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Chapter7
Consumers,Producers,andtheEfficiencyofMarkets
TRUE/FALSE
1.Welfareeconomicsisthestudyofthewelfaresystem.
ANS:FDIF:1REF:7-1NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:WelfareMSC:Definitional
2.Thewillingnesstopayisthemaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagoodandmeasureshowmuchthebuyervaluesthegood.
ANS:TDIF:1
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Definitional
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Willingnesstopay
Analytic
3.Foranygivenquantity,thepriceonademandcurverepresentsthemarginalbuyer'swillingnesstopay.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Willingnesstopay
Analytic
4.Abuyeriswillingtobuyaproductatapricegreaterthanorequaltohiswillingnesstopay,butwouldrefusetobuyaproductatapricelessthanhiswillingnesstopay.
ANS:FDIF:1
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Definitional
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Willingnesstopay
Analytic
5.Consumersurplusistheamountabuyeractuallyhastopayforagoodminustheamountthebuyeriswillingtopayforit.
ANS:FDIF:1
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Definitional
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Consumersurplus
Analytic
6.Consumersurplusistheamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminustheamountthebuyeractuallyhastopayforit.
ANS:TDIF:1
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Definitional
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Consumersurplus
Analytic
7.Consumersurplusmeasuresthebenefittobuyersofparticipatinginamarket.
ANS:TDIF:1REF:7-1NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Consumersurplus
MSC:Interpretive
8.Consumersurpluscanbemeasuredastheareabetweenthedemandcurveandtheequilibriumprice.
ANS:TDIF:1REF:7-1NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Consumersurplus
MSC:Interpretive
9.Consumersurpluscanbemeasuredastheareabetweenthedemandcurveandthesupplycurve.
ANS:FDIF:1REF:7-1NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Consumersurplus
MSC:Interpretive
10.Joelhasa1966Mustang,whichhesellstoSusie,anavidcarcollector.Susieispleasedsinceshepaid$8,000forthecarbutwouldhavebeenwillingtopay$11,000forthecar.Susie'sconsumersurplusis$2,000.
ANS:FDIF:1
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Consumersurplus
Analytic
453
’.
；
11.IfDarbyvaluesasoccerballat$50,andshepays$40forit,herconsumersurplusis$10.ANS:TDIF:1REF:7-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Consumersurplus
MSC:Applicative
12.IfDarbyvaluesasoccerballat$50,andshepays$40forit,herconsumersurplusis$90.
ANS:FDIF:1REF:7-1NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Consumersurplus
MSC:Applicative
13.Allelseequal,anincreaseinsupplywillcauseanincreaseinconsumersurplus.
ANS:TDIF:2REF:7-1NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Consumersurplus
MSC:Applicative
14.Supposethereisanincreaseinsupplythatreducesmarketprice.Consumersurplusincreasesbecause(1)consumersurplusreceivedbyexistingbuyersincreasesand(2)newbuyersenterthemarket.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Consumersurplus
Analytic
15.Ifthegovernmentimposesabindingpricefloorinamarket,thentheconsumersurplusinthatmarketwillincrease.
ANS:FDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Applicative
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Consumersurplus
Analytic
16.Ifthegovernmentimposesabindingpricefloorinamarket,thentheconsumersurplusinthatmarketwilldecrease.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Applicative
REF:7-1NAT:
TOP:Consumersurplus
Analytic
17.Eachsellerofaproductiswillingtosellaslongasthepriceheorshecanreceiveisgreaterthanthe
opportunitycostofproducingtheproduct.
ANS:TDIF:1
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-2NAT:
TOP:Opportunitycost
Analytic
18.Atanyquantity,thepricegivenbythesupplycurveshowsthecostofthelowest-costseller.ANS:FDIF:2REF:7-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Opportunitycost
MSC:Interpretive
19.Inacompetitivemarket,salesgotothoseproducerswhoarewillingtosupplytheproductatthelowestprice.
ANS:TDIF:1REF:7-2NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:EfficiencyMSC:Interpretive
20.Producersurplusistheamountasellerispaidminusthecostofproduction.
ANS:TDIF:1REF:7-2NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Producersurplus
MSC:Definitional
21.Producersurplusisthecostofproductionminustheamountasellerispaid.
ANS:FDIF:1REF:7-2NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Producersurplus
MSC:Definitional
；
22.Allelseequal,anincreaseindemandwillcauseanincreaseinproducersurplus.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Applicative
REF:7-2NAT:
TOP:Producersurplus
Analytic
23.Allelseequal,adecreaseindemandwillcauseanincreaseinproducersurplus.
ANS:FDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Applicative
REF:7-2NAT:
TOP:Producersurplus
Analytic
24.IfproducingasoccerballcostsJake$5,andhesellsitfor$40,hisproducersurplusis$45.
ANS:FDIF:1REF:7-2NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Producersurplus
MSC:Applicative
25.IfproducingasoccerballcostsJake$5,andhesellsitfor$40,hisproducersurplusis$35.
ANS:TDIF:1REF:7-2NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Producersurplus
MSC:Applicative
26.Conniecancleanwindowsinlargeofficebuildingsatacostof$1perwindow.Themarketpriceforwindow-cleaningservicesis$3perwindow.IfConniecleans100windows,herproducersurplusis$100.
ANS:FDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Applicative
REF:7-2NAT:
TOP:Producersurplus
Analytic
27.Conniecancleanwindowsinlargeofficebuildingsatacostof$1perwindow.Themarketpriceforwindow-cleaningservicesis$3perwindow.IfConniecleans100windows,herproducersurplusis$200.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Applicative
REF:7-2NAT:
TOP:Producersurplus
Analytic
28.Theareabelowthepriceandabovethesupplycurvemeasurestheproducersurplusinamarket.
ANS:TDIF:2REF:7-2NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Producersurplus
MSC:Interpretive
29.Theareabelowthedemandcurveandabovethesupplycurvemeasurestheproducersurplusinamarket.
ANS:FDIF:2REF:7-2NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Producersurplus
MSC:Interpretive
30.Ifthegovernmentimposesabindingpriceceilinginamarket,thentheproducersurplusinthatmarketwillincrease.
ANS:FDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Applicative
REF:7-2NAT:
TOP:Producersurplus
Analytic
31.Whendemandincreasessothatmarketpriceincreases,producersurplusincreasesbecause(1)producersurplusreceivedbyexistingsellersincreases,and(2)newsellersenterthemarket.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-2NAT:
TOP:Producersurplus
Analytic
32.Totalsurplusinamarketisconsumersurplusminusproducersurplus.
ANS:FDIF:1REF:7-3NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Totalsurplus
MSC:Definitional
；
33.Totalsurplus=Valuetobuyers-Coststosellers.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-3
TOP:Totalsurplus
NAT:Analytic
34.Totalsurplusinamarketcanbemeasuredastheareabelowthesupplycurveplustheareaabovethedemandcurve,uptothepointofequilibrium.
ANS:FDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-3
TOP:Totalsurplus
NAT:Analytic
35.ProducingasoccerballcostsJake$5.HesellsittoDarbyfor$35.Darbyvaluesthesoccerballat$50.Forthistransaction,thetotalsurplusinthemarketis$40.
ANS:FDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Applicative
REF:7-3
TOP:Totalsurplus
NAT:Analytic
36.Theequilibriumofsupplyanddemandinamarketmaximizesthetotalbenefitstobuyersandsellersofparticipatinginthatmarket.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
REF:7-3
TOP:Efficiency
NAT:
MSC:
Analytic
Interpretive
37.Efficiencyreferstowhetheramarketoutcomeisfair,whileequalityreferstowhetherthemaximumamountofoutputwasproducedfromagivennumberofinputs.
ANS:FDIF:1
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Definitional
REF:7-3NAT:
TOP:Efficiency|Equality
Analytic
38.Efficiencyisrelatedtothesizeoftheeconomicpie,whereasequalityisrelatedtohowthepiegetsslicedanddistributed.
ANS:TDIF:1
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Definitional
REF:7-3NAT:
TOP:Efficiency|Equality
Analytic
39.Freemarketsallocate(a)thesupplyofgoodstothebuyerswhovaluethemmosthighlyand(b)thedemandforgoodstothesellerswhocanproducethematleastcost.
ANS:TDIF:2REF:7-3NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:EfficiencyMSC:Interpretive
40.Economistsgenerallybelievethat,althoughtheremaybeadvantagestosocietyfromticket-scalping,thecoststosocietyofthisactivityoutweighthebenefits.
ANS:FDIF:2REF:7-3NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:EfficiencyMSC:Interpretive
41.Economistsarguethatrestrictionsagainstticketscalpingactuallydriveupthecostofmanytickets.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
REF:7-3
TOP:Efficiency
NAT:
MSC:
Analytic
Interpretive
42.IftheUnitedStateslegallyallowedforamarketintransplantorgans,itisestimatedthatonekidneywouldsellforatleast$100,000.
ANS:FDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-3
TOP:Efficiency
NAT:
|Equality
Analytic
43.Eventhoughparticipantsintheeconomyaremotivatedbyself-interest,the"invisiblehand"ofthe
marketplaceguidesthisself-interestintopromotinggeneraleconomicwell-being.
ANS:TDIF:2
LOC:Supplyanddemand
MSC:Interpretive
REF:7-3
TOP:Invisiblehand
NAT:Analytic
；
44.Thecurrentpolicyonkidneydonationeffectivelysetsapriceceilingofzero.
ANS:TDIF:2REF:7-3NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:EfficiencyMSC:Interpretive
45.Unlessmarketsareperfectlycompetitive,theymayfailtomaximizethetotalbenefitstobuyersandsellers.
ANS:TDIF:2REF:7-4NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:EfficiencyMSC:Interpretive
46.Inordertoconcludethatmarketsareefficient,weassumethattheyareperfectlycompetitive.
ANS:TDIF:2REF:7-4NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:EfficiencyMSC:Applicative
47.Marketswillalwaysallocateresourcesefficiently.
ANS:FDIF:2REF:7-4NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:EfficiencyMSC:Applicative
48.Whenmarketsfail,publicpolicycanpotentiallyremedytheproblemandincreaseeconomicefficiency.
ANS:TDIF:2REF:7-4NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Marketfailure
MSC:Interpretive
49.Marketpowerandexternalitiesareexamplesofmarketfailures.
ANS:TDIF:2REF:7-4NAT:Analytic
LOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Marketfailure
MSC:Interpretive
；
SHORTANSWER
1.Answereachofthefollowingquestionsaboutdemandandconsumersurplus.
a.Whatisconsumersurplus,andhowisitmeasured?
b.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthedemandcurveandthewillingnesstopay?
c.Otherthingsequal,whathappenstoconsumersurplusifthepriceofagoodfalls?Why?Illustrateusingademandcurve.
d.Inwhatwaydoesthedemandcurverepresentthebenefitconsumersreceivefromparticipatinginamarket?Inadditiontothedemandcurve,whatelsemustbeconsideredtodetermineconsumersurplus?
ANS:
a.Consumersurplusmeasuresthebenefittobuyersofparticipatinginamarket.Itismeasuredastheamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminustheamountabuyeractuallypaysforit.Foranindividualpurchase,consumersurplusisthedifferencebetweenthewillingnesstopay,asshownonthedemandcurve,andthemarketprice.Forthemarket,totalconsumersurplusistheareaunderthedemandcurveandabovetheprice,fromtheorigintothequantitypurchased.
b.Becausethedemandcurveshowsthemaximumamountbuyersarewillingtopayforagivenmarketquantity,thepricegivenbythedemandcurverepresentsthewillingnesstopayofthemarginalbuyer.
c.Whenthepriceofagoodfalls,consumersurplusincreasesfortworeasons.First,thosebuyerswhowerealreadybuyingthegoodreceiveanincreaseinconsumersurplusbecausetheyarepayingless(areaB).Second,somenewbuyersenterthemarketbecausethepriceofthegoodisnowlowerthantheirwillingnesstopay(areaC);hence,thereisadditionalconsumersurplusgeneratedfromtheirpurchases.ThegraphshouldshowthataspricefallsfromP2toP1,consumersurplusincreasesfromareaAtoareaA+B+C.
d.Sincethedemandcurverepresentsthemaximumpricethemarginalbuyeriswillingtopayforagood,itmustalsorepresentthemaximumbenefitthebuyerexpectstoreceivefromconsumingthegood.Consumersurplusmusttakeintoaccounttheamountthebuyeractuallypaysforthegood,withconsumersurplusmeasuredasthedifferencebetweenwhatthebuyeriswillingtopayandwhathe/sheactuallypaid.Consumersurplus,then,measuresthebenefitthebuyerdidn'thaveto"payfor."
Price
A
P2
B
C
P1
DF
Q2
Q1
Demand
Quantity
DIF:TOP:
2REF:7-1
Consumersurplus
NAT:Analytic
MSC:Interpretive
LOC:Supplyanddemand
；
2.Tammylovesdonuts.ThetableshownreflectsthevalueTammyplacesoneachdonutsheeats:
Valueoffirstdonut
Valueofseconddonut
Valueofthirddonut
Valueoffourthdonut
Valueoffifthdonut
Valueofsixthdonut
$0.60
$0.50
$0.40
$0.30
$0.20
$0.10
a.UsethisinformationtoconstructTammy'sdemandcurvefordonuts.
b.Ifthepriceofdonutsis$0.20,howmanydonutswillTammybuy?
c.ShowTammy'sconsumersurplusonyourgraph.Howmuchconsumersurpluswouldshehaveatapriceof$0.20?
d.Ifthepriceofdonutsroseto$0.40,howmanydonutswouldshepurchasenow?WhatwouldhappentoTammy'sconsumersurplus?Showthischangeonyourgraph.
ANS:
a.1Price
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Demand
12345678Quantity
b.Atapriceof$0.20,Tammywouldbuy5donuts.
c.ThefigurebelowshowsTammy'sconsumersurplus.Atapriceof$0.20,Tammy'sconsumersurpluswouldbe$1.00.
Price
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.10.1
0.2
0.1
1234
Demand
5678
Quantity
d.Ifthepriceofdonutsroseto$0.40,Tammy'sconsumersurpluswouldfallto$0.30andshewould
purchaseonly3donuts.
；
Price1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.10.1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
12
Demand
345678
Quantity
DIF:
TOP:
2REF:7-1
Consumersurplus
NAT:Analytic
MSC:Applicative
LOC:Supplyanddemand
3.Answereachofthefollowingquestionsaboutsupplyandproducersurplus.
a.Whatisproducersurplus,andhowisitmeasured?
b.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthecosttosellersandthesupplycurve?
c.Otherthingsequal,whathappenstoproducersurpluswhenthepriceofagoodrises?Illustrateyouransweronasupplycurve.
ANS:
a.Producersurplusmeasuresthebenefittosellersofparticipatinginamarket.Itismeasuredastheamountasellerispaidminusthecostofproduction.Foranindividualsale,producersurplusismeasuredasthedifferencebetweenthemarketpriceandthecostofproduction,asshownonthesupplycurve.Forthemarket,totalproducersurplusismeasuredastheareaabovethesupplycurveandbelowthemarketprice,betweentheoriginandthequantitysold.
b.Becausethesupplycurveshowstheminimumamountsellersarewillingtoacceptforagivenquantity,thesupplycurverepresentsthecostofthemarginalseller.
c.Whenthepriceofagoodrises,producersurplusincreasesfortworeasons.First,thosesellerswhowerealreadysellingthegoodhaveanincreaseinproducersurplusbecausethepricetheyreceiveishigher(areaA).Second,newsellerswillenterthemarketbecausethepriceofthegoodisnowhigherthantheirwillingnesstosell(areaB);hence,thereisadditionalproducersurplusgeneratedfromtheirsales.ThegraphshouldshowthataspricerisesfromP1toP2,producersurplusincreasesfromareaCtoareaA+B+C.
Price
Supply
P2
B
A
P1
C
G
D
Q1Q2Quantity
DIF:
TOP:
2REF:7-2
Producersurplus
NAT:Analytic
MSC:Interpretive
LOC:Supplyanddemand
；
4.Giventhefollowingequationstwoequations:
1)TotalSurplus=ConsumerSurplus+ProducerSurplus
2)TotalSurplus=ValuetoBuyers-CosttoSellers
Showhowequation(1)canbeusedtoderiveequation(2).
ANS:
Startwiththeequation:TotalSurplus=ConsumerSurplus+ProducerSurplus.Then,sinceConsumerSurplus=Valuetobuyers-Amountpaidbybuyers,andsinceProducerSurplus=Amountreceivedbysellers-Costsofsellers,thenTotalSurpluscanbewrittenas:Valuetobuyers-Amountpaidbybuyers+Amountreceivedbysellers-Costsofsellers.SincetheAmountpaidbybuyersequalstheAmountreceivedbysellers,themiddletwotermscanceloutandtheresultis:
TotalSurplus=Valuetobuyers-Costsofsellers.
DIF:
TOP:
2
Totalsurplus
REF:7-3
NAT:Analytic
MSC:Analytical
LOC:Supplyanddemand
；
5.AnswerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthegraphthatrepresentsJ.R.'sdemandforribsperweekofribsatJudy'sribshack.
a.Attheequilibriumprice,howmanyribswouldJ.R.bewillingtopurchase?
b.HowmuchisJ.R.willingtopayfor20ribs?
c.WhatisthemagnitudeofJ.R.'sconsumersurplusattheequilibriumprice?
d.Attheequilibriumprice,howmanyribswouldJudybewillingtosell?
e.HowhighmustthepriceofribsbeforJudytosupply20ribstothemarket?
f.Attheequilibriumprice,whatisthemagnitudeoftotalsurplusinthemarket?
g.Ifthepriceofribsroseto$10,whatwouldhappentoJ.R.'sconsumersurplus?
h.Ifthepriceofribsfellto$5,whatwouldhappentoJudy'sproducersurplus?
i.Explainwhythegraphthatisshownverifiesthefactthatthemarketequilibrium(quantity)maximizesthesumofproducerandconsumersurplus.
Price
20
18
16
14
Supply
12
10
8
6
5
4Demand
2
1020304050607080Quantity
ANS:
a.40
b.$10.00
c.$80.00.
d.40
e.$5
f.$200
g.Itwouldfallfrom$80toonly$20.
h.Itwouldfallfrom$120toonly$30.
i.Atquantitieslessthantheequilibriumquantity,themarginalvaluetobuyersexceedsthemarginalcosttosellers.Increasingthequantityinthisregionraisestotalsurplusuntilequilibriumquantityisreached.Atquantitiesgreaterthantheequilibriumquantity,themarginalcosttosellersexceedsthemarginalvaluetobuyersandtotalsurplusfalls.
DIF:3REF:7-3NAT:AnalyticLOC:Supplyanddemand
TOP:Consumersurplus|Producersurplus|TotalsurplusMSC:Analytical
Sec00-Consumers,Producers,andtheEfficiencyofMarkets
MULTIPLECHOICE
1.Welfareeconomicsisthestudyofhow
a.theallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being.
b.apriceceilingcomparestoapricefloor.
c.thegovernmenthelpspoorpeople.
d.aconsumer’soptimalchoiceaffectsedemandcurve.
ANS:A
NAT:Analytic
MSC:Definitional
DIF:
LOC:
1REF:7-0
Supplyanddemand
TOP:Welfare
desirable.
desirable.
；
2.Welfareeconomicsisthestudyof
a.taxesandsubsidies.
b.howtechnologyisbestputtouseintheproductionofgoodsandservices.
ernmentwelfareprogramsforneedypeople.
d.howtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being.
ANS:DDIF:1REF:7-0
NAT:AnalyticLOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Welfare
MSC:Definitional
3.Welfareeconomicsisthestudyof
a.thewell-beingoflessfortunatepeople.
b.welfareprogramsintheUnitedStates.
c.howtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being.
d.theeffectofincomeredistributiononworkeffort.
ANS:CDIF:1REF:7-0
NAT:AnalyticLOC:SupplyanddemandTOP:Welfare
MSC:Definitional
4.Thestudyofhowtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-beingiscalled
a.consumereconomics.
b.macroeconomics.
c.willingness-to-payeconomics.
d.welfareeconomics.
ANS:D
NAT:Analytic
MSC:Definitional
DIF:
LOC:
1REF:7-0
Supplyanddemand
TOP:Welfare
5.Anexampleofpositiveanalysisisstudying
a.howmarketforcesproduceequilibrium.
b.whetherequilibriumoutcomesarefair.
c.whetherequilibriumoutcomesaresocially
d.ifincomedistributionsarefair.
ANS:A
NAT:Analytic
MSC:Definitional
DIF:
LOC:
1REF:7-0
Supplyanddemand
TOP:Positivestatements
6.Anexampleofnormativeanalysisisstudying
a.howmarketforcesproduceequilibrium.
b.surplusesandshortages.
c.whetherequilibriumoutcomesaresociall
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