托福閱讀備考-事實信息題講解

千里之行，始于第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦托福閱讀備考:事實信息題講解回顧托福閱讀的全部題型，其中有2種題型占據(jù)的比例“詞匯題”和“事實信息題”，今日我給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x備考之事實信息題講解，盼望能夠關(guān)心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，來觀賞一下吧。

托福閱讀備考之事實信息題講解

1.提問方式：

Accordingtoparagraph…whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueof/concernedwith/relatedtoX?

例：Accordingtoparagraph1,whatwastrueoftheSahararegionaround6,000B.C.?(TPO28EarlySaharanPastoralists)

Accordingtoparagraph…why/how/what….?

例：Accordingtoparagraph1,whyisplaydifficulttodefine?(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)

分析：通過以上兩種不同提問方式可以總結(jié)出該題型有以下幾個特點：

1).該題型是就某段話當(dāng)中的某個細(xì)節(jié)信息(即提問方式1中的X)進(jìn)行提問。

2).該題型可以圍繞該細(xì)節(jié)信息的不同方面進(jìn)行提問，通過特別疑問詞which;what;why;how可以看出。

3).由于題干中未消失infer;suggest;indicate等字樣，所以該題型旨在考察文本信息的字面含義，無需考生進(jìn)行文本的隱含意推理。

2.解題步驟：

Step1:讀題干，找出定位詞

留意：假如是提問方式1,那么定位詞則是位于介詞of/with/to后面的信息。

假如是提問方式2,那么定位詞一般是名詞，并且是非主題性的名詞(當(dāng)然定位詞不肯定只能找一個，一般可以找2到3個，由于定位詞越多相對定位的位置也會越。)

例：

Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingpresentsaparticularchallengetoresearcherswhostudyplaybehaviorinanimals?(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)

分析：通過提問方式類似于第1種提問方式，其實題干可以改寫成whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthechallengetoresearcherswho…因此，定位詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是位于介詞of后面的challengetoresearchers。至于后面的playbehavior就不需要了，由于它屬于通篇的主題詞。

Accordingtoparagraph4,howdidtheCatholicChurchreacttotheintroductionofmechanicalclocks?(TPO30TheInventionofMechanicalClock)

分析：通過提問方式屬于第2種提問方式，因此考生們應(yīng)當(dāng)在題干中找出名詞部分，考生們可以看到兩組名詞：CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks,并且這兩組詞都是我們所需要的定位詞。

Paragraph5answerswhichofthefollowingquestionsaboutmechanicalclocks.(TPO30TheInventionofMechanicalClock)

分析：通過題干找出題干中一疑似的定位詞組MechanicalClocks,但是卻發(fā)覺整篇文章都在爭論MechanicalClocks。這種類型的提問方式是考生們怕看到的，由于定位詞無效。此刻建議考生們可以反過來先讀選項，然后依據(jù)選項中的定位詞回讀段落查找答案。

Step2:通過題干中定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位。

留意：在定位的過程中考生們可能會遇到以下2個問題：

問題1：定位詞在原文中可能是非原文原詞(假如是專出名詞一般在原文中就是原文原詞，但假如是一般名詞則有可能是非原文原詞)。

例1：定位詞為原文原詞的狀況

Paragraph1:Evolutionarybiologistsbelievethatspeciation,theformationofanewspecies,oftenbeginswhensomekindofphysicalbarrierarisesanddividesapopulationofasinglespeciesintoseparatesubpopulations.Physicalseparationbetweensubpopulationspromotestheformationofnewspeciesbecauseoncethemembersofonesubpopulationcannolongermatewithmembersofanothersubpopulation,theycannotexchangevariantgenesthatariseinoneofthesubpopulations.Intheabsencesofgeneflowbetweenthesubpopulations,geneticdifferencesbetweenthegroupsbegintoaccumulate.Eventuallythesubpopulationsbecomesogeneticallydistinctthattheycannotinterbreedevenifthephysicalbarriersbetweenthemwereremoved.Atthispointthesubpopulationshaveevolvedintodistinctspecies.Thisroutetospeciationisknownasallopatry(“alio-”means“different”，and“patria”means“homeland”).(TPO31SpeciationinGeographicallyIsolatedPopulations)

Q:Accordingtoparagraph1,allopatricspeciationinvolveswhichofthefollowing?

分析：此題干中的定位詞為allopatricspeciation,為專出名詞，在原文中為原文原詞，即后一句話為定位句。

例2：定位詞為非原文原詞的狀況

Paragraph2:Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswithfairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Playhasbeenstudiedmostextensivelyinprimatesandcanids(dogs).Exactlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimalsadulthood.(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)

Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingpresentsaparticularchallengetoresearcherswhostudyplaybehaviorinanimals?

OThedelaybetweenactivitiesandthebenefitstheanimalderivesfromthem.

OThedifficultyindeterminingwhichanimalspeciesplayandwhichdonot.

OThefactthatformostanimals,thereisnocleartransitionfromyouthtofulladulthood.

OThelackofresearchontheplaybehaviorofanimalsotherthancanidsandprimates.

分析：此題干中的定位詞為challengeresearchers,在原文中考生們無法找到這兩個定位詞，但是可以找到challenge的同義替換形式difficult,因此該句即是我們所需要的定位句。

問題2：定位詞在原文中消失不止一次。

Paragraph7:Occasionally,asequenceoffossil-richlayersofrockpermitsacomprehensivelookatonetypeoforganismoveralongperiodoftime.Forexample,PeterSheldonsstudiesoftrilobites,anowextinctmarineanimalwithasegmentedbody,offeradetailedglimpseintothreemillionyearsofevolutioninonemarineenvironment.Inthatstudy,eachofeightdifferenttrilobitespecieswasobservedtoundergoagradualchangeinthenumberofsegmentstypicallyanincreaseofoneortwosegmentsoverthewholetimeinterval.Nosignificantdiscontinuouswereobserved,leadingSheldontoconcludethatenvironmentalconditionswerequitestableduringtheperiodheexamined.(TPO30ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange)

Accordingtoparagraph7,PeterSheldon’sstudiesdemonstratedwhichofthefollowingabouttrilobites?

OTheyunderwentgradualchangeoveralongtimeperiod

OTheyexperiencedanumberofdiscontinuoustransitionsduringtheirhistory

OTheyremainedunchangedduringalongperiodofenvironmentalstability

OTheyevolvedinwaysthatcannotbecountedforbyeitherofthetwocompetingtheories.

分析：通過題干找出定位詞PeterSheldontrilobites,然后回讀原文進(jìn)行定位，考生們會發(fā)覺這兩組定位詞在原文中分別消失2次。因此，考生們需要定位的范圍變大，難度由此也加大了。這種類型的事實信息題是考生們在考場上不情愿看到的一種，但是很不幸的是由新的幾套TPO中的例題顯示這種類型的題目正在變多，所以朗閣海外考試討論中心的專家請各位考生平常在練習(xí)時加大這種類型的考題的練習(xí)。

Step3:比較定位句與選項的內(nèi)容，選出語義接近的選項。

留意：1).考生們所看到的定位句可能是一個特別長的句子，而選項相對比較簡短，所以考生們肯定要學(xué)會從長難句中截取你所需要的能回答問題的部分。簡潔點說就是比如題干中問你why….;那么，此時考生們在分析原文定位句時應(yīng)當(dāng)重點看because這種能夠解釋的部分。

2).考生們在比較定位句與選項時切忌不能隨便推理，只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。

例1：

Paragraph3:Towhatextentcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunityandthedensityofparticularspecieshasbeenthesourceofconsiderablecontroversy.Theproblemisthatcompetitionordinarilycannotbeobserveddirectlybutmustbeinferredfromthespreadorincreaseofonespeciesandtheconcurrentreductionordisappearanceofanotherspecies.TheRussianbiologistG.F.Gauseperformednumeroustwo-speciesexperimentsinthelaboratory,inwhichoneofthespeciesbecameextinctwhenonlyasinglekindofresourcewasavailable.Onthebasisoftheseexperimentsandoffieldobservations,theso-calledlawofcompetitiveexclusionwasformulated,accordingtowhichnotwospeciescanoccupythesameniche.Numerousseemingexceptionstothislawhavesincebeenfound,buttheycanusuallybeexplainedascasesinwhichthetwospecies,eventhoughcompetingforamajorjointresource,didnotreallyoccupyexactlythesameniche.(TPO29Competition)

Paragraph3supportstheideathatGause’sexperimentswereimportantbecausethey

Oprovidedasituationinwhichcompetitioncouldberemovedfromtheinteractionbetweentwospecies

Oshowedthatpreviousideasabouttheextenttowhichcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunitywerecompletelymistaken

Ohelpedestablishthatcompetitionwillremoveallbutonespeciesfromanygivenecologicalniche

Oofferedevidencethatcompetitionbetweenspeciesisminimalwhenthereisanoverabundanceofasinglefoodsource

解題步驟：

1).讀題干，找出定位詞Gause’sexperiments,然后把握題目問的內(nèi)容是有關(guān)于G的試驗的importance。

2).通過定位詞回到原文進(jìn)行定位，位于第三句話。但是第三句只提到了定位詞之一，接下來的第四句中提到了由此形成了一個law,可以對應(yīng)題干中想問的importance。

3).第3句和第4句兩句定位句的大意為“當(dāng)只有一種食物來源被供應(yīng)時，兩種物種中的一種會消亡。參照這些試驗和觀看就形成了競爭互斥規(guī)律沒有哪兩種物種可以占據(jù)同樣的生態(tài)圈”，接下來掃瞄四個選項，發(fā)覺C選項大意吻合確定了競爭將會移除其他全部的物種在任何一個生態(tài)圈里面。

例2：

AsrailroadlinesfannedoutfromChicago,farmersbegantoacquireopenprairielandinIllinoisandthenIowa,puttingthefertile,deepblacksoilintoproduction.Commercialagriculturetransformedthisremarkabletreelessenvironment.Tosettlersaccustomedtoeasternwoodlands,thethousandsofsquaremilesoftallgrasswereanawesomesight.Indiangrass,Canadawildrye,andnativebigbluestemallgrewhigherthanaperson.Becauseeasternplowscouldnotpenetratethedenselytangledrootsofprairiegrass,theearliestsettlerserectedfarmsalongtheboundaryseparatingtheforestfromtheprairie.In1837,however,JohnDeerepatentedasharp-cuttingsteelplowthatslicedthroughthesodwithoutsoilstickingtotheblade.CyrusMcCormickrefinedamechanicalreaperthatharvestedfourteentimesmorewheatwiththesameamountoflabor.Bythe1850sMcCormickwasselling1,000reapersayearandcouldnotkeepupwithdemand,whileDeereturnedout10,000plowsannually.(TPO33RailroadsandCommercialAgricultureinNineteenth-CenturyUnitedStates)

Accordingtoparagraph5,thefirstsettlersgenerallydidnotfarmopenprairielandbecause

A.theycouldnotplowiteffectivelywiththetoolsthatwereavailable.

B.prairielandwasusuallyveryexpensivetobuy.

C.thesoilalongboundariesbetweentheforestandtheprairiewasmorefertilethanthesoiloftheopenprairie.

D.therailroadlineshadnotyetreachedtheopenprairiewhenthefirstsettlersarrived.

解題步驟：

1).讀題干，找出定位詞settlersopenprairieland,并且抓住題干問的重點是because

2).依據(jù)定位詞定位到句和第三句這樣的語義群，這樣的語義群可以給我們供應(yīng)一個大范圍定位，然后接下來考生們在第四句里看到了because,所以第四句就是我們需要的定位點。

3).定位句的語義大約為“由于東部的耕種工具無法穿透這里的根部纏結(jié)在一起的草，因此，早期的定居者們將農(nóng)場建立在了遠(yuǎn)離草原的邊界地區(qū)?！苯酉聛頀呙樗膫€選項，只有A選項提到了由于耕作工具的緣由，所以選擇A選項。

3.總結(jié)：

1).此種題型必需要先閱讀題干，摸清題干所問的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，然后再讀文章進(jìn)行定位

2).此種題型既可以只考察某一個特定的定位句理解;同時也可以考察2-3個定位句范圍的意群理解。但無論怎樣，考生不是漫無目的地搜尋，而是依據(jù)題干有目的性地查找答案

托福閱讀真題原題+題目

By1776thefineartofpaintingasithaddevelopedinwesternEuropeuptothistimehadbeenintroducedintotheAmericancoloniesthroughbooksandprints,Europeanvisitorsandimmigrants,andtravelingcolonistswhobroughtbackcopies(andafeworiginal)ofoldmasterpaintingsandacquaintancewithEuropeanartinstitutions.

BytheoutbreakoftheRevolutionagainstBritishrulein1776,thestatusoftheartistshadalreadyundergonechange.Inthemid-eighteenthcentury,paintershadbeenwillingtoassumesuchartisan-relatedtasksasvarnishing,gildingteaching,keepingshops,andpaintingwheelcarriages,houses,andsigns.Theterminologybywhichartistsweredescribedatthetimesuggeststheirstatus:limnerwasusuallyappliedtotheanonymousportraitpainteruptothe1760s;paintercharacterizedanyonewhocouldpaintaflatsurface.Bythesecondhalfofthecentury,colonialartistswhoweretrainedinEnglandoreducatedintheclassicsrejectedthestatusoflaborerandthoughtofthemselvesasartists.Somecolonialurbanportraitists,suchasJohnSingletonCopley,BenjaminWest,andCharlesWilsonPeale,consortedwithaffluentpatrons.Althoughsubjecttofluctuationsintheireconomicstatus,allthreeenjoyedsufficientpatronagetoallowthemtomaintainanimageofthemselvesasprofessionalartists,animageindicatedbytheircustomofsigningtheirpaintings.AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensandHamiltonsofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists,andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsencouragement.

Althoughthecoloniststendedtofavorportraits,theyalsoacceptedlandscapes,historicalworks,andpoliticalengravingsasappropriateartisticsubjects.WiththecomingofindependencefromtheBritishCrown,asufficientnumberofartistsandtheirworkswereavailabletoservenationalisticpurposes.Theachievementsofthecolonialartists,particularlythoseofCopley,West,andPeale,lentcredencetotheboastthatthenewnationwascapableofencouraginggeniusandthatpoliticallibertywascongenialtothedevelopmentoftaste—anecessarystepbeforeartcouldassumeanimportantroleinthenewrepublic.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)EuropeaninfluenceoncolonialAmericanpainting

(B)Theimportanceofpatronagetoartist

(C)ThechangingstatusofartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenthcentury

(D)SubjectspreferredbyartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenthcentury.

2.Thewordoutbreakinline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)cause

(B)beginning

(C)position

(D)explanation

3.Thewordundergoneinline6isclosestinmeaningto

(A)ledto

(B)transformed

(C)preferred

(D)experienced

4.Accordingtothepassage,beforetheAmericanRevolutionthemaintaskoflimnerswasto

(A)paintwheelcarriages

(B)paintportraits

(C)varnishfurniture

(D)paintflatsurfaces

5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatartistswhoweretrainedinEngland

(A)consideredartiststobesuperiortopainters

(B)barelypaintedportraitists

(C)wereoftenverywealthy

(D)imitatedEnglishpainters

6.Thewordconsortedinline14isclosestinmeaningto

(A)madedeci