2023年吉大考博英語真題

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etｈatthｅdiseａseｗｉllｎｏtsｐread.Ｔhepｒｏcｅsｓofvaccinationalｌoｗsｔheｐａt(yī)ient’sbodytodeｖeloｐiｍｍuｎｉtytｏtheviｒｕｓoｒdiｓeａseｓothat,iｆitisｅnｃｏuntered，ｏnecaｎfigｈtitoffnatｕrallｙ.Toacｃomplｉshthｉs，aｓmａlｌｗeaｋordeadｓｔｒainofthediseａｓｅisａｃtualｌyinjectｅdｉｎtoｔheｐatiｅntinaｃoｎｔroｌｌeｄenviｒｏｎment,sothatｈisbody’siｍmunesyｓteｍcaｎlearnｔofighｔtheinｖａｄerｐｒoｐｅrly.Ｉｎformationonｈｏwtopenｅtratethedisease’ｓdefｅｎsesistrａｎｓmｉｔteｄtoalｌelementｓoftｈepatient’siｍmｕnesystemｉｎaproｃessｔhatoccursnaturａlly，ｉnwhiｃhｇeneticinfｏrｍａt(yī)ioｎｉspａssｅdfromceｌltoｃｅｌｌ.Ｔｈｉsｍaｋessurethａt(yī),ｓhouldｔhepaｔieｎtlａt(yī)ercomｅinｔｏcｏnｔacｔwｉｔhtherealｐroblｅｍ,hｉｓbodyiswellｅqｕippedａnｄtrａinedtｏｄeａlwiｔｈit，haｖingａｌreaｄydonesoｂefｏre.Tｈeｒearｅdａngersiｎherｅntiｎtheproceｓｓ,ｈｏwever.Onocｃaｓioｎ,ｅｖeｎthewｅakｅnedversionofthｅdiseaseｃｏntaｉｎedｉnthevaｃcinｅｐｒovestoomｕcｈfｏｒthｅboｄｙtohandle,resultinｇｉｎtheimｍunｅcaｓeofｔhesmａｌlpoxvａccinｅ,dｅsｉgnｅｄtoerａdｉcatethｅsmallpoxepidemｉctｈatneａrlywipedoｕｔthｅenｔirｅNatiｖeＡｍericanpopuｌationaｎdkilｌｅdｍaｓsiｖｅnumberｓofsｅｔｔlｅrs.Approxｉｍately１in10,００0peｏplewhorecｅivesｔｈｅvaｃciｎｅｃonｔraｃttheｓmalｌpｏxdisｅaseｆroｍｔheｖaccinｅｉtsｅｌfanｄdiesｆrｏmｉt.Ｔhus,iftｈeｅｎtｉrepoｐulationｏｆtｈeUnitedStatｅsｗerｅtoreceivetｈeSｍａllｐoxVaccinetoday,3000Americanswouｌdbelefｔdead.Ｆｏrtuｎately,tｈesｍalｌpｏxviruswasconsideｒeｄeradiｃaｔｅdｉntheearｌy19７０s,endｉnｇｔheｍanｄａt(yī)ｏryｖaccｉnatiｏnoｆａllbabieｓｉnAmｅrｉcaIntheeveｎtofaｒe-iｎtroductionofｔhedｉsｅaｓe，however,maｎdａt(yī)oryvａcｃinatiｏｎsmaｙｒesuｍe,rｅｓｕｌｔｉｎgiｎmoreunｅxpeｃｔedｄeaｔｈｓｆｒomvaｃcinatｉｏn.Thｅｐrｏcess,wｈichisｔrｕlｙableｓsｉｎg,mayｉndeedhideｓoｍeｈｉｄdenｃures.５1.Hoｗdｏvaｃｃiｎesprｏｔectｈｕmanｓｆｒoｍdiseasesａccorｄingtoｐaraｇrａphｔwo?A.Bypassinginfoｒmationoｎhｏｗtoｆiｇhtthｅdiseａsｅtｏthediseasｅ.B.Bｙpａssｉnｇinfｏｒｍａt(yī)ionｏｎｈowｔofｉghtthediseａseｔothｅimｍunesystem.C.Byｗeａｋeｎｉnｇthｅｄiseaseｓotｈａt(yī)ｔｈeimｍｕnｅsysteｍcaｎdeｆeａｔit．D．Intrｏducingｔhedisｅａsetotheｂody，sothatsurｖiｖorshavｅａｌreaｄｙfoｕghtiｔ．52．Whatdoestｈeｅｘampleofthesmallpｏxvａｃｃineilｌustｒate？A．Thｅwａｙｔhaｔvaｃcｉneｓprｏｔectpeoplｅｆrｏｍｄｉｓeases.B.Theｅｆfecｔivenｅｓsofｖaｃcineｓineradiｃatingcerｔａiｎdiｓeaseｓ.C．Tｈeprａｃtｉcaluseｏｆａｖaｃciｎｅtｏcontrolanepidemｉcｄｉsｅasｅ.D．Ｔｈeｐossiｂlｅnegaｔｉｖeｏutcoｍeofadministeringvaccineｓ.53.Theauthｏrarｇuesthaｔvacｃｉｎatiｏｎsaｒebothａblessｉnｇandaｃｕrsebｅｃauｓｅ．A.sａvingthemanｙwouldnotneceｓｓarilyjusｔｉｆytheｄeａt(yī)hoftheｆew．B.sｏmeｖaccines,suchasthｅsmallpoxvacｃiｎｅ,ｈavｅnｅｇativesidｅeffeｃtｓ.C.ｔheｙdon’tａlwayswork．D.whilｅmanｙlivｅｓａresaveｄ，SOMEAＲEACTUＡLＬＹKＩLLEDBＹＴHEＶACＣＩNT.54．Thebestｔitlｅforthepassａgewouｌdbe.A．“TheSmallｐoxＶaｃciｎe：AｎＡnalysis”.B.“HowVaｃcinｅsWorｋ”.C.“Ｖaccines:ＭｅｔｈodｓandIｍplicatｉons”.D.“ＡWarningｏntheNegａt(yī)ivｅSｉdｅEffeｃtsofVacciｎes”.55.Thｅmａinｐurpoｓeofｔhｅpassageｉsto.A.convｉncetｈｅreadｅrthatｖacciｎesａrenoｔassａfeasmanｙthｉnk．B．ｅｄｕcatetｈｅreadeｒonhowvaccinesareusｅdａｎdsｏmeｏftheirｄangers.C.edｕcatethereaderonthecｉｒcumｓｔancesthaｔwouｌdnecessｉｔａt(yī)ewiｄespreadvacciｎationｓ.D.prｅｓｅnttｈemｅthodbywｈiｃｈvａcｃｉnｅsａreuｓeｄthｒouｇｈthecaseofｔｈｅsｍallpoxvaccｉnｅ．PassageTwoQueｓtions56ｔｏ60aｒｅbａseｄonthｅfollowiｎgpassａgｅ．Ｆewnaturａｌdanｇersaｒemｏrefeａredthaｎavalancheｓ.AvaｌａnchesareafａｍiliarｐartofEｕroｐeaｎhistory，PａｒｔicularlyinthｅSwiｓsaｎdFｒenchＡlpｓ.Ｔhisiswherethedirectｉｏnoｆｗaｒshaｓturnedalｍｏstinstantｌｙbecauseoｆavalancheswipingoutinvadingarmies.InＮorthＡｍｅrica，avalａncheｓａreliｍiteｄalmostenｔirelytｏtheＲoｃｋyMouｎtainsandtｈeｌｏwerｒaｎgesｔoｔhewesｔ,thｅSieｒraＮevadasandｔheＣascａdes.ＡvalaｎcheshaveoｃcｕｒrediｎthｅｍoｕntaｉnsｏfＮewＥｎｇｌandbutｎotｗｉthtｈeｒｅgｕlariｔｙandiｎtensityseeｎinthｅwｅsternmｏuｎtains.Sｅvｅralmethoｄsareｕsｅdinexplaiｎinｇａnｄpredｉctingaｖaｌａnｃhｅｓ.Scientiｓtsandleａrｎｉｎgaboｕtthemusｉngreseａｒchmethods.Somａnｙofthｅfacｔｏrsthaｔcreaｔeａvalanｃhｅsａｒeｈｉｄdenbeneaththeｓnｏw’ssurｆaceｔｈatｐreｄictionsaresｔilllargelｙguesｓｗork．Tｈｅrefore,ｗintertravelerｓmustａsｓumethewｏｒstofconditｉonsｗhenthetraversetｈeｓｌｏｐｅs．Anａvaｌancheｏccurｓｗｈeｎagiｖenａmoｕntofsnowbecomesｔoｏhｅaｖyfｏｒｗhａt(yī)ｅvｅriｓｈoldingitiｎｐlace．Itｔhｅｎｂreaｋslooｓｅａｎdslidesdoｗｎhiｌl.Avａｌanchｅsａredivｉdｅｄintotｗogeneｒaｌcategoｒieｓ,ｌoosesnowａｎｄｓlａｂ．Ａlｏosｅsnｏwaｖalancheｕsｕalｌystａrtsatａｓiｎglepoinｔ,suchaｓaskｉｅr’ｓtｒack,andsｐreａdsｏｕtlｉkeafａnoｒａpyramidinachaiｎreaction.Ｏnｅcrｙstalbreaksanothｅrfrｅe，whｉchｍｕltiplesasthｅｌooｓesnoｗmovesdoｗnhill．Sometｉｍｅsｔｈeｓｅａvaｌaｎcheｓsｔｏpａｆtｅronlyafewｆeet.Sｏｍetｉmestheymｏveｔhousaｎdｓoftｏnsｏfｓnowdoｗｎｈiｌlinsｐeedsuｐto30０mｉleｓperｈouｒ.Ｔｈiscrｅatesasｈoｃkwavｅthaｔｃａnflaｔｔenｐarｔｓofaforestthａt(yī)areｎｏteventouchedbytheactuａlａｖalanｃhe.Sｌaｂａvalａnｃhesareｔhoｓethathaｖeawｉdeareaofｓnowwｈicｈbreaｋsｌooｓｅinalargepieｃe.Thｅsecａnrangeiｎsｉｚefｒｏmjuｓtafeｗsquarefeeｌtoｔhｏｕsandsofsqｕａrefeetoｆsnｏw.Themostdangｅrouｓandcomｍｏntypｅｏｆavalａｎcｈeforsｋiｅrsｉstheｓo－ｃａｌlｅd“soｆtsｌab”ａvalaｎchｅ．Thisｔypｅoccｕrsmosｔofｔendｕrｉng,orjustafｔeｒaheavysnowfall.Ｔｈｅsnｏwhasn’tyethadaｃｈａnceｔｏsettleandadｈｅretotｈetemperature,thｅlesslｉkｅｌytheｎｅwｓｎoｗwillformabondwiｔｈthｅexistｉｎgsnｏw.５6．Whａｔwｏuｌdbetｈeｂesttitleｆorthiｓpassagｅ?A.AvａｌaｎchesB．ＴheＨｉstoryofAvalancheｓC.SｋieｒsＢeｗaｒｅD.AvalancｈesＣanKill57.Acｃorｄｉnｇtotheｐassage,howdiｄavaｌaｎｃhｅsａffectwaｒs?A．Thｅｙｈidtｈearmiesapｐroachingthecｉｔyaiｄingintheattａck.Ｂ.Theykｉｌledtheａrmiesａppｒoａchinｇｔhecｉty.C.Tｈeybloｃｋedpathsintothｅcity．Ｄ.Theysnowblindｅdtｈｅaｐproachingarmiｅｓ.58.Ａccordingtoｔhepassage,wｈaｔmｕstskiersassumｅabｏutavalaｎcheswhenskiiｎg？A.Ｔhｅyonlyhavetoworrｙafteraheavysnoｗfalｌ.B.ＡvalaｎｃhesoｎlｙoｃｃurintheSｗｉｓsｏrFrｅncｈＡlｐｓ.C．Theｙshouldalwaysｅxpectｔｈaｔanavaｌaｎｃheｗilｌoccur.D.WheｎsｋiinｇinNｅwEｎｇland,tｈeywillnｅveｒhavｅtｏwｏrrｙaboｕtanavalａｎchｅ.59.Accoｒdingtothｅｐａsｓaｇe,whenisthemostdangerｏusｔimeforskierｓ？A.Ｗhenthetemperatureisbｅlow20ｄeｇｒｅｅsF.Ｂ.Rｉghｔbefｏｒｅａｓnｏwstorm．C.Duｒingasnowｓtorｍ.D.Inthewintｅｒ.60.Accoｒdiｎｇtoｔhｅpasｓａge,wｈｉcｈｆａctorcausesanavalaｎche?Ａ．Ｔhｅslopｅofthｅmountaiｎ.Ｂ．Ｔｈｅsｉzeｏfthesｎowｆalｌ．C.Ｔhｅaｍountanｄｉｎtｅnsityofmoveｍentarｏundthｅｓnowfalｌ.D.Tｈeweightofthｅsnow．PassａgeThreｅＱueｓtions６1to65ａｒebａseｄoｎｔheｆolloｗiｎgpaｓsagｅ.Reｃeｎtstoriｅsｉnthenｅwspapersａndmaｇａｚinesｓuggestthatteａcｈinｇａndrｅｓearchcｏntｒadictｅａchother，thatｒeｓｅaｒchplaystoｏpｒomｉneｎtapartｉｎａcademｉcpｒｏmｏtioｎｓ，anｄthattｅachingiｓbadlyunderｅmphａsiｚｅd．Ｔｈereisａnelｅｍentoftruthintｈeseｓtatｅｍents,ｂuttheyaｌｓoｉgnoｒedeeperandmｏｒeimｐortaｎtrelaｔionshiｐs．Ｒeseａrｃｈexpｅｒiｅncｅisaｎeｓｓenｔiaｌelｅmentofｈirinｇａｎdpromotiｏnａｔａreseａｒchｕniveｒsityｂecａusｅｉtistｈeemphａsｉｓoｎreseaｒｃhthatdiｓtingｕishessuｃhaｕnｉveｒsiｔyfrｏmanarｔsｃolｌege.Ｓomｅproｆessorｓ,ｈoweｖer,nｅglecttｅａｃhｉnｇfｏrｒesearchanｄthａt(yī)preｓentｓsproblem．Mostresｅarcｈunｉveｒｓitieｓrewardoｕtstａｎdingｔeaｃｈｉng,buttｈｅｇｒｅａｔesｔrecｏｇnitiｏnｉｓusuallygivenfoｒacｈieｖｅmentsinｒeｓearch．Paｒtｏftｈereaｓoｎisｔhedifficultｙofjudgingtｅacｈｉng.Ahigｈｌyresponsiｂleandtouｇｈprofeｓｓｏｒisusｕaｌlyaｐｐreciａt(yī)edbytopstudentｓｗhowanttｏbｅchalleｎｇｅdｂｕtｄisliｋeｄｂythｏsewhoseｒｅｃｏrdsaｒｅlessiｍpｒeｓsiｖe．Thｅｍｉｌdpｒofｅｓsｏrgetｓｏveｒallratｉｎｇsｔhaｔaｒｅusuallｙhiｇh,ｂutthereiｓaｓenseoｆdｉsappoinｔｍｅntontｈｅpaｒｔｏfｔｈｅbesｔstudｅnts,exacｔlｙthosｅｆorwhoｍthesｙｓtemｓhouｌdｐrｅseｎttｈegreａｔesｔchalｌenｇes．Thus，aunｉverｓitytｒｙingtｏpｒomoｔeprｏfessorsprimａｒｉlyontheｂasｉsoｆｔeａｃｈingqualitiｅswouldhａｖｅtocｏnfrontthiscｏｎfusion.Asmｏdｅrnscienｃemoveｓｆaster,ｔwofｏrcesarｅexｅｒｔｅｄonｐrofｅｓsｏrs:oneiｓthｅtiｍｅneeｄedtokeeｐupwitｈtheｐrofeｓsion;thｅotherisｔｈeｔｉmeneｅdedtｏteacｈ．Thｅtｒainingofneｗsｃieｎtistｓrequiresｏutstaｎdiｎgteaｃｈｉngａt(yī)tｈereseａｒchunivｅrsityaswellaｓtheartｓcoｌｌege.Ａlthoｕghsciｅntｉsｔsａｒeｕsually“ｍadｅ”intheeｌemｅntaryｓｃhoｏｌｓ,scｉenｔistsｃａnbｅ“l(fā)ost”bｙpoorteaｃhingatｔhecｏｌlｅgeａndgrａdｕatｅschooｌｌevels.Theｓoｌｕtｉoｎisｎotｔosepａraｔetｅachiｎｇandresearchbｕtｔoreｃｏｇniｚethａｔtheｃoｍｂiｎationisdifｆｉcｕltbutviｔaｌ.Ｔｈetiｔlｅoｆｐｒofeｓsoｒshouldbegivenoｎlytｏtｈosewhｏprofessanｄiｔisｐerhａpｓtimeforuｎiveｒsitｉesｔｏreserveiｔｆoｒｔhosewhoprofessandiｔiｓpｅrｈapstiｍｅforuｎiversiｔiestｏｒeserveiｔfortｈosewilliｎｇｔobｅanearnestpartofthｅｃommｕｎityofschoｌaｒｓ.Pｒｏfesｓoｒsunwilｌingtoｔｅacｈcａｎbecalｌeｄ“disｔｉnguｉshedreseａrｃｈiｎvestiｇaｔｏrs”ofsｏｍetｈiｎgeｌｓe.Tｈepaceofｍodernscｉｅncemaｋｅsitｉnｃrｅasｉnglydiｆficulｔtobeagreａt(yī)resｅarcherａndagｒｅatｔeａｃhｅｒ.Yｅtmanｙarｅdeｓcriｂedinjustｔhｏｓeterms.Tｈosｅwhoｓaywｅcaｎseｐarａt(yī)eteaｃｈｉngａndresｅarchsimplｙｄｏnoｔｕnｄerstａndtｈesｙstem,butthｏsｅｗhosaythepｒｏblｅmwｉｌldisaｐpeａrarｅnotfulfilｌｉｎｇtheｉrrｅｓpｏnsｉbiliｔieｓ.61.Whatｉdeadoｅstheauｔhoｒwaｎttoconveyinｔhefiｒsｔｐarａgraｐｈ？A．Therelationshiｐbetweenｔeachｉngａnｄreseａrchshｏuldｎｏtbesｉmplｉfied.B．Ｔeacｈingandｒｅｓｅarcｈａrｅcontradicｔｏrｙ.C．Rｅsearchcａnnｅverbｅｅmｐhasizｅdtoｏmｕｃh.D.Itiswｒongtｏｏverestimatetｈeimportａnceofｔeachｉng.６２.Ｉnacadｅmicpromotionsresｅarｃhｕniｖeｒsiｔｉesｓtillattaｃhmoreｉmpｏrtancetoreｓearchpartlybeｃａuse．A.rｅsearｃｈimprovｅsthequalｉｔyｏｆｔeaｃhinｇ.B.stｕdeｎtswhoｗaｎttｏbeｃhalleｎｇeｄapprｅｃｉaｔeresearchproｆｅssors.Ｃ.proｆessｏrswｉthachiｅｖementsｉnreseａｒcｈareusｕａｌlyreｓpｏnｓiｂleandtｏｕgh.Ｄ.ｉtiｓdiｆfiｃultｔoｅvaｌｕateteacｈingqualityobjectｉveｌy．63.Aｃcorｄiｎgtoｔhｅfoｕrthpａraｇrａph,whｉｃhｏfｔhefollowｉnｇwillｔｈeautｈorprｏbaｂlyagreewiｔh?A.Dｉstinguiｓhedpｒofessoｒｓａｔｒesｅarchunｉｖersitiｅsshouldｃonｃeｎtｒateｏｎreｓeａｒchonly.B.Itｉsofｕtｍｏｓtiｍporｔancｅtｏｉmｐrovｅｔeacｈinginelｅmenｔarysｃhoolsｉnordertoｔrａinｎｅwｓcieｎtists.Ｃ．Ｔhｅseｐarationofteaｃhiｎgfrｏmｒｅsearｃhcａnloｗerthequａlitｙofｆuｔuｒesｃienｔｉsｔs.Ｄ．Ｔhｅrapiddevｅｌoｐｍｅnｔｏfmodernｓｃiｅnceｍaｋeｓitiｍｐossｉbletocombineteachinｇｗithｒeseaｒch.6４.Thｅtitｌeofprｏfessoｒshoulｄbegiｖenonlyｔothosewｈofirsｔaｎdforemosｔdo.A.ｓcｉentifｉcｒｅsearｃhB．teaｃhingC.ｆieldworkD.invｅｓtｉgation65.Thｅphraｓe“theｐｒｏｂｌem”（Lｉｎe4,Pａra．5)ｒeｆerｓto.A．raisinｇthestatuｓofteaching.B.ｔhesepaｒａt(yī)ioｎofteaｃhｉngfrｏmｒesearch.Ｃ.thｅｃombｉｎatｉonofteachｉnｇwiｔｈresearch.D.improvｉngtｈｅstａｔuｓoｆresearcｈ..ＰａｓｓageFourQｕeｓtｉons66to70areｂａsedｏnｔhefolｌowingｐａssagｅ.Lａrｇecompａｎiesｎeｅdawａｙｔoreachtheｓａｖiｎｇsofthｅｐｕblｉcatlarge.Thesameproblｅm,onasmalleｒscａlｅ，faｃｅspraｃtiｃaｌlyeveｒycｏmｐａｎyｔryingtｏｄeｖeloｐｎeｗprｏdｕctsandｃreatｅｎewjobs.Ｔｈerecanbelitｔlｅprｏsｐectofraisingｔhesortofsuｍsneedｅｄfroｍfriｅndsａnｄｐｅopleweknow,andwhｉleｂankｓmaｙagreｅtoproviｄeshｏrt-termfinａｎce,theｙａregeneralｌyunwｉlｌingtoｐrｏｖiｄｅmoｎeｙｏnａpｅrｍanｅntｂasisforlonｇ－teｒmｐrojectｓ.Ｓoｃｏmpaniestｕｒnｔoｔhｅpubliｃ,invitingpeopｌetoleｎdｔhｅmmonｅy,ｏrtａkeashａrｅiｎthebuｓinessinｅxchaｎgeforasｈａｒeiｎｆｕtureprofits．ＴｈiｓtｈeｙdoｂyｉssuingstoｃksandshａresinthebusｉnesｓthrｏｕｇhTｈeStockExchange.Ｂｙdoiｎｇso，tｈeycanputinｔoｃｉｒcｕlatiｏnthｅｓavingsｏfindividuａlsandｉｎstitutｉonｓ,boｔhａｔhomeａndｏverｓeas．Whｅnｔhesaｖerneｅｄshismｏｎeｙback,hｅdoeｓnｏｔｈavetoｇoｔotｈecoｍｐａnｙwitｈwhomhｅｏｒiginalｌyplａcedit.Ｉｎsteａd,heｓeｌlsｈissharesthrｏuｇhａsｔockbrokerｔoｓomeｏthｅｒsaverwhｏisｓeekingtoinｖｅｓthiｓmoｎey.MaｎyoftheserｖiｃeｓneededboｔhｂｙindustryanｄbyｅaｃｈofuｓareｐrovidｅdbytｈeＧovｅｒnmentｏrbｙｌocalauthorｉties.Ｗithouthｏsｐitals,roａdｓ,elecｔriciｔy,telｅｐｈonｅs，railwaｙs,ｔhiｓｃountrycｏuldnoｔｆunｃtｉoｎ.Aｌlｔｈeserequｉｒeconｔｉnｕｏusｓpｅnｄiｎgｏnnｅｗeqｕipmeｎtaｎdnewdevelopmｅntiｆｔheyａretoservｅｕｓproperly，reｑuｉriｎｇmoremｏneyｔhanisrａiseｄthroughtaxｅsalｏｎe.TheGoｖerｎmeｎt,lｏｃaｌauthoriｔies,andnatiｏnalizｅdinduｓtrｉesｔhereｆoreｆrｅqueｎtlynｅededtｏｂｏrｒowmoneytofｉｎancｅｍaｊｏrcapｉｔaｌspｅnｄinｇ,aｎｄthey,too,cｏmetoTheSｔｏcｋExchange．Thereishardlｙａmanorwｏmａninthiｓcouｎtrywhｏsejoborwhoｓeｓtａndａrdofｌｉｖingdｏesｎｏtdepｅnｄontheabilityofhｉｓorheｒeｍplｏyeｒｓtｏｒaiseｍoneytofinaｎceｎewdevｅlopmeｎt.Inｏnewayｏranothｅｒ,ｔｈiｓｎewmｏneｙmustcomefromtｈｅｓａviｎgｓｏｆｔhecouｎtry.ＴheStｏckExｃhangeeｘｉsｔsｔoproｖideａｃｈannｅｌthroｕｇhｗhichｔｈeseｓaｖingsｃanrｅachthosewhoneｅｄfinancｅ.66．Almｏsｔaｌｌcompanieｓinvolveｄinnewproductionanddevelｏpmenｔmusｔ.A.relyontheｉrfiｎancialresoｕｒcｅs．B.persuadetｈebanksｔoprovideｌｏｎg-ｔｅrmfiｎaｎｃe.C.bｏrrowlargesｕmsｏfmｏneyfromfrｉendsａndpeｏｐlewekｎoｗ.D.depenｄontｈepｏpuｌaｔionａｓaｗhｏleｆｏrfinance.６７.Themoneywhichｅnａｂlesｔｈeｓｅcompａｎieｓtogｏahｅadwｉtｈtheirprｏjectsis．A.reｐaidtｏitsoriginaｌownersaｓsooｎasｐｏssible．B.ｒaisedbythｅselｌｉｎgoｆshａresinｔhecompaｎies.C.exchanｇesｆｏrｐａｒtowｎersｈipiｎTｈｅＳtoｃｋEｘcｈangｅ.Ｄ.invesｔeｄiｎdｉffｅrenｔcompａnｉesonTheStｏcｋExｃhａｎge.６8．Ｗｈentｈｅｓａverｓwanttheirmｏnｅｙbaｃkthey.A.asｋanotherｃｏmpanytoobtaｉntheiｒｍoneｙforthem.B．loｏｋfｏrｏｔhｅｒpeoplｅtｏboｒrｏwmoneyfrom.Ｃ.ｐutthｅirshareｓinthｅcｏmpanybaｃｋontｈeｍａrket.Ｄ.trａｎsferｔｈeirmｏnｅytｏａmoresuccessｆulｃｏmpａny.6９.Aｌltｈeｅsｓｅｎtialsｅrvicｅｓonｗhicｈwedｅpeｎdａｒe.Ａ.ruｎbｙtheGovｅrnｍｅntｏｒｏurlocaｌａuｔhorｉtｉeｓ.Ｂ．inｃonstａntneedoffiｎanｃialsｕpport.C.finａncedｗｈｏllyｂyratesanｄtaxｅs.D.unａbletoｐrovideｆortｈｅnｅeｄsofｔhepopulation．70.ThｅSｔockExchanｇemakesitpossibleｆoｒｔheGｏvernｍｅnt,loｃaｌauthoritｉesanｄnａt(yī)ioｎaｌizｅdindustries.Ａ.ｔoborrowasmuchmoneyａstheywｉsh.Ｂ.tomakecertaｉneverybｏdysaｖｅsmoｎey.C.toraisemoneyｔofiｎａnｃeneｗdevelopmeｎts.D．tomakｅcerｔainｅｖerybodylendsmoneytothem.PasｓageFiveQuesｔｉｏns7１to75areｂasedonｔhefｏlloｗｉngpaｓｓagｅ.Ｔhｅpｒｏducersofinsｔanｔcoｆｆｅefoundthｅｉrproｄuctstronｇlｙｒesiｓｔedｉnthｅｍａｒketplacesｄespitetheirmanifestａdvaｎtagｅｓ.Furtｈeｒｍorｅ,tｈｅａｄvertisingexpeｎdｉturｅforinstaｎtcoｆfeewａsfａrgrｅａt(yī)erthantｈatforrｅguｌarcoｆfee.Effortsweｒemadetｏｆｉnｄthecauseoｆtheconsumｅrs’seｅｍｉnglyunｒeasoｎaｂleｒesｉstancetotｈeproｄuct．Thereasongｉveｎbymostpｅopleｗａsdislikeforthetaｓtｅ.Theprodｕcerssuspecｔedthａｔｔhｅremightbedeｅperreａsons,hoｗevｅr.Thｉswａsconfirmedbyoneｏfmotivatiｏnｒeseａrch’sｃlassｉｃsｔudies,oneoftencｉtedｉnｔhｅｔrade．ＭasｏｎHaire,oftheＵniversｉｔyoｆCalifornｉa,constrｕcｔｅdtwoshoｐｐingｌｉｓtsthａt(yī)werｅiｄenticalexceｐｔforoneitem.Therewereｓｉxｉtｅmscommontｏｂoｔｈlists:ｈａmbｕｒｇｅr,ｃarｒots,ｂakiｎgpｏwdeｒ,brｅad,canneｄpeaｃｈesanｄｐｏtaｔｏes，witｈｔhebrandsoｒamoｕｎｔsｓｐecified.Thesｅvenｔhｉtem,intheｆｉｆthplaceｏnｂotｈlistｓ,rｅaｄ“Ilb.MａｘwellHoｕsecoffee”onｏnｅlisｔand“Ｎｅscａfｅinstaｎtcoffeｅ”onｔheｏtheｒ.Onelｉsｔｗaｓｇivｅntoｅacｈpeｒｓoninaｇｒoｕpoffifｔywomen,aｎdtｈeｏthｅrliｓｔtotｈoseinaｎoｔhergｒｏupｏfthｅｓamesiｚｅ．Thｅwomenwereaｓkｅdｔostｕdｙthｅirlisｔsandthentｏｄescribe,asfaｒａsｔheｙcould，thｅkｉnｄoｆｗｏmaｎ(“perｓｏnalitｙaｎdｃｈaｒacter”)whowoulddｒawuｐthaｔshｏpｐｉnｇlｉｓｔ．Nｅarｌｙｈalfoftｈosewｈohaｄｒｅceiｖedtｈelistinｃｌudｉnｇiｎsｔantｃofｆeedeｓcriｂedａhouｓewifewhｏwaslazyaｎdapooｒｐlaｎｎｅr.Ontheotheｒｈａｎd,onlyoｎewｏmaｎiｎtheｏtheｒgroupdｅscribｅｄtｈehｏuｓewife,whohａdinｃlｕｄeｄrｅgularcｏffeｅoｎherlist，aslａzy,onｌｙsｉxｏftｈａt(yī)groupｓuｇｇｅｓteｄｔhatsheｗasapoorplａnner.Ｅiｇhtｗomenｆeltｔhatｔhｅinｓtant-coffeeuｓeｒwasｐroｂablynotagｏｏｄwｉfe!Nｏoneｉnthｅｏtｈeｒgroupｄｒｅwｓｕchaconclusionabｏｕtthｅｈｏusewifeｗhoiｎｔeｎdｅdtobｕyｒegｕlaｒcｏffｅe．71．Thefactthatprｏducersfｏundreｓistａncｅｔotheirproductdesｐiteｔhｅfacｔthatthｅｙspenｔｍoｒeaｄvｅｒtiｓiｎgmoneyoninｓｔａntｔhanregulaｒcoffeeshｏwstｈaｔ．A.ａdverｔｉｓingｄoｅsnoｔａssurefａvoｒableｓａlesreｓultｓ.B.compａnieｓspｅntmｏｒemoｎeyｏnａdveｒtisingtｈａntheyｓｈould．C.pｅoplepaylittlｅａt(yī)ｔentionｔｏadverｔisｉng.D.theｍoreoｎeadvertｉｓesthｅbettｅrthesａlespictｕre．７2.Inthisinstanｃe,ｔheｐurposeofｍotivａt(yī)ｉonresearｃｈwasｔodiscｏver.A.whypｅopleｄrinkcｏfｆｅｅ.Ｂ．ｗｈyｉnstantcoffeediｄnoｔtastegｏｏd.C.whyregularcoｆｆeeｗassｕcｃessful.D.tｈereａlrｅasonwhyｐeopｌewoｕldnoｔｂuyinstaｎtcｏfｆeｅ.73.Thiｓinveｓtigatioｎｉndｉｃａt(yī)eｄｔhat.Ａ．50peｒｃeｎtofhouｓeｗivesareｌａｚy.B.hoｕsewiｖｅｓwhouseiｎｓtａntcoffeeaｒelazy.Ｃ.maｎyｗｏｍｅnｂelievethaｔwiveswhｏuseinstａnｔcoffeearｅｌａｚｙ.D．wｉveｓwhoｕsereｇularcｏffｅｅarｅgoｏｄｐlannｅｒs．74.Ontｈerｅsultsoｆthｉsｔｅst,thepｒodｕcersprobablyrｅvisedｔheｉrａｄvertisingtoｓhowａ.A.lａzｙｈoｕｓｅwifｅuｓｉngreｇularcoｆfee.Ｂ.hａｒｄ－woｒkingｈousｅwifeusｉnｇinsｔantｃoffeｅ.C.lazyhoｕsｅwiｆｅusｉｎginstantcoffee.D.mａnｏｂviouslyeｎjoyingtｈｅｔasteｏｆinstantcoffｅe.75.Imｐｌiedbuｔnoｔsｔated.Ａ.Ｄｅｓpiteｉtsａdvantａges,moｓtpeopledisliｋedｉｎstaｎtcoｆfeebｅcａuseofitstaste．B.Ｔheadｖertisinｇexpeｎditureforinstantcｏfｆeewasgｒｅaterthanｔhatｆorregulａｒｃofｆee.C．Vｅryoｆｔenｗｅdｏnoｔｋnｏｗtｈereａｌreａsoｎsfｏrdｏiｎgｔhｉngｓ.D．Taｓｔeisｔhepriｎciｐａlfacｔorｉndｅtｅrmiｎingwhaｔwebuｙ．ＰassaｇeSｉxQｕestions７6to80arｅbａsedｏntｈeｆollowｉnｇpassaｇe.Ｉnrecｅntyears,therehａsbeenanincｒeａsingａwareneｓsofthｅｉnadeqｕacieｓｏｆtheｊudiciaｌsystemintheUｎiteｄStａt(yī)es.Costsａｒeｓtａgｇerinｇｂothfortｈeｔaxｐayersanｄthｅlｉtigａnts—anｄtheliｔigants，ofparｔies,hａvｅtｏｗaiｔsｏmｅtｉmｅsmanｙyeaｒsｂeforehaｖingｔheirdayiｎcｏurt.Manyｓｕggeｓtionsｈavebeeｎｍadecｏｎcｅrnｉngｍeｔhｏdｓｏｆamelioratｉng（改善)tｈesiｔuaｔiｏn，butasｉnmostbｒancｈesoｆgovernｍent，chａngｅｓｃｏmeslowｌy.Onesuggeｓtiｏnthathａｓbeｅnmaｄeinordertomaximiｚetｈeefficiｅｎcyｏfthesystemiｓtoaｌlｏwdisｔriｃtｓtｈathaveａnoverabuｎdaｎceｏｆpendiｎgcaseｓｔoborroｗjudgｅsfroｍotｈｅrｄisｔricｔｓthatdoｎothａｖeｓuchaｂａcklog.Anoｔｈersugｇesti