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Rockmusic
Rockmusicisoneoftheworld’smostpopularandadaptablemusicalforms.WhenitoriginatedintheUnitedStatesintheearly1950’s,rockmusicwasknownasrock’n’roll(alsospelledrockandroll).Fromthestart,itwaspartymusic,dancemusic,andmusicthatappealedtoyounglisteners.Itoftencelebratedthejoysofbeingyoung,anditoccasionallyexpressedthefrustrationsofyouth.
Manyadultsdismissedrock’n’rollasapassingfadorcondemneditasathreattosociety.Bythemid-1960’s,however,rock’n’rollhadearnedwiderespectasalegitimateartform.Themusic’spopularityspreadinternationallyandamongolderlistenersaswell.Bytheendofthe.1960’s,themusichadmovedfarfromitsrootsinbluesandcountrymusic,anditbecameknownsimplyasrock.
Inthe1970’s,rockbecameabiggerbusinessthanever.Itnotonlydominatedthemusicindustry,butalsoinfluencedeverythingfromfilmtofashiontopolitics.Asrockmusicbecameincreasinglyaccepted,itlostmuchoftherebelliousnessthathadoriginallygivenititspower.
Sincetheearly1980’s,rockmusichascontinuedtodefymusicalbarriersandhasdrawnmuchofitsstrengthfrominternationalmusicalinfluences.Today,rockmusicisnolongeronlythemusicofyoungAmericans.Itismusicoftheworld.
Beginningsofrockmusic
Rockdevelopedfromavarietyofdifferentpopularmusicstyles.Therootsofrockcanbeheardinthelyricsandelectricguitaroftheblues,intherhythmsofaformofbluesknownasrhythmandblues,andinthespiritofAmericancountrymusic.Thesquawkingsaxophoneofdance-bandjazz,andthemelodies,choruses,andharmoniesofpopular(pop)musicalsoaddedtotherocksound.
Manyoftheelementsofrockmusichadbeenaroundlongbeforerockdevelopedasamusicalform.Inthe1950’s,musicianscombinedthesemusicalelementsandcreatedtherevolutionaryformofmusiccalledrock’n’roll.Itwaslouderandfasterthantheformsfromwhichitdrew.Itslyricscontrastedsharplywiththesentimentallyricsofearlierpopsongs.Anditwasgenerallyperformedinawildandspontaneousmannerwithamoreprimitiveandrawdisplayofemotions.
Theemergenceofrock’n’roll
Beforerock’n’rollbecameamusicalcategory,suchrhythmandblueshitsas“Rocket’88”(1951)byJackieBrenstonhadthespiritofrock’n’roll.Thisandothersimilarrecordsbecameincreasinglypopularwithbothblackrhythmandbluesaudiencesandwhitecountrymusicaudiences.
Themajorrock’n’rollexplosionbeganwithElvisPresley.Althoughhewaswhite,hehadthestylecommonlyassociatedwithincreasinglypopularblackmusic.Thepopularityofhisblacksoundcombinedwithhiship-shakingliveperformancesandfrequentradioplayquicklymadePresleyasuperstar.Hisfirstmajorsuccesscamewithhis1956recordingof“HeartbreakHotel”forRCAVictor.
AnotherimportantinfluenceonrockmusicwasStLouisbluesartistChuckBerry.Hewasthefirstofthegreatrocksongwriters.Hislyricseffectivelyexpressedthefeelingsandproblemsofyouth.Berry’sfirsthitrecordwasacountry-styledtunetitled“Maybellene”(1955).Berrywasamajorinfluenceonlaterrockperformers,includingtheBeatlesandtheRollingStones.
RichardPenniman,knownasLittleRichard,helpedinfluencerockperformance
styles.Hisvigorousandflamboyantstageperformancesprovidedamodelforperformerswhofollowed.HisfirstmajorSuccesscamein1955with“TuttiFrutti.”
BillHaleyandtheCometsbecamethefirstfamousrockband.Theirrecordingof“RockAroundtheClock”wasthefirstinternationalrockhit.ItwasusedasthethemesongforTheBlackboardJungle,a1955motionpictureaboutjuveniledelinquents.Thesongcontributedtorock’n’roll’sreputationasmusicofrebellion.
Growingpopularity
Radioplayedanimportantroleinspreadingrockmusicduringthemid-1950’s.Tele-visionhadreplacedradioasthechiefproducerofdramaandvarietyentertainment,andmanyradiostationsbegantoplayrocktocaptureanaudience.Discjockeyswhoplayedtherecordsbecamepowerfulforcesinpromotingthepopularityofrockperformers.DiscjockeyAlanFreedhelpedpopularizethenamerock’n’rollwithhisradioprogram,“MoondogRock’n’RollParty.”
ThoughtheUnitedStateswasraciallydivided,somepeoplesensedaspiritofracialequalityinrock’n’roll.Itfeaturedblackartists,suchasChuckBerry,whowereinfluencedbywhitecountrymusic.Italsopresentedwhiteartists,suchasPresleyandsongwriter-guitaristBuddyHolly,whoadoptedstylesbasedonblackrhythmandblues.Inearliertimes,therecordingsofsuchSouthernblackartistsasBoDiddleyandFatsDominowouldhavebeencategorizedas“racerecords”andsoldprimarilytoblackcustomers.Withtheriseofrock’n’roll,theseartistsappealedtoblackandwhiteaudiencesalike.
Mostimportantforitsyounglisteners,rock’n’rollwasthefirstmusicthatwasalltheirown.Rock’n’rollproclaimedthatbeingateen-agerwasspecial.Althoughrock’n’rollwasextremelypopular,itslyricsandtheperformancestylethatwentwithitwerestillconsideredindecentbymanyadults.
Artisticdecline
Asrock’n’rollcontinuedtogrowinpopularity,themajorrecordcompaniesandprofessionalsongwriterswhohadignoredthemusicstartedtorecognizerock’n’roll’sprofitability.Bythelate1950’s,muchofwhatrecordcompaniesreleasedasrock’n’rollwasnolongerwild,spontaneous,andrebellious.Whilerockcontinuedtosellwell,themusicwasmuchtamerthan
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