國際貿(mào)易學(xué)課件：Chapter1 Introduction

InternationalTrade:TheoryandPolicy1-1Chapter1Introduction1-3PreviewWhatisinternationaleconomicsabout?Whatisinternationaltradeabout?Whydowestudyinternationaltrade?Howdowestudyinternationaltrade?InternationalfinancetopicsIernationalfinance1-4I.WhatIsInternationalEconomics

About?Nationsaremorecloselylinkedthroughtradeingoodsandservices,throughflowsofmoney,andthroughinvestmentthaneverbefore.（隨著國際商品和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展、國際間資金的流動(dòng)，以及跨國投資的發(fā)展，各個(gè)國家之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系變得更加緊密。）Internationaleconomicsisabouthownationsinteractthroughtradeingoodsandservices,throughflowsofmoneyandthroughinvestment.國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的是國際商品和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展、國際間資金的流動(dòng)，以及跨國投資的發(fā)展對(duì)各個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的一般理論包括國際貿(mào)易理論和政策、國際金融理論和國際投資理論等。1-5WhatIsInternationalEconomicsAbout?(cont.)Internationaltradeasafractionofthenationaleconomyhastripled(番了3倍)fortheU.S.inthepast

40years.Whilebothimportsandexportshaveincreased,importshavegrownmore,leadingtoalargeexcessofimportsoverexportswhichiscalledastradedeficit(貿(mào)易逆差).Question:HowistheUnitedStatesabletopayforallthosetradedeficit?ComparedtotheU.S.,othercountriesareevenmoretiedtointernationaltrade.1-6Fig.1-1:ExportsandImportsasaPercentageofU.S.NationalIncomeSource:U.S.BureauofEconomicAnalysisFrom1960sto1980,bothexportsandimportsrosesteadilyassharesofU.S.income.Since1980,importshavecontinuedtorise,whileexportshavefluctuatedsharply.1-7Fig.1-2:ExportsandImportsasPercentageofNationalIncomein2005Source:OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentInternationaltradeisevenmoreimportanttomostothercountriesthanitistotheUnitedStates.1-8II.WhatIsInternationalTradeAbout?Internationaltradeistheinternationalexchange(國際交換)ofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries.Thistypeoftradegivesrisetoaworldeconomy,inwhichprices,orsupplyanddemand,affectandareaffectedbyglobalevents.Therearesometypesofinternationaltrade:Importtrade,exporttrade,transittrade(過境貿(mào)易/轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易)Visibletrade(有形貿(mào)易),invisibletradeinter-industrytrade(產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易),intra-industrytrade(產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易)1.WhatisInternationalTrade1-9BasisforTrade(WhyTradeOccurs?)TheMercantilists’Views(重商主義)onTradeTradeBasedonAbsoluteAdvantage(絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)):theAdamSmithModelTradeBasedonComparativeAdvantage(比較優(yōu)勢(shì)):theDavidRicardoModelResourceEndowments(資源稟賦)andInternationalTrade:theHeckscher-OhlinTheoryEconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade2.TheTheoryofInternationalTrade1-10PatternsofTrade(Whosellswhattowhom?)Thatis,whatcommoditiesaretradedandwhichcommoditiesareexportedandimportedbyeachnation?Differencesinclimateandresources

canexplainwhyBrazilexportscoffeeandAustraliaexportsironore.ButwhydoesJapanexportautomobiles,whiletheU.S.exportsaircraft?Differencesin

laborproductivity(勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率)mayexplainwhysomecountriesexportcertainproducts.Howrelativesuppliesofcapital,laborandland

areusedintheproductionofdifferentgoodsandservicesmayalsoexplainwhysomecountriesexportcertainproducts.1-11GainsfromTrade(貿(mào)易利得/收益)SeveralideasunderliethegainsfromtradeWhenabuyerandasellerengageinavoluntarytransaction(自愿參與交易),bothreceivesomethingthattheywantandbothcanbemadebetteroff.（國與國之間相互銷售自己的產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)通?？倢?duì)雙方都有利）Norwegianconsumerscouldbuyorangesthroughinternationaltradethattheyotherwisewouldhaveadifficulttimeproducing.Theproduceroftheorangesreceivesincomethatitcanusetobuythethingsthatitdesires.1-12GainsfromTrade(cont.)b.Tradeispredictedtobenefitacountrybymakingitmoreefficientwhenitexportsgoodswhichintensivelyuseabundantresourcesandimportsgoodswhichintensivelyusescarceresources.（如果一個(gè)國家出口密集使用其豐富資源的商品，進(jìn)口密集使用其稀缺資源的商品，那么該國會(huì)從這種貿(mào)易模式中受益。）c.Whencountriesspecialize,theymayalsobemoreefficientduetolargescaleproduction.（當(dāng)某些國家實(shí)現(xiàn)專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)時(shí)，他們可以從規(guī)?；a(chǎn)中獲得收益。）1-13GainsfromTrade(cont.)d.Tradeispredictedtobenefitcountriesasawholeinseveralways,buttrademayharmparticulargroups(特定集團(tuán))withinacountry.Internationaltradecanadverselyaffecttheownersofresourcesthatareusedintensivelyinindustriesthatcompetewithimports.（與進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)密集使用的要素的所有者會(huì)因?yàn)橘Q(mào)易而受損）Trademaythereforehaveeffectsonthedistributionofincomewithinacountry,suchasworkersandtheownersofcapital,skilledworkersandunskilledworkers.1-14FreeTradevs.Protectionism

(HowMuchTrade?)Themainideaoffreetrade(自由貿(mào)易)isthatsupplyanddemandfactors,operatingonaglobalscale,willensurethatproductionhappensefficiently.Therefore,nothingneedstoprotectorpromotetradeandgrowthbecausemarketforceswilldosoautomatically.Incontrast,protectionism(貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義)holdsthatregulationofinternationaltradeisimportanttoensurethatmarketsfunctionproperly.Advocatesofthistheorybelievethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefitsofinternationaltradeandtheyaimtoguidethemarketaccordingly.1-153.TheEffectsofGovernmentPolicies

onTradePolicymakersaffecttheamountoftradethroughTariffs(關(guān)稅):ataxonimportsorexports,Quotas(配額):aquantityrestrictiononimportsorexports,exportsubsidies(出口補(bǔ)貼):apaymenttoproducersthatexport,orthroughotherregulations(ex.,productspecifications)

thatexcludeforeignproductsfromthemarket,butstillallowdomesticproducts.Whatarethecostsandbenefitsofthesepolicies?1-16III.WhyDoWeStudyInternational

Trade?Internationaltrademakeslifemorebeautiful一個(gè)牛肉與土豆的例子。如果世界上只有兩個(gè)人：養(yǎng)牛的人和種土豆的人。如果兩個(gè)人“老死不相往來”，那么，在吃了幾個(gè)月烤牛肉、煮牛肉、炸牛肉和燒牛肉之后，養(yǎng)牛人肯定覺得自己并不怎么愜意；同樣，一直吃土豆泥、炸土豆、烤土豆和用貝殼烘土豆的農(nóng)民肯定也有同感。如果牛肉和土豆之間展開貿(mào)易，這時(shí)每個(gè)人就都可以有漢堡包和炸薯?xiàng)l了。1-17WhyDoWeStudyInternational

Trade?(cont.)KnowledgeonInternationaltradehelpsconsumersconsumerationally.我們的日常生活被大量國外的消費(fèi)品所占據(jù)，寶潔、沃爾瑪、蘋果、三星、索尼、微軟、戴爾、奔馳、福特等等世界知名品牌產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)成為我們生活中不可缺少的部分，國際貿(mào)易學(xué)相關(guān)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)有助于我們正確認(rèn)識(shí)、購買和消費(fèi)國外產(chǎn)品。1-18WhyDoWeStudyInternational

Trade?(cont.)KnowledgeonInternationaltradehelpsproducersorganizeproductioneffectively.中國作為世界市場(chǎng)的重要組成部分，承擔(dān)著世界分工的重要角色。在這樣的背景之下，生產(chǎn)者在生產(chǎn)決策、銷售市場(chǎng)、資金運(yùn)用上都必須考慮世界政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，尤其是出口部門的生產(chǎn)者更需要掌握國際貿(mào)易學(xué)的相關(guān)知識(shí)和理論。1-19WhyDoWeStudyInternational

Trade?(cont.)KnowledgeonInternationaltradehelpustobetterunderstandandanalyzetheeconomicproblemsinChinaandworld.為什么我國的許多產(chǎn)業(yè)，屢屢遭受以美國為首的西方大國的反傾銷？為什么政府面對(duì)我國近幾年不斷擴(kuò)大的貿(mào)易順差情況不喜反憂？為什么一方面中國與日本在歷史問題上不斷產(chǎn)生摩擦，而另一方面中日之間又不斷加深彼此間的經(jīng)貿(mào)合作？為什么2008年從美國開始的金融危機(jī)可以牽連到歐盟、日本、韓國、中國等一系列國家和地區(qū)，最終引發(fā)一場(chǎng)規(guī)模巨大的國際金融危機(jī)？1-20IV.HowDoWeStudyInternational

Trade?Readclassicbooksandliteraturesoninternationaltrade,understandthemainideaoftheGreatEconomistsinthisfield.Matertheanalysismethodsandtoolsofinternationaltrade.Attachimportancetoforeignlanguagelearningandtherelevantprofessionalcourses.Payattentiontodomesticandworldeconomicdynamics.1.SomeRequirements2.TheGreatEconomistsinthefield

ofInternationalTrade亞當(dāng)·斯密（AdamSmith，1723-1790）：AbsoluteAdvantageTheory。1776年出版的“AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations”《國民財(cái)富的性質(zhì)和原因研究》，簡稱《國富論》提出了絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說。大衛(wèi)·李嘉圖（DavidRicardo，1772-1823）：ComparativeAdvantageTheory。1817年出版《政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及賦稅原理》（PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation）一書提出了比較優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說。1-21赫克歇爾（E.F.Heckscher，1879-1952）和俄林（B.Ohlin，1899-1979）1933年共同提出了要素稟賦理論（H-O貿(mào)易模型）。他們的代表作是：《外貿(mào)對(duì)收入分配的影響》，《區(qū)間貿(mào)易和國際貿(mào)易論》。俄林1977年獲得諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。P.A.薩繆爾森（PaulAnthonySamuelson，1915-）：用數(shù)學(xué)方法證明了要素價(jià)格均等化定理、與斯托爾珀一起提出了Stolper-Samuelson定理，1970年獲得諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。W.里昂惕夫（W．Leontief，1906-1999）：建立了投入產(chǎn)出分析模型，提出了里昂惕夫悖論，大大地推動(dòng)了國際貿(mào)易理論的發(fā)展，1973年獲諾獎(jiǎng)。P.克魯格曼（P.Krugman，1953-）國際貿(mào)易新理論的主要倡導(dǎo)者，2008年獲諾獎(jiǎng)。1-223.AnalysisToolsinTheoryand

PolicyofInternationalTradeProductionPossibilitiesCurve/FrontierSupplyCurveandExcessSupplyCurveDemandCurveandExcessDemandCurveProducerSurplus,ConsumerSurplus,andGainsfromTradeEconomiesofScale,DiseconomiesofScale,ConstantReturnstoScaleIndifferenceCurve1-234.AnalysisMethodsinInternational

TradeGeneralEquilibriumAnalysisandPartialEquilibriumAnalysis(一般均衡分析和局部均衡分析)EconomicAnalysisofPolitics(政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析)1-241-25V.InternationalFinanceTopicsBalanceofPayments(國際收支)ExchangeRateDetermination(匯率的決定)InternationalPolicyCoordination(國際政策協(xié)調(diào))TheInternationalCapitalMarket(國際資本市場(chǎng))1-26VI.InternationalTradevs.

InternationalFinanceInternationaltradefocusesontransactions

ofgoodsandservices(商品和服務(wù)交易)acrossnations.Thesetransactionsusuallyinvolveaphysicalmovement

ofgood