實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用者職業(yè)健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafety

實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用者職業(yè)健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafety

intheCareandUseLaboratoryAnimals

黃彥智國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心Email:

演講目的

1.讓學(xué)員瞭解人員使用實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物之職業(yè)健康與安全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估2.職業(yè)健康與安全應(yīng)注意事項(xiàng)及適當(dāng)?shù)姆雷o(hù)方法職業(yè)健康與安全之定義

(OccupationalHealthandSafety)Institutionalemployees,fellows,studentsandvisitorswhointhecourseoftheirworkwithresearchanimalsmightbeexposedtohazardsthatcouldadverselyaffecttheirhealthandsafety.Allindividualshavedirectcontactwithanimals,livingtissues,bodyfluids,wastes……職業(yè)健康與安全

(OccupationalHealth

andSafety)

計(jì)畫設(shè)計(jì)及管理(Programdesignandmanagement)計(jì)畫(Programs):1.Knowingthehazard2.Avoidingandcontrollingexposures3.Trainingandeducation4.Rulesandguidelines5.Consistency6.Recordkeepingandmonitoring7.Commitmentandcoordination職業(yè)健康與安全

(OccupationalHealthand

Safety)管理(Management):1.Animalcareanduse2.Research3.Environmentalhealthandsafety4.Occupationalhealth5.Administrationandmanagement6.IACUCprovidelinksamongthefiveaboveinstitutionalfunctions.動(dòng)物房過敏原

(AllergensintheAnimalFacility)動(dòng)物房過敏原

(AllergensintheAnimalFacility)預(yù)防(Prevention):1.Facilitydesign:HEPAfilter,filtertop,airchangesandHVACetc.,(RH:54~77%)2.Workpractices(Workersshouldbemadeawareoftherisksandavoidexposureasmuchaspossible)3.Personalprotectiveequipment(Onceapersondevelopsallergicsymptoms,surgicaldisposablemasksareusuallynoteffective)4.Evaluationoftheallergicworkers(medicinesoravoidexposurecompletely)減少暴露於動(dòng)物性過敏原的方法Ventilatedhood,biosafetycabinet,dust/surgicalmaskAnimalroomsshoulddeliveratleast10airchangesperhourDon’twearyourstreetclotheswhenworkingwithanimals.Wearprotectiveclothing.Reduceyourskincontactwithanimalsbywearingglovesandlong-sleevedlabcoatsWashyourhandsfrequently.Washhands,faceandneckbeforeleavingtheworkareaAvoidtouchingyourhandstoyourfacewhileworkingwithanimalsandanimalequipmentKeepcagesandyourworkareaclean實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物病原分類A:

人畜共通傳染病B:實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物致死病原C:

非致死但可引起實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物發(fā)生疾病或生理功能改變D:實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物機(jī)緣性病原E:非病原但可為實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物微生物條件的指標(biāo)各種動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)可能風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Risksbyanimalspecies)RodentWildrodentWildMammalDog&CatRuminantPigPrimateAllergyOOXOOXOCampylo-bacterXOOOOXOCrypto-spridiossisXOOOOOOEntericBacteriaXOOOOOOPhysicalinjuryXXOOOOORabiesXXOOOXOspecificXHantaXToxopl-asmosisQFeverJETB人畜共通傳染疾病—囓齒類病原媒介動(dòng)物人類癥狀傳染途徑Hantavirus大鼠肌痛、頭痛吸入、咬傷LCMV小鼠、倉鼠似流行性感冒接觸糞尿咬傷Sendaivirus小鼠、大鼠、倉鼠呼吸道癥狀空氣鼠咬熱囓齒類肌痛、頭痛咬傷Salmonella囓齒類急性胃腸炎食物飲水錢癬囓齒類皮屑、掉毛髮接觸肺囊蟲囓齒類、兔咳嗽、呼吸難空氣如何在實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(I)HantavirusesareagenusinthefamilyBunyaviridae,whicharelipid-envelopedviruseswithanegative-strandedRNAgenome.Theyaresusceptibletomostdisinfectants(e.g.,dilutehypochloritesolutions,70%alcohol,ormostgeneral-purposehouseholddisinfectants).LimitedstudieswithHantaanvirushaveshownsensitivitytoapHoflessthanorequalto5.

Infectivityhasbeenreportedtopersistinneutralsolutionsforseveralhoursat37Candforseveraldaysatlowertemperatures,aswellasindriedcell-culturemediumforupto2daysThatiswhyoneofthemostimportantwaystopreventtransmittingHPSistocarefullywetdowndeadrodentsandareaswhererodentshavebeenwithdisinfectantand/orbleach.如何在實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(II)Laboratorytransmissionofhantavirusesfromrodentstohumansviatheaerosolrouteiswelldocumented.Exposurestorodentexcreta,freshnecropsymaterial,andanimalbeddingarepresumedtobeassociatedwithrisk.Otherpotentialroutesoflaboratoryinfectionincludeingestion,contactofinfectiousmaterialswithmucousmembranesorbrokenskin,and,inparticular,animalbites.

BiosafetyLevel2(BSL-2)facilitiesandBSL-2practicesarerecommendedforlaboratoryhandlingofserafrompersonspotentiallyinfectedwiththeagentsofHPS.如何在實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(III)PotentiallyinfectedtissuesamplesshouldbehandledinBSL-2facilitiesCell-cultureviruspropagationshouldbecarriedoutinBSL-3containmentfacilitiesLarge-scalegrowthofthevirus,includingpreparingandhandlingviralconcentrates,shouldbeperformedinBSL-4containmentfacilities如何在實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)防LCMV病毒感染TheIFAandELISAaretheserologictestsmostpracticalforroutinescreening.BecauseofthepossibilityofviremiaandinadvertenthumanexposuretoLCMV,anoftenusedsafetymeasureistoheattheserumsampleto56Cfor30minutespriortotesting.Afterthisheatinactivationprocedure,anELISAcanbedonesafelyinaroutinemanner.IfLCMVinfectionisdetectedinacolony,thecolonyshouldbedestroyedimmediatelyforpublichealthconsiderations.Cesareanrederivation

isnotanoptionbecauseofthepotentialforinuterotransmission.人員醫(yī)療評(píng)估及預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)

Whatimmunizationsorscreeningprogramsshouldbeincluded?Tetanus(NLAC)Rabies?HepatitisB?(Anti-HBs)Otherimmunizations?TBtesting?Serumbanking?動(dòng)物感染實(shí)驗(yàn)使用規(guī)範(fàn)Animalbiosafetylevel1~4一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序工作人員設(shè)限並遵守生物安全性手冊(cè)洗手禁食個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備並且不要穿戴到別的區(qū)域去污及高壓滅菌動(dòng)物房舍門需往內(nèi)開且能自動(dòng)關(guān)閉蟲害防制動(dòng)物感染實(shí)驗(yàn)使用規(guī)範(fàn)三級(jí)以上需求所有操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護(hù)裝置下執(zhí)行動(dòng)物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理所有廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓滅菌處理背扣式實(shí)驗(yàn)衣鞋套或消毒池動(dòng)物籠具有過濾網(wǎng)雙門走道或氣室自動(dòng)式洗手臺(tái)或腳控制動(dòng)物房門自動(dòng)關(guān)閉且密封非再循環(huán)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)物感染實(shí)驗(yàn)使用規(guī)範(fàn)四級(jí)以上需求完全隔離之建築物滅菌後拋棄式動(dòng)物籠門上鎖須主管或授權(quán)人員管制進(jìn)出工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進(jìn)出該設(shè)施並穿著類似太空裝之安全防護(hù)所有實(shí)驗(yàn)衣物須高壓滅菌處理雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室門窗防碎且密封專用的非再循環(huán)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，廢氣需經(jīng)HEPA過濾及去污或燒燬處理物理性、化學(xué)性及研發(fā)時(shí)相關(guān)危害

(Physical,Chemicaland

Protocol–

relatedhazards)化學(xué)性危害(Chemicalhazards):1.Disinfectants,Pesticides,detergents2.Anestheticgasandchemicals3.Chemicalforpreservingtissues,formaldehyde4.PharmaceuticsMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS)物理性、化學(xué)性及研發(fā)時(shí)相關(guān)危害

(Physical,Chemicaland

Protocol–

relatedhazards)研發(fā)時(shí)相關(guān)危害(Protocol–relatedhazards):1.Involvingchemicalsofunknownhazards2.Involvingchemicals:carcinogens,mutagensandpotentialhazards3.Involvinginfectiousagents:Levels1,2,3,and44.Proceduresandmanipulation危害物質(zhì)使用申請(qǐng)程序

PI送繳使用申請(qǐng)表給IACUC申請(qǐng)使用危害物質(zhì)於動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)之程序申請(qǐng)使用危害物質(zhì)於動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)之程序

IACUC審核通過實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心安全計(jì)劃書安委會(huì)動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)管理注意事項(xiàng)員工安全訓(xùn)練PI動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物相關(guān)之環(huán)保管理臭氣：氨氣、體臭。隔離動(dòng)物室、壓差、換氣次數(shù)、飼養(yǎng)密度、更換墊料噪音：機(jī)器、大型動(dòng)物。工作分區(qū)、隔音建材、減少發(fā)音裝置、防撞片污水：糞尿、清潔消毒劑。截流設(shè)備、廢水處理墊料：最大量廢棄物。每日清運(yùn)、堆肥、掩埋、焚化動(dòng)物屍體：無害性、冷凍；感染性、滅菌後冷凍。掩埋、焚化微生物病原：封閉式房舍、空