歷年考研英語閱讀中的難句翻譯參考

TheAanizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.[參考譯文]的經(jīng)濟是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟中消費者很大程度上通過在市場上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)來決定什么應(yīng)該被制Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmento izeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto izetheires,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeacontractwithanotherprivateindividual.些特定的權(quán)利，如確定一個產(chǎn)品價格和與另一個私人(經(jīng)濟單位)自由簽定合同的權(quán)利Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowing nelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalns.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.ExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameageForthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothoseThegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.[參考譯文]30Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveApartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamenternthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.[參考譯文]除去議會有27件法案來規(guī)范的條件，沒有任何一個正式的商敢于Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformationandthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwoundbesoboringthatnoonewoundpayanyattention.味，那么就會如此地乏味以至于沒有人會關(guān)注它。Theworkerswhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowforthereefforts.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time--consuming,andsometimesevenoverwhelming.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethrougheconferencing,andproblemsindisputebesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconference Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.結(jié)構(gòu)里面競爭的A類好像在某個方面要比他們B類的同輩更勝一Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisyedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapubliclyfundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogramsarenowthesubjectofanationwidedebateinThedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewertosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee. Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofesssignalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.代人(公司)的時候，經(jīng)常會毀掉那些公司的。Suchlarge,imalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners:andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.[參考譯文]這樣巨大而非個人的對和產(chǎn)業(yè)的極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders?meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.[參考譯文]像伯恩茅斯和本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的"舒適"階會，向管理層口授一下令之外，跟社會的其他階層毫無瓜葛。The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythe inwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthe wasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliar alknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassing工人們也沒有那種熟識的私人之間的了解而在現(xiàn)在正在的古老公司的那種更加家Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry?sexcellentelementaryschools:alabor edthenewtechnology；thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthings：技術(shù)的勞動者們發(fā)明者的做法；而且最重要的是人在對那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語的、"空間性的"思考方面的天賦（安通學(xué)校提供）：AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor..,areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist".RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheel,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea".Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogramsand,tactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwoundbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolution，[參考譯文]在這本杰出的書的外紙封面上?杰伊?寫道："這本書本身就代標準的話，一切就辦了。，Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia?sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.]Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.團體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)地這個法案指責(zé)法案的通過過于匆忙但是大勢已定，InAustralia-whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallyedtheirpartotherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.[參考譯文]在澳大利亞--人口化，延長的技術(shù)和變化看的社會態(tài)度，這些因Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small--mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andillmanneredanaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.[參考譯文]我們一種藥品()的醫(yī)學(xué)用途和社會用途都很廣泛的社會里：一Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdis."Isthiswhatyouintendedto plishwithyourcareers?"SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek."Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?"[參考譯文]上星期參議員多爾質(zhì)問時代華納公司的高級管理人員們："難道這是希望能夠成就的事業(yè)?已經(jīng)了自己的，但是難道還非要我們的"Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn´,"liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesdomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesDuringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth´sstockholders´meeting,Levinassertedthat"musicisnotthecauseofsociety´sills"andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.[參考譯文]在-上個月的股東大會上關(guān)于搖滾歌詞的討論中，宣稱說："音樂不是會問題的原因"，他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州克斯的一個教師，并用說唱音樂與學(xué)生們。Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetary,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"of"atouchonthebrakes"，makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.[參考譯文]有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯，例如"輕踩剎車"以"經(jīng)濟"，使EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,since,conventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica´s,havelittleproductiveslack.Themostthrillingexnationis,unfortunay,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkce--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining,Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,chopoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-term[參考譯文]他的同事?說，有太多的公司已經(jīng)用一種機械的方式實行公司Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightScienceandReason",heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.[參考譯文]1995逃離科學(xué)與理性"6月在布法羅附近召開的"(錯誤)信息時代的科學(xué)"（安通學(xué)校提供Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,from whoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxtoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.[參考譯文]一項關(guān)于1996年的顯示，反科學(xué)的還可以貼在許多其人(都被貼上了反科學(xué)的)。The´trueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrllchofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyears-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica´smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation´sheadcounting.[參考譯文]這種發(fā)展--以及其對政治、經(jīng)濟在未來幾年的潛在的強有力的影響一Oftentheychoose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmogcrimeandothersofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California´sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970´s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960´sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.Unlikemostoftheworld?svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingtesthatmakeuptheearth?ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofate[參考譯文]跟世界上的大多數(shù)火山不同的是，它們(熱點)Therelativemotionofthetescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionoftheteswithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth?sinterior.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.（略）Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginctions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn?tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.[參考譯文]盡管警告常常是適當而且必須的--比如對于藥物相互作用的提出警告-許多警告還是按州或規(guī)定要求給出的然而(我們)并不清楚如果顧客受到時，Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademics mendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.[參考譯文]與此同時，法律--由一群、和理論專家組成，他們的險，也不必連篇累牘地一再提請他們注意一些可能會出現(xiàn)的（安通學(xué)校提供）Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards, ,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinctivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents?careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationreform.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois ifhecannotcompetentlyaccesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofBesides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetohumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrinceton ShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswith mendationsforanationalonhumancloning.長哈羅得?為首的獨立的專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政Inadraftprefacetothe mendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning".，參考譯文]在5月17日的會議上所討論的這份的序言草案中提出，專，Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo?slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.[參考譯文]因為現(xiàn)今的法律已經(jīng)使用基金克隆胚胎(人類后裔在出生前Ifexperimentsarennedandcarriedoutaccordingtonasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.[參考譯文]如果試驗是像科學(xué)上的報告所示的那樣如實地根據(jù)計劃規(guī)劃和實施話，那么對管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的（安Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeeoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththe[參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對標準式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像 的寫作所反映的一樣那么管理層就不該因研究者中的"思維與眾不同的人"，喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的"團隊Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoff-spring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classcomparedtothetribe.[參考譯文]人與人在很大程度上的--即面對自然淘汰法則人人機會均等，并Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybeevenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiture.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexnatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers,"Pluff!Pluff!"Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms."[參考譯文]Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-domiatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavyalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJanpan?srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.[參考譯文]戰(zhàn)后一代的步入成年以及女性打入主導(dǎo)的勞動力市場使得青少LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents".Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan?s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,tow-generationhouseholds.：：的、只由兩代人組成的家庭。Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.[參考譯文]如果野心的傳統(tǒng)具有生命力，那么這傳統(tǒng)必會為許多人；尤其會受到自Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,cenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.[參考譯文]當然，人們現(xiàn)在對成功及其各種標志的似乎并不亞于先前。消夏別墅Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.：候都更供應(yīng)充足式物質(zhì)主義的者卻擁有位于南安普頓的避暑山莊：激進書籍的出：Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword"amateur"doescarryaconnotationthatconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotshareitsThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedkingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.[參考譯文]將過去一個半世紀英國地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的物做一下比較，(我們)就會發(fā)現(xiàn) Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetoo