新能源經(jīng)柔性直流接入電網(wǎng)的控制與保護(hù)綜述

May31,2020May31,2020DOI:10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.202005150012020年5月31日第46卷May護(hù)綜述而成為適合新能源接入電網(wǎng)的電力傳輸方式，控制的核心要素。目前關(guān)于新能源經(jīng)柔性直流接入能源通過柔性直流輸電系統(tǒng)并網(wǎng)的交直流系統(tǒng)，基于國內(nèi)外已投運和在建的典型新能源經(jīng)柔構(gòu)下系統(tǒng)控制方式以及未來發(fā)展趨勢，并對大保護(hù)技術(shù)發(fā)展方向進(jìn)行了展望。oughVSCHVDCeiZHAOYumingSHIZinanoryofControlandSimulationofPowerSystemsandGenerationEquipmentDepartmentofElectricalEngirsityBeijingChinaShenzhenPowerSupplyCorporationShenzhenChinaituteTsinghuaUniversityChengduChinaAbstract：Possessingspecificadvantages,VSC-HVDCtansimissiontechnologybecomesasuitableapproachforre-newableenergyintegration,andthecontrolandprotectionsystemisthekeyelementfortheefficient,stableandsecureoperationoflarge-scalerenewablesintegration.However,thesystematicsummaryofthecontrolandprotectionforre-newableintegrationisnotwidelyavailableintheliterature.WereviewedthecoordinatedcontrolstrategyandfaultprotectionschemeofrenewableenergyintegrationthroughVSC-HVDC.Firstly,accordingtothetypicalrenewableener-gyintegrationprojects,wesummarizedthesystemstructure,operationmode,andrespectivecharacteristicsofrenewablesintegrationsystem.Atthesametime,weanalyzedtheexistingcontrolandprotectionsystemthroughdomestic&foreignprojects,anddiscussedthecontrolstrategytrendformulti-terminalframeworkofpowersystem.Finally,consideringthecurrentdevelopmenttrendofrenewableenergyintegrationandreviewingtheexistingprojectandresearch,weproposedmapofcontrolandprotectiontechnologytowardshighrenewablesintegrationbasedonVSCHVDCKeywords：renewableenergyintegration;voltagesourcedconverter;directcurrenttransmissionsystem;controlandctionVSCHVDC0引言1隨著新能源發(fā)電技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展及國家對新ProjectsupportedbytheKeyScienceandTechnologyProjectofChinaouthernPowerGridCorporationKK 1474高電壓技術(shù)2020,46(5)(VSC-HVDC)的概念最早由加拿大McGill大學(xué)的向可控電子器件絕緣柵雙極晶體管(insulatedgatevoltagesourceconverterVSC特隨著新能源對電力行業(yè)影響逐漸顯著以及新基于電壓源換流器的柔性直流輸電技術(shù)具有況國內(nèi)外已有多個工程采用柔性直流輸電技術(shù)袁志昌，郭佩乾，劉國偉，等：新能源經(jīng)柔性直流接入電網(wǎng)的控制與保護(hù)綜述1475這些工程的陸續(xù)建設(shè)和投運為今后新能源經(jīng)工程目前各國都充分認(rèn)識到柔性直流輸電系統(tǒng)在差異流輸電工程是將原有交流線路與直流線路并列運QionprojectsthroughVDCkV/MW502010年上海南匯[7-8]0年廣東南澳[9]602013年0-12]002014年4]003新能源經(jīng)柔性直流并網(wǎng)的控制研究和應(yīng)新能源經(jīng)柔性直流方式并入電網(wǎng)包含新能源側(cè)換流站的控制以及電網(wǎng)側(cè)換流站的控制兩大部 1476高電壓技術(shù)2020,46(5)3.1新能源經(jīng)柔性直流輸電接入電網(wǎng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)控制新能源經(jīng)柔性直流輸電技術(shù)并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)裝置級控制1)調(diào)制方式器(modularmultilevelconverter,MMC)子模塊數(shù)目常規(guī)多電平換流器的各種調(diào)制策略同樣適用于modulation,CPSM)方法和最近電平逼近方法tlevelmodulationNLM載波移相法通過參考波與一組三角載波的比相的研究已經(jīng)比較成熟，文獻(xiàn)[1,19-20]對其進(jìn)行了最近電平逼近法則類似于利用一個離散的臺速度。文獻(xiàn)[22]針對大規(guī)模新能源及弱交流系統(tǒng)接2)電容電壓均衡控制VDC策略將疊加到子模塊調(diào)制策略中[19,27]。文獻(xiàn)[28]通換流器級控制對電壓穩(wěn)定和潮流控制等功能(電機(jī)控制領(lǐng)域為矢量控制)在現(xiàn)代電力電子技術(shù)應(yīng)連接有源網(wǎng)絡(luò)的控制器模型通過有功功率和無功功率指令(P/Q)或直流電壓和無功功率指令值能源并網(wǎng)提供幅值和相角穩(wěn)定的交流電壓進(jìn)行支流電壓(U/f)袁志昌，郭佩乾，劉國偉，等：新能源經(jīng)柔性直流接入電網(wǎng)的控制與保護(hù)綜述1477直接電流控制由于解耦特性被破壞且鎖相環(huán)(phase-lockedloop,PLL)性能惡化而很難維持系統(tǒng)在弱交流系統(tǒng)下所遇到的問題，文獻(xiàn)[33]提出一種步發(fā)電機(jī)(virtualsynchronousgenerator,VSG)的方控制新能源經(jīng)柔性直流方式并入電網(wǎng)一般采用雙新能源側(cè)換流站的控制目標(biāo)是為新能源接入而使得交流母線電壓波動較大并且存在脫網(wǎng)的可電網(wǎng)側(cè)換流站作為新能源經(jīng)直流并入陸地電1)主從控制策略trol上層控制器必須包含用于定值協(xié)調(diào)的模塊(依靠上oordinatedcontrolstrategyticsofmasterslavecontrolmode 1478高電壓技術(shù)2020,46(5)2)電壓裕度控制策略(voltagemargincontrol)針對主從電壓裕度控制控制器的本質(zhì)仍基于主從控制3)下垂控制策略下垂控制(droopcontrol)屬于多點直流電壓控控制曲線特性對其進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，文獻(xiàn)[47]考慮各換流4)多種組合控制策略直流電壓超調(diào)量Δu，控制策略的運行特性如圖6壓斜率系數(shù)來修正運行曲線，縮短了模式切換的暫態(tài)過程。文獻(xiàn)[53]推導(dǎo)了csofvoltagemargincontrolacteristicsofdroopcontrolristicsofvoltagehybridcontrol制模式所對應(yīng)的直流電壓運行范圍。文獻(xiàn)[54]則提控制袁志昌，郭佩乾，劉國偉，等：新能源經(jīng)柔性直流接入電網(wǎng)的控制與保護(hù)綜述1479新能源電場接入柔性直流換流站根據(jù)實際運行情況的不同可分為孤島運行模式與并網(wǎng)運行模網(wǎng)模式和孤島模式間轉(zhuǎn)換時(包括計劃內(nèi)的主動轉(zhuǎn)PCC針對新能源系統(tǒng)在切換過程中存在的上述問]設(shè)計了新能源并網(wǎng)換流站的控制策海南匯柔由于柔性換流站輸入直流系統(tǒng)的功率是雙向直流并聯(lián)系統(tǒng)的站間功率協(xié)調(diào)消納控制進(jìn)行了研退出極停運過程與常規(guī)柔性直流輸電停運過節(jié)不再重復(fù)分析。正常極功率調(diào)整(功率轉(zhuǎn)帶)過程電力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DL/T5426高壓輸電系統(tǒng)的工程設(shè)計要[64]的試驗證明，過快的轉(zhuǎn)帶速率可能會造成直流metricalVSCHVDCsystem 1480高電壓技術(shù)2020,46(5)法快速達(dá)到設(shè)定值而造成輸送能量累積在換流閥為保證功率轉(zhuǎn)帶的順利完成，文獻(xiàn)[64]對功率新能源通過柔性直流輸電系統(tǒng)向陸地電網(wǎng)進(jìn)平”相應(yīng)減少，功率變化引起的頻隨著大規(guī)模風(fēng)電機(jī)組接入電網(wǎng)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)同步文獻(xiàn)[65-66]通過通信方式將主網(wǎng)的變化信息問題?？紤]到以上方式存在的問題，文獻(xiàn)[67]結(jié)合制策略；文獻(xiàn)[68]在新能源側(cè)與電網(wǎng)側(cè)換流器上增具備響應(yīng)頻率變化的能力。文獻(xiàn)[70]基于虛擬同步新能源接入電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)采用模塊化多電平換流諧波振蕩現(xiàn)象，文獻(xiàn)[72]依托阻抗法分析了交直流輸水平等因素影響下的穩(wěn)定性。文獻(xiàn)[73]基于以上方法。文獻(xiàn)[74]提出一種基于附加電流抑制的并網(wǎng)同時，文獻(xiàn)[75]針對受端電網(wǎng)側(cè)換流站的阻抗特性構(gòu)成振蕩回路而產(chǎn)生振蕩現(xiàn)象。文獻(xiàn)[76]則研究了鎖相環(huán)(phase-lockedloop,PLL)對大滲透率弱電網(wǎng)換流器運行穩(wěn)定性的影響，文獻(xiàn)[77]采用重塑互聯(lián)系統(tǒng)中的振蕩抑制作用。文獻(xiàn)[78]提出一種附4新能源經(jīng)柔性直流輸電系統(tǒng)接入電網(wǎng)的袁志昌，郭佩乾，劉國偉，等：新能源經(jīng)柔性直流接入電網(wǎng)的控制與保護(hù)綜述1481新能源經(jīng)柔性直流輸電技術(shù)接入電力系統(tǒng)的穿越文獻(xiàn)[84-85]通過電網(wǎng)側(cè)換流站與新能源機(jī)組70,86]通過研究并網(wǎng)點有功獻(xiàn)[88]通過改變并網(wǎng)點交流電壓的幅值來減少新能造成交流電網(wǎng)的電壓劇烈波動而超過安全運行范ctionareaforsinglepolesymmetricalsystem 1482高電壓技術(shù)2020,46(5)文獻(xiàn)[90]考慮在直系統(tǒng)內(nèi)多余的能量。文獻(xiàn)[91]參考模塊化多電平換穿越傳統(tǒng)直流保護(hù)通過閉鎖換流站并跳開交流斷，但是交流斷路電網(wǎng)送出系統(tǒng)的換流器獻(xiàn)[93]相繼提出包括串聯(lián)雙子模塊、交叉連接型子方式來消除故障電流。文獻(xiàn)[96]則結(jié)合最近電平逼榮信匯科依托國家重點研發(fā)計劃項目“高壓大容量柔性直流輸電關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與工程示范應(yīng)用”aringandrecoveryscheme直流斷路器采用直流斷路器(DCcircuitbreaker,DCCB)解后，為配合張北±500kV柔性直流電網(wǎng)示范工程的袁志昌，郭佩乾，劉國偉，等：新能源經(jīng)柔性直流接入電網(wǎng)的控制與保護(hù)綜述1483輔助電路考慮到目前大容量直流斷路器所存的造價昂限流器(solidstatefaultcurrentlimiter,SSFCL)[110]以及超導(dǎo)imiter技術(shù)與裝備”對電阻型超導(dǎo)直流限流器望隨著國家政府對新能源扶持政策的持續(xù)推行機(jī)群環(huán)境分布與功率受端負(fù)荷中心地理位置的影縱觀柔性直流輸電技術(shù)發(fā)展歷程和未來的應(yīng)2)面對新能源高比例接入、高比例電力電子 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