外文翻譯-對建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計的探索

畢業(yè)設(shè)論)文資料翻譯學(xué)

院：

建筑工程學(xué)院專

業(yè)：

土木工程姓學(xué)

名：號：外文出處：buildingenergyconservationprojectdesign(用外文寫)

Manualeditor2005.7,(3):16-18附

件：文資料翻譯譯文2.外文原文。年

月

日附件1：外文資料翻譯文對建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計的探前言建筑節(jié)能是整個建筑全壽命過程中每一個環(huán)節(jié)節(jié)能的總和指建筑在選址劃、設(shè)計、建造和使用過程,過合理的規(guī)劃設(shè),用節(jié)能型的建筑材料、產(chǎn)品和設(shè),執(zhí)行建筑節(jié)能標(biāo),強(qiáng)建筑物節(jié)能設(shè)備的運(yùn)行管理合理設(shè)計建筑圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的熱工性能,提高采暖制冷照明通風(fēng)給排水和管道系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行效率,以及利用可再生能源在保證建筑物使用功能和室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境質(zhì)量的前提下降低建筑能源消耗,合理有效地利用能源。如果繼續(xù)執(zhí)行節(jié)能水平較低的設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將留下很重的能耗負(fù)擔(dān)和治理困難。龐大的建筑能耗,已經(jīng)成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的巨大負(fù)擔(dān)。因此建筑行業(yè)全面節(jié)能勢在必行。1建筑節(jié)能的意義與定義建筑使用過程中所消耗的能量即通常所說的建筑能耗在社會總能耗中占很大的比例國改革開放30年,創(chuàng)造了世界人類建筑史上的奇跡:1985-2004的年間,全國竣工建筑的面積達(dá)105.6億m2,約占現(xiàn)有建筑面積的預(yù)計到2020年還將新增建筑面積300億。然而,前中國既有建筑中,95%以上是高能耗建筑。1992年建筑能耗占全社會能耗15%,200027.5%,2020年將會增加40%,如果加上原材料的運(yùn)輸和損耗等,建筑能耗可能高達(dá)50%。這既反映了我國城鄉(xiāng)生活水平的提高,也反映了我國高速發(fā)展的建筑和能源需求形勢。由于建筑能耗在社會總能耗中所占的重大比例建筑節(jié)能成為世界節(jié)能浪潮的主流之,筑節(jié)能技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今世界建筑技術(shù)發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)之一。2真正貫徹落實(shí)全面的建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計2.1整體及外部環(huán)境的節(jié)能設(shè)計建筑整體及外部環(huán)境設(shè)計是在分析建筑周圍氣候環(huán)境條件的基礎(chǔ)上,通過選址、規(guī)劃外部環(huán)境和體型朝向等設(shè)計,使建筑獲得一個良好的外部微氣候環(huán)境達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的。2.1.1合理選址建筑選址主要是根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂?、地質(zhì)、水質(zhì)、地形及周圍環(huán)境條件等因素的綜合狀況來確定建筑設(shè)計中,既要使建筑在其整個生命周期中保持適宜的微氣候環(huán)境為建筑節(jié)能創(chuàng)造條件,同時又要不破壞整體生態(tài)環(huán)境的平衡。2.1.2合理的外部環(huán)境設(shè)計在建筑位址確定之后,應(yīng)研究其微氣候特征根據(jù)建筑功能的需求應(yīng)通過合理的外部環(huán)境設(shè)計來改善既有的微氣候環(huán),造建筑節(jié)能的有利環(huán),主要方法為:①在建筑周圍布置樹木、植,既能有效遮擋風(fēng)沙、凈化空,還能遮陽、降;②創(chuàng)造人工自然環(huán)境,如在建筑附近設(shè)置水面,利用水來平衡環(huán)境溫度、降風(fēng)沙及收集雨水等作用。2.1.3合理的規(guī)劃和體型設(shè)計合理的建筑規(guī)劃和體型設(shè)計能有效地適應(yīng)惡劣的微氣候環(huán)境。它包括對建筑整體體量、建筑體型及建筑形體組合、建筑日照及朝向等方面的確定。日照及朝向選擇的原則是冬季能獲得足夠的日照并避開主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向,季能利用自然通風(fēng)并防止太陽輻射。然而建筑的朝向、方位以及建筑總平面的設(shè)計應(yīng)考慮多方面的因素,建筑受到社會歷史文化、地形、城市規(guī)劃、道路、環(huán)境等條件的制約,要想使建筑物的朝向均滿足夏季防熱和冬季保溫是困難,此能權(quán)衡各個因素之間的得,找到一個平衡點(diǎn),選擇出這一地區(qū)建筑的最佳朝向和較好朝向盡量避免東西向日曬。2.2單體的節(jié)能設(shè)計單體的節(jié)能設(shè),主要是通對建筑各部分的節(jié)能構(gòu)造設(shè)計、建筑內(nèi)部空間的合理分隔設(shè)計,以及一些新型建筑節(jié)材料和設(shè)備的設(shè)計與選擇等來更好地利用既有的建筑外部氣候環(huán)境條件,以達(dá)到節(jié)能和改善室內(nèi)微氣候環(huán)境的效果。2.2.1建筑各部位的節(jié)能構(gòu)造設(shè)計建筑各部位的節(jié)能構(gòu)造設(shè)計,主要是在滿足其作為建筑的基本組成部分的要求之外,通過對各部位(頂、樓板、墻體、門窗)造型、結(jié)構(gòu)、材料等方面加以進(jìn)一步設(shè),充分利用建筑外部氣候環(huán)境條件,達(dá)到節(jié)能和改善室內(nèi)微氣候環(huán)境的效果。屋頂?shù)墓?jié)能設(shè)計屋頂是建筑物與室外大氣接觸的一個重要部分主要節(jié)能措施為:①采用坡屋頂；②加強(qiáng)屋面保;根據(jù)需要,置保溫隔熱屋(架空隔熱屋面、蓄水屋面、種植屋面等)。樓板層的節(jié)能設(shè)計。主要是利用其結(jié)構(gòu)中空間,以及對樓板吊頂造型加以設(shè)計。如將循環(huán)水管布置在其中,夏季可以利用冷水循環(huán)降低室內(nèi)溫度冬季利用熱水循環(huán)取暖。3)建筑外圍墻體的節(jié)能設(shè)計。墻體的節(jié)能設(shè)計除了適應(yīng)氣候條件做好保溫、防潮、隔熱等措施以,還應(yīng)體現(xiàn)在能夠善微氣候環(huán)境條件的特殊構(gòu)造上如寒冷地區(qū)的夾心體設(shè)計、被動式太陽房中各種蓄熱墻(如水墻)設(shè)計、巴格達(dá)地區(qū)為了適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)馗蔁釟夂驐l件在墻體中的風(fēng)口設(shè)計等;而在馬來西亞,楊經(jīng)文設(shè)計的檳榔嶼州大廈外墻中則外加了一種“鋪風(fēng)墻”的特殊構(gòu)造設(shè),在建筑兩側(cè)設(shè)陽臺開,口兩側(cè)外墻上布置兩片擋風(fēng),使兩通風(fēng)墻形成喇叭狀的口,將風(fēng)鋪?zhàn)降疥柵_,然后通過陽臺門的開口大小控制進(jìn)風(fēng)量,形成“空氣鎖”,可以有效地控制室內(nèi)通風(fēng)。建筑門窗的節(jié)能設(shè)計統(tǒng)計資料,在我國既有的高耗能建筑有的耗能是通過門窗散失的。因,解決好門窗節(jié)能的問題相當(dāng)重要。門窗的節(jié)能設(shè)計應(yīng)主要考:①控制建筑不同朝向的窗墻面積;設(shè)置遮陽措,國節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī),熱冬暖地區(qū)、夏熱冬冷地區(qū)以及寒冷地區(qū)中制冷負(fù)荷大的建筑的外(包括透明幕墻)設(shè)置外部遮;根據(jù)需要合理地組織門窗的通風(fēng)換氣,盡量采用自然通風(fēng)④嚴(yán)寒寒冷地區(qū)建筑的外門宜設(shè)門斗或采取其它減少冷風(fēng)滲透的措,它地區(qū)建筑外門也應(yīng)采取保溫隔熱節(jié)能措施;⑤選擇高性能的建筑門窗和幕墻技術(shù),筑門窗和建筑幕墻要改變消極保溫隔熱的單一節(jié)能觀,把節(jié)能和合理利用太陽能、地下()、風(fēng)能結(jié)合起來積極選擇節(jié)能和用能(利用太陽能、冷能、風(fēng)能、地?zé)崮?相結(jié)合的門窗及幕墻產(chǎn)品。建筑物圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)部的節(jié)能設(shè)計細(xì)部的節(jié)能設(shè)計對于建筑物的整體節(jié)能也非常重要應(yīng)從以下各部位著手:①熱橋部位應(yīng)采取口可靠的保溫與“斷橋”措;②外墻出挑構(gòu)件及附墻部件,陽臺、雨罩、靠外墻陽臺欄板、空調(diào)室外機(jī)擱板、附壁柱、凸窗、裝飾線等均應(yīng)采取隔斷熱橋和保溫措;窗口外側(cè)四周墻,進(jìn)行保溫處;④門、窗框與墻體之間的縫,應(yīng)采用高效保溫材料填;⑤門、窗框四周與抹灰層之間的縫,采用保溫材料和嵌縫密封膏密,免不同材料界面開,響門、窗的熱工性;采用全玻璃幕墻時,隔墻、樓板或梁與幕墻之間的間隙應(yīng)填充保溫材料。2.2.2合理的建筑空間設(shè)計合理的空間設(shè)計是在充分滿足建筑使用功能要求的前提下,建筑空間進(jìn)行合理分隔(平面分隔和豎向分隔),以改善室內(nèi)保溫、通風(fēng)、采光等微氣候條件達(dá)到節(jié)能目的。2.2.3選用建筑節(jié)能材料合理選用建筑節(jié)能材料也是全面建筑節(jié)能的一個重要方面。建筑材料的選擇應(yīng)遵循健康、高效、經(jīng)濟(jì)、節(jié)能的原則。一方,隨著科技的發(fā)展,大量的新型高效材料不斷被研制并應(yīng)用到建筑設(shè)計中,好地起到節(jié)能效果。另一方,要結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情,掘出一些地方節(jié)能材料,更好地應(yīng)用到建筑節(jié)能中去。3結(jié)語全面的建筑節(jié)能有利于從根本上促進(jìn)能源資源節(jié)約和合理利用,緩解我國能源資源供應(yīng)與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的矛盾；有利于加快發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng),實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展；有利于長遠(yuǎn)的保障國家能源安全保護(hù)環(huán)境高人民群眾生活質(zhì)量貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀。附件：外文原文（復(fù)印件）Toexplorebuilding'senergy-savingdesignprefaceBuildingenergyefficiencyisthewholebuildingalllifeisthesumofeverylinkintheprocessofenergysaving.Referstothebuildingsinthesiteselection,planning,design,constructionanduseprocess,throughthereasonableplanninganddesign,energy-savingbuildingmaterials,productsandequipment,implementbuildingenergyefficiencystandards,strengthenthebuildingofenergy-savingequipmentrunningmanagement,reasonablethermalperformanceinthedesignandconstructionofretainingstructure,improvetheheating,refrigeration,lighting,ventilation,watersupplyanddrainage,andtheoperationefficiencyofpipelinesystem,andtheuseofrenewableenergy,inguaranteethequalityofbuildingusefunctionandtheindoorthermalenvironmentunderthepremiseofreducingbuildingenergyconsumption,reasonableandefficientuseofenergy.Ifyoustickwiththelowlevelofenergysavingdesignstandard,itwillleaveaheavyburdenofenergyconsumptionandmanagementdifficulties.Hugebuildingenergyconsumption,hasbecomeahugeburdenofthenationaleconomy.Sotheconstructionindustryoverallenergysavingisimperative.AnddefinethemeaningofbuildingenergyefficiencyTheenergydissipationsofthebuildinginuseprocess,knownasthebuildingenergyconsumption,alargeproportionofthetotalenergyconsumptioninsociety.China'sreformandopeningup30years,createdtheworldthehumanmiracleinthehistoryofarchitecture:20yearsfrom1985to2004,thecompletionoftheconstructionareaof10.56billionm2,accountsforabout1/4ofexistingbuildingarea,predict2020willalsobenewconstructionareaof30billionm2.However,theexistingbuildingsinChina,morethan95%ishighenergyconsumptionconstruction.In1992,thebuildingenergyconsumptionaccountsfor15%oftheenergyconsumptionofthewholesociety,at27.5%in2000and2020willincreaseto40%,ifcoupledwiththetransportationandthelossofrawmaterials,etc.,buildingenergyconsumptioncouldbeashighas50%.Itreflectstheimprovementoflivingstandardsofurbanandruralareasinourcountry,alsoreflectsthehighspeeddevelopmentofourcountry'sconstructionandenergydemandsituation.Duetothebuildingenergyconsumptionintotalenergyconsumptionaccountsforasignificantproportionofbuildingenergyefficiencyhasbecomethemainstreamintheworldwaveofenergysavingisoneofthebuildingenergysavingtechnologyhasbecomeoneofthekeypointofthedevelopmentofthearchitecturaltechnologyanywhereintheworld.2realimplementationofbuildingenergyefficiencydesign2.1theoveralldesignandtheexternalenvironmentofenergysavingIntegralandtheexternalenvironmentdesignisbasedontheanalysisofbuildingssurroundingclimate,onthebasisofenvironmentalconditions,throughsiteselection,planninganddesignoftheexternalenvironmentandbodyorientation,makethebuildingtoobtainagoodexternalmicroclimateenvironment,achievethegoalofenergysaving.2.1.1thereasonablelocationSiteselectionismainlyaccordingtothelocalclimate,geology,waterquality,theterrainandthesurroundingenvironmentconditionfactorssuchascomprehensiveconditiontodetermine.Inarchitecturaldesign,bothtokeepbuildingthroughoutitslifecycleissuitableformicroclimateenvironment,createconditionsforbuildingenergyconservation,anddon'tdestroythebalanceoftheoverallecologicalenvironmentatthesametime.2.1.2reasonableexternalenvironmentdesignAddresswasdeterminedinthebuilding,shouldstudythemicroclimatefeatures.Accordingtotherequirementsofarchitecturalfunction,shouldthroughthereasonableexternalenvironmentdesigntoimprovetheexistingmicroclimateenvironment,createfavorableenvironment,buildingenergyconservationmainwayis:(1)decoratedtrees,vegetationaroundthebuilding,caneffectivelykeepoutdustandpurifyair,stillcanshading,noisereduction;(2)tocreateartificialnaturalenvironment,suchasintheconstructionsetupnearthesurface,waterisusedtobalancetheenvironmenttemperature,sandandcollectingrainwater,andsoon.2.1.3reasonableplanningandshapedesigneasonableplanningandbuildingdesigncaneffectivelyadapttotheharshclimateenvironment.Itincludingtheoveralldimensionandarchitecturalshapeandarchitecturalformcombination,determinationofsunshineandrespectsuchas.unshineandtowardthechoiceprincipleiswintercangetenoughsunshineandtoavoidthedominantwinddirection,canmakeuseofnaturalventilationandpreventsolarradiationinsummer.However,buildingorientation,orientationandconstructiontotalplanedesignshouldconsiderthevariousfactors,buildingsocialhistoryculture,landscape,urbanplanning,road,environmentconditionsuchasrestriction,inordertoprotectthebuildingstomeetthesummerheatandwinterheatpreservationisdifficult,therefore,canonlyweighthevariousfactorsbetweenthegainandloss,tofindabalancepoint,choosethebestorientationandconstructionofthisareaisbettertoward,east-westsunlightshouldbeavoided.2.2monomerofenergy-savingdesignMonomerofenergy-savingdesign,mainlythroughtovariouspartsofthebuildingenergy-savingconstructiondesign,buildinginteriorspaceofreasonablespacedesign,aswellassomenewenergy-savingbuildingmaterialsandequipmentdesignandselection,tobetteruseofexistingbuildingexternalclimate,environmentalconditions,inordertoachievetheeffectofsavingenergyandimprovingindoormicroclimateenvironment.2.2.1buildingenergy-savingconstructiondesignofeachpartBuildingenergy-savingconstructionofeachpartdesign,mainlyinthemeettherequirementsofitasanessentialpartofthebuilding,basedoneachpart(roof,floor,walls,doorsandWindows,etc.)inthemodeling,structure,material,etctofurtherdesign,makefulluseofthebuildingexternalenvironment,climateconditions,toachievetheeffectofsavingenergyandimprovingindoormicroclimateenvironment.theenergysavingdesignoftheroof.Roofisabuildingwithoutsideaircontactisanimportantpartofthemainenergysavingmeasuresare:(1)usesloperoof;(2)strengthentheroofheatpreservation;(3)accordingtotheneeds,setthethermalinsulationroofing(overheadinsulatedroof,waterstorageroof,roofplanting,etc.).theenergy-savingdesignoffloorlayer.Mainlyusingthestructureinspace,aswellastothefloorcondoletopmodellinganddesign.Ifthecirculatingwaterpipelayoutinwhich,thesummercanusecoldwatercycletoreduceindoortemperature,usinghotwatercirculationtokeepwarminwinter.buildingouterwallenergysavingdesign.Wallenergysavingdesigninadditiontoadapttoclimateconditionreadyforheatpreservation,moistureproof,heatinsulation,andothermeasures,shouldalsobereflectedincanimprovemicroclimateenvironmentconditionsonthespecialstructureofsuchascoldareasofsandwichwalldesign,passivesolarhousesvariousheatstoragewall(waterwall)design,Baghdadregioninordertoadapttothelocalhotdryclimateconditionsinthewallofthetuyeredesign,etc.;InMalaysia,penangstateMennamUmnoYangscripturedesignbuildings,walls,andakindofspecialstructuredesign"pavethewindwall",thebuildingsonbothsidesoftheopeningbalcony,openingsonbothsidesoftheouterwalltwoDangFengQiang,makethetwoventilationwalltoformatrumpet-shapedpocket,willwindshopiscaughtinthebalcony,andthenintotheairthroughthebalconydooropeningsizecontrol,formthe"airlocks",caneffectivelycontroltheindoorventilation.buildingenergy-savingdesignofdoorsandWindows.Accordingtostatistics,inourcountryexistingenergyintensivebuilding40%oftheenergyisdissipatedthroughthedoorsandWindows.Therefore,solvetheproblemofthedoorsandWindowsenergysavingisveryimportant.Theenergy-savingdesignofdoorsandWindowsshouldconsider:(1)controlarchitectureisdifferenttowardthewindowwallarearatio;(2)setthesunshademeasuresspecifiedinthestandardsforenergyconservationinourcountry,theregionwithhotsummerandwarmwinter,hotsummerandcoldwinterareasandcoldareasinthecoolingloadofbuildingexternalWindows(includingthetransparentcurtainwall)shouldbesetupoutsideshading;(3)accordingtotheneedtoproperlyorganizeventilationdoors,Windows,trytousenaturalventilation;(4)thecold,coldareaconstructionofoutsidedoorsetcross-barsortakeotherappropriatemeasurestoreducetheinfiltration,otherpartsofthebuildingoutsidedoorandheatpreservationandheatinsulationmeasuresshouldbetaken;5)choosehigh-performancebuildingdoorsandWindowsandcurtainwalltechnology,buildingdoorsandWindowsandcurtainwalltochangethenegativethermalinsulationofsingleenergysavingideas,theenergyconservationandrationalutilizationofsolarenergy,undergroundhot(water)canbecombined,windactivelychooseenergysavingandenergy(canusesolarenergy,cold,wind,geothermal)combiningthedoorsandWindowsandcurtainwallproducts.5)buildingpalisadestructureenergyefficiencydesignindetails.Detailsoftheenergysavingdesignforthestructureoftheoverallenergysavingisalsoveryimportant,fromeachofthefollowingareas:(1)hotmouthreliableinsulationshouldbetakenofpartsofthebridgeand"brokenbridge";(2)theouterwallandrelativecomponentsattachedtothewallcomponents,suchasbalcony,raincover,byexteriorbalconycolumnboard,airconditioningseparate-bodiedair-conditionersshelf,pilaster,convexWindows,decorativethreadpartitionandthermalbridgeinsulationmeasuresshouldbetaken;(3)aroundthewindowofthelateralwall,shouldbeheattreatment;(4)thegapsbetweenthedoorandwindowframeandwallbody,highefficiencyheatpreservationmaterialshouldbeadoptedin;Around5doors,windowframesandthegapsbetweentheplasterlayer,appropriateUSESinsulationsealingmaterialsandsealingpastesealing,interfacecraze,avoiddifferentmaterialsaffectthethermalperformanceofadoor,window;6.Usingfullglasscurtainwall,partitionwall,floorslaborbeamandcurtainwall,theclearancebetweentheshouldfillthethermalinsulationmaterial.2.2.2rationalarch