03上上午午12月月-2207:03December23,202216、少年十十五二十十時(shí)，步步行奪得得胡馬騎騎。。2022/12/237:03:4707:03:4723December202217、空山山新雨雨后，，天氣氣晚來來秋。。。7:03:47上上午7:03上上午午07:03:4712月月-229、楊柳散散和風(fēng)，，