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§8.3.最短路問題一、

引例單行線交通網(wǎng):v1到v8使總費用最小的旅行路線。(下頁圖)最短路問題的一般描述:對D=(V,A),a=(vi,vj),w(a)=wij,P是vs到vt的路,定義路P的權(quán)是P中所有弧的權(quán)的和,記為w(P),則最短路問題為:路P0的權(quán)稱為從vs到vt的距離,記為:d(vs,vt)V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213

最短路問題就是從給定的網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖中找出一點到各點或任意兩點之間距離最短的一條路.

有些問題,如選址、管道鋪設(shè)時的選線、設(shè)備更新、投資、某些整數(shù)規(guī)劃和動態(tài)規(guī)劃的問題,也可以歸結(jié)為求最短路的問題。因此這類問題在生產(chǎn)實際中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。例8.4渡河游戲 一老漢帶了一只狼、一只羊、一棵白菜想要從南岸過河到北岸,河上只有一條獨木舟,每次除了人以外,只能帶一樣?xùn)|西;另外,如果人不在,狼就要吃羊,羊就要吃白菜,問應(yīng)該怎樣安排渡河,才能做到既把所有東西都運過河去,并且在河上來回次數(shù)最少?這個問題就可以用求最短路方法解決。定義:1)人—M(Man),狼—W(Wolf),羊—G(Goat),草—H(Hay)2)點——vi

表示河岸的狀態(tài)3)邊——ek

表示由狀態(tài)vi

經(jīng)一次渡河到狀

態(tài)vj

4)權(quán)——邊ek

上的權(quán)定為1我們可以得到下面的加權(quán)有向圖狀態(tài)說明:v1,u1=(M,W,G,H);v2,u2=(M,W,G);v3,u3=(M,W,H);v4,u4=(M,G,H);v5,u5=(M,G)此游戲轉(zhuǎn)化為在下面的二部圖中求從v1

到u1

的最短路問題。v1v2v3v4v5u5u4u3u2u1求最短路有兩種算法:

狄克斯屈拉(Dijkstra)標號算法逐次逼近算法

Dijkstra算法:適用于有向圖,wij≥0基本原理

如:假定v1→v2→v3→v4是v1→v4的最短路,則v1→v2→v3一定是v1→v3的最短路,v2→v3→v4也一定是v2→v4的最短路。v1v2v3v4v5

Dijkstra算法基本思想:采用標號法:P標號和T標號P標號:已確定出最短路的節(jié)點(永久性標號)。T標號:未確定出最短路的節(jié)點,但表示其距離的上限(試探性標號)。算法的每一步都把某一點的T標號改為P標號直至改完為止.Si:第i步時P標號節(jié)點的集合。λ(v):最短路中前一個節(jié)點的編號。初始值:

Dijkstra算法基本步驟

Step1:給vs以P標號,P(vs)=0,其余各點均給T標號,T(vi)=+∞

Step2:若vj點為剛得到P標號的點,考慮這樣的點vj,(vi,vj)∈E,且vj為T標號.

Step3:對vj的T標號進行如下更改:T(vj)=min[T(vj),P(vi)+lij]

Step4:比較所有具有T標號的點,把最小者改為P標號.

當存在兩個以上最小值時,可同時改為P標號.

若全部改為P標號,則停止.否則轉(zhuǎn)回(2).V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213

i=0

,s0={v1},P(v1)=0,

λ(v1)=0,

k=1T(v2)=+∞,λ(v2

)=MT(v3)=+∞,λ

(v3

)=M

。。。。。。

T(v9)=+∞,λ

(v9

)=MV1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,λ(v1)=0T(v2)=+,λ(v2)=MT(v3)=+,λ(v3)=MT(v4)=+,λ(v4)=MT(v6)=+,λ(v6)=MT(v7)=+,λ(v7)=MT(v5)=+,λ(v5)=MT(v8)=+,λ(v8)=MT(v9)=+,λ(v9)=+

V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,λ(v1)=0T(v2)=+,λ(v2)=MT(v3)=+,λ(v3)=MT(v4)=+,λ(v4)=MT(v6)=+,λ(v6)=MT(v7)=+,λ(v7)=MT(v5)=+,λ(v5)=MT(v8)=+,λ(v8)=MT(v9)=+,λ(v9)=+

V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,λ(v1)=0T(v2)=+,λ(v2)=MT(v3)=+,λ(v3)=MT(v4)=+,λ(v4)=MT(v6)=+,l(v6)=MT(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,λ(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,λ(v9)=+

②(v1,,,v2):P(v1)+l12=0+6=6<T(v2)

修改T(v2)=6,λ(v2)=1

(v1,,,v3):P(v1)+l13=0+3=3<T(v3)T(v3)=3,λ(v3)=1

(v1,,,v4):P(v1)+l14=0+1=1<T(v4)T(v4)=1,λ(v4)=1V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,λ(v1)=0T(v2)=+,l(v2)=MT(v3)=+,l(v3)=MT(v4)=+,l(v4)=MT(v6)=+,l(v6)=MT(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,λ(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,λ(v9)=+

T(v2)=6,λ(v2)=1T(v4)=1,λ(v4)=1T(v3)=3,λ(v3)=1②(v1,,,v2):P(v1)+l12=0+6=6<T(v2)T(v2)=6,λ(v2)=1

(v1,,,v3):P(v1)+l13=0+3=3<T(v3)T(v3)=3,λ(v3)=1

(v1,,,v4):P(v1)+l14=0+1=1<T(v4)T(v4)=1,λ(v4)=1V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,λ(v1)=0T(v2)=6,λ(v2)=1T(v4)=1,λ(v4)=1T(v3)=3,λ(v3)=1T(v6)=+,λ(v6)=MT(v7)=+,λ(v7)=MT(v5)=+,λ(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,λ(v9)=+

min{T(v2),T(v3),T(v4),T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9),}=T(v4),令P(v4)=1,k=4

i=1,S1={v1,v4}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,λ(v1)=0T(v2)=6,λ(v2)=1P(v4)=1,

λ(v4)=1T(v3)=3,λ(v3)=1T(v6)=+,λ(v6)=MT(v7)=+,λ(v7)=MT(v5)=+,λ(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,λ(v9)=+

min{T(v2),T(v3),T(v4),T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9),}=T(v4),令P(v4)=1,k=4i=1,S1={v1,v4}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0T(v2)=6,l(v2)=1P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

T(v3)=3,l(v3)=1T(v6)=+,l(v6)=MT(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0T(v2)=6,l(v2)=1P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

T(v3)=3,l(v3)=1T(v6)=+,l(v6)=MT(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

(v4,v6):P(v4)+l46=1+10=11<T(v6)

修改T(v6)=11,λ(v6)=4T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0T(v2)=6,l(v2)=1P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

T(v3)=3,l(v3)=1T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

(v4,v6):P(v4)+l46=1+10=11<T(v6)

修改T(v6)=11,λ(v6)=4V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0T(v2)=6,l(v2)=1P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1T(v3)=3,l(v3)=1T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v2),T(v3),T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v3),令P(v3)=3,k=3

i=2,S2={v1,v4,v3}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0T(v2)=6,l(v2)=1P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v2),T(v3),T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)=T(v3),i=2,S2={v1,v4,v3},P(v3)=3,k=3min{T(v2),T(v3),T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v3),令P(v3)=3,k=3

i=2,S2={v1,v4,v3}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0T(v2)=6,l(v2)=1P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

T(v2)=5,l(v2)=3(v3,v2):P(v3)+l32=3+2=5<T(v2)=6

修改T(v2)=5,λ(v2)=3V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0T(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

(v3,v2):P(v3)+l32=3+2=5<T(v2)=6T(v2)=5,λ(v2)=3V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0T(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v2),T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v2),令P(v2)=5,k=2

i=3,S2={v1,v4,v3,v2}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,

l(v2)=3

P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v2),T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v2),i=3,S2={v1,v4,v3,v2},P(v2)=5,k=2min{T(v2),T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v2),令P(v2)=5,k=2

i=3,S2={v1,v4,v3,v2}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=+,l(v5)=MT(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

T(v5)=6,l(v5)=2(v2,v5):P(v2)+l25=5+1=6<T(v5)

修改T(v5)=6,λ(v5)=2V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

(v2,v5):P(v2)+l25=5+1=6<T(v5)T(v5)=6,λ(v5)=2V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MT(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v2),

令P(v5)=6,k=5

i=4,S4={v1,v4,v3,v2,v5}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MP(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v2),i=4,S4={v1,v4,v3,v2,v5},P(v5)=6,k=5min{T(v5),T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v2),

令P(v5)=6,k=5

i=4,S4={v1,v4,v3,v2,v5}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1T(v6)=11,l(v6)=4T(v7)=+,l(v7)=MP(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=+,l(v8)=MT(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

T(v6)=10,l(v6)=5T(v7)=9,l(v7)=5T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5②(v5,,,v6):P(v5)+l56=6+4=10<T(v6)

修改T(v10)=10,λ(v6)=5

(v5,,,v7):P(v5)+l57=6+3=9<T(v7)T(v7)=9,λ(v7)=5

(v5,,v8):P(v5)+l58=6+6=12<T(v8)T(v8)=12,λ(v8)=5V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=10,l(v6)=5T(v7)=9,l(v7)=5P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

②(v5,,,v6):P(v5)+l56=6+4=10<T(v6)

修改T(v10)=10,λ(v6)=5

(v5,,,v7):P(v5)+l57=6+3=9<T(v7)T(v7)=9,λ(v7)=5

(v5,,v8):P(v5)+l58=6+6=12<T(v8)T(v8)=12,λ(v8)=5V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=10,l(v6)=5T(v7)=9,l(v7)=5P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v7)

令P(v7)=9,k=7

i=5,S5={v1,v4,v3,v2,v5,v7}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=10,l(v6)=5P(v7)=9,

l(v7)=5

P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v6),T(v7),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v7)

令P(v7)=9,k=7

i=5,S5={v1,v4,v3,v2,v5,v7}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=10,l(v6)=5P(v7)=9,

l(v7)=5

P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

(v7,v8):P(v7)+l78=9+4=13>T(v8)T(v8),λ(v5)不變V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=10,l(v6)=5P(v7)=9,

l(v7)=5

P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

(v7,v8):P(v7)+l78=9+4=13>T(v8)T(v8),λ(v5)不變V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

T(v6)=10,l(v6)=5P(v7)=9,

l(v7)=5

P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

P(v6)=10,l(v6)=5min{T(v6),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v6)

令P(v6)=10,k=6

i=6,S6={v1,v4,v3,v2,v5,v7,v6}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

P(v6)=10,l(v6)=5P(v7)=9,

l(v7)=5

P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v6),T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v6)

令P(v6)=10,k=6

i=6,S6={v1,v4,v3,v2,v5,v7,v6}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1

P(v6)=10,l(v6)=5P(v7)=9,

l(v7)=5

P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2T(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

v6無指向不屬于S6的點,轉(zhuǎn)向③V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,l(v3)=1P(v6)=10,l(v6)=5P(v7)=9,

l(v7)=5

P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2P(v8)=12,l(v8)=5T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

min{T(v8),T(v9)}=T(v8)

令P(v8)=12,k=8

i=7,S7={v1,v4,v3,v2,v5,v7,v6,v8}V1V6V3V4V5V2V7V8V9622410341026613213P(v1)=0,l(v1)=0P(v2)=5,l(v2)=3P(v4)=1,

l(v4)=1

P(v3)=3,

l(v3)=1P(v6)=10,l(v6)=5P(v7)=9,

l(v7)=5

P(v5)=6,l(v5)=2P(v8)=12,

l(v8)=5

T(v9)=+,l(v9)=+

v8無指向不屬于S7的點,轉(zhuǎn)向③

min{T(v9)}=+∞T(v9)=+∞算法終止

總結(jié):

算法步驟:例8.5求下圖v1到v7的最短路長及最短路線①②③④⑤⑥⑦862523534210570862254411147510711P標號T標號9v1到v7的最短路長及最短路線如圖所示:①②③④⑤⑥⑦86252353421057v7已標號,計算結(jié)束。從v1到v7的最短路長是11,最短路線:v1→v4→v6

→v702411從上例知,只要某點已標號,說明已找到起點vs到該點的最短路線及最短距離,因此可以將每個點標號,求出vs到任意點的最短路線,如果某個點vj不能標號,說明vs不可達vj

。注:無向圖最短路的求法只將上述步驟2將弧改

成邊即可。例8.6求下圖v1到各點的最短距離及最短路線。①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧4526178393261216180452231039612641166188122482418v1到各點的最短距離及最短路線如圖所示:①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧45261783932612161802618所有點都已標號,點上的標號就是v1到該點的最短距離,最短路線就是紅色的鏈。237184566134105275934682練習(xí)1:

求從1到8的最短路徑237184566134105275934682X={1},w1=0min{c12,c14,c16}=min{0+2,0+1,0+3}=min{2,1,3}=1X={1,4},p4=1p4=1p1=0237184566134105275934682X={1,4}min{c12,c16,c42,c47}=min{0+2,0+3,1+10,1+2}=min{2,3,11,3}=2X={1,2,4},p2=2p1=0p4=1p2=2237184566134105275934682X={1,2,4}min{c16,c23,c25,c47}=min{0+3,2+6,2+5,1+2}=min{3,8,7,3}=3X={1,2,4,6},p6=3p2=2p4=1p1=0p6=3237184566134105275934682X={1,2,4,6}min{c23,c25,c47,c67}=min{2+6,2+5,1+2,3+4}=min{8,7,3,7}=3X={1,2,4,6,7},p7=3p2=2p4=1p1=0p6=3p7=3237184566134105275934682X={1,2,4,6,7}min{c23,c25,c75,c78}=min{2+6,2+5,3+3,3+8}=min{8,7,6,11}=6X={1,2,4,5,6,7},p5=6p2=2p4=1p1=0p6=3p7=3p5=6237184566134105275934682X={1,2,4,6,7}min{c23,c53,c58,c78}=min{2+6,6+9,6+4,3

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