工學(xué)Lesson-2專業(yè)英語

1[工學(xué)]Lesson-2專業(yè)英語2023/5/17Contents無機(jī)化合物命名InorganicChemicalNomenclatureUnit3逐步聚合反響Step-GrowthPolymerization2023/5/17無機(jī)化合物命名〔InorganicChemicalNomenclature〕1、元素命名〔元素周期表〕(PeriodicalTable)2023/5/17Adoublychargedmoleculecontainingtwoatomsofsulfur,eachatomhavingtheatomicnumber16andmassnumber322023/5/17NamesandSymbols(符號(hào))forSomeChemicalElements2023/5/172023/5/17Forthenamingofcompoundsofmetals(oxides,hydroxidesandsalts)inwhichthemetalmayexhibitmorethanoneoxidationstate:TheoxidationstateofthemetalisshownbyaRomannumeralinpa’renthesesimmediatelyfollowingtheEnglishnameofthemetalwhichcorrespondstoitsoxidationnumber.?Nonumeralisusedifthemetalhasonlyonecommonoxidationnumbere.g.NaCl:sodiumchloride;Al(OH)3:aluminumhydroxideFeBr2:iron(II)bromide;

Cr2(SO4)3:chromium(III)sulfate2023/5/17如果不用羅馬數(shù)字說明其價(jià)態(tài)，也可用離子的名稱表示e.g.FeCl2:ferrouschloride(iron(II)chloride)FeCl3:ferricchloride(iron(III)chloride)2023/5/17SomeCommonIons〔共離子〕(Cation)2023/5/17SomeCommonIons(Anion)2023/5/17NamingnonmetaloxidesUsingtheGreekprefixesforboththenumberofoxygenatomandthatoftheotherelementinthecompoundsTheprefixusedare:(1)mono-(mon-);(2)di-;(3)tri-;(4)tetra-;(5)penta-;(6)hexa-;(7)hepta;(8)octa-;(9)nona-;(10)deca-.Generallytheletter“a〞isomittedfromtheprefix(from‘tetra’on)whennaminganonmetaloxideandoften“mono-〞isomittedfromthenamealtogether2023/5/17Nameofsomenonmetaloxides2023/5/172023/5/172023/5/17Acidsalt(Acidcontainingacidhydrogen)Namesareformedbyaddingtheword“hydrogen〞,withnumericalprefixwhennecessary,todenotethereplaceablehydrogeninthesalt.HydrogenshouldbefollowedwithoutspacebythenameoftheanionAnion:陰離子；Cation:陽離子e.g.NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate(sodiumbicarbonate);LiH2PO4:lithiumdihydorgenphosphate;Na2HPO4:Disodiumhydrogenphosphate2023/5/17ExercisesH2S;HNO3;Ca(OH)2;NaH2PO4;Potassiumacetate;Trisodiumphosphate;Sulfurousacid;Sodiumsulfite;P2O5;NaHCO3;MgSO4;BaCl2;NaClO3;亞氯酸鉀Hydrochloricacid;Ar五聚體；六聚體；結(jié)晶；苯磺酰胺1.TranslatethewordsintoEnglishorChinese2023/5/172.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglishBecarefulwiththatbottle.It'scyanide.ahardferromagneticsilver-whitebivalentortrivalentmetallicelement;atraceelementinplantandanimalnutrition.awhitepowdercomprisedofcalciumhydroxide,chloride,andhypochloriteandusedtobleachand/ordisinfect.Theconversionofnitriteissloweddownascontrastedtotheconversionofammoniumionstonitrite.Asthechlorideionandinthehypochloriteion,ithasvalence1;inthechlorite,chlorate,andperchlorateions,ithashighervalences.2023/5/17UNIT3Step-GrowthPolymerization逐步聚合反響Manydifferentchemicalreactionsmaybeusedtosynthesizepolymericmaterialsbystep-growthpolymerization.Theseincludeesterification,Amidation,theformationofurethanes(氨基甲酸酯),aromaticsubstitution,etc.Polymerizationproceedsbythereactionsbetweentwodifferentfunctionalgroups,e.g.,hydroxylandcarboxylgroups,orisocyanateandhydroxylgroups.Proceedwith:“繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，重新進(jìn)行〞e.g.Pleaseproceedwithyourwork.科技英語特點(diǎn)：大量的專有名詞2023/5/17Allstep-growthpolymerizationsfallintotwogroupsdependingonthetypeofmonomer(s)employed.Thefirstinvolvestwodifferentpolyfunctionalmonomersinwhicheachmonomerpossessesonlyonetypeoffunctionalgroup.Apolyfunctionalmonomerisonewithtwoormorefunctionalgroupspermolecule.“Fallinto〞:分為〔幾類〕；屬于；落入Allchangesofmattermayfallintotwobroadclasses:physicalandchemicalchanges.2023/5/17“Fallintodisuse〞停止使用Firstofall,thismethodhasfallenintodisuse(outofuse).“Falloff〞:衰落，減少，下降Thedemandforthechemicalhasfallenoff.“Fallshortof〞未到達(dá)，缺乏Theresultfellshortofourexpectation.“Fallunder〞歸入…類，屬于Thissubjectfallsundertheheadofchemistry.“Fallto(sinkto)〞下降到In1933,industrialoutputintheUSAfellto65percentoftheoutputin1929.2023/5/17Thesecondinvolvesasinglemonomercontainingbothtypesoffunctionalgroups.Thesynthesisofpolyamidesillustratesbothgroupsofpolymerizationreactions.Thus,polyamidescanbeobtainedfromthereactionofdiamineswithdiacidsorfromthereactionofaminoacidswiththemselves2023/5/17ThetwogroupsofreactionscanberepresentedinageneralmannerbytheequationsasfollowsReaction(3.1)illustratestheformer,while(3.2)isofthelattertype.①〔并列分句〕2023/5/17Polyesterification,whetherbetweendiolanddibasicacidorintermolecularlybetweenhydroxyacidmolecules,isanexampleofastep-growthpolymerizationprocess.Theesterificationreactionoccursanywhereinthemonomermatrixwheretwomonomermoleculescollide,andoncetheesterhasformed,it,too,canreactfurtherbyvirtueofitsstill-reactivehydroxylorcarboxylgroups.②Theneteffectofthisisthatmonomermoleculesareconsumedrapidlywithoutanylargeincreaseinmolecularweight.③“Byvirtueof〞依靠…的力量，由于Whether與if的區(qū)別Whether和if作“是否〞講時(shí)，均可引導(dǎo)從句。但Whether可引導(dǎo)主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句，同位語從句，而if只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句Once引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，byvitueof是主句的方式狀語2023/5/17Whether…ornot;whetherornot;whetherorno…;whether…ornoI.Whether可用于“疑問詞whether+不定式〞結(jié)構(gòu)，if那么不能(infinitive)Itisnotyetdecidedwhethertodothisworkattheverystart.(一開始)II.Whether引導(dǎo)主語從句，if那么不能Whetherthematerialscouldstandthetestisstillaquestion.III.Whether或if均可引導(dǎo)賓語從句(1).Sofartherehasbeennonewsaboutwhethertheyhavearrivedthere.(2).Wedon’tknowwhether(if)itisright.2023/5/17IV.Whether引導(dǎo)表語從句，if那么不能Thequestioniswhetherheshouldhavealowopinionofthistest.V.Whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句，if那么不能Theyaskedhimthequestionwhetheranelectriccurrentcanbeproducedbymagnetism.VI.Whether引導(dǎo)讓步從句(concessiveclause)Theseworkingconditionsareapplicablewhethertheproductispureornot.“Whetherorno〞引導(dǎo)名詞從句時(shí)，作“是否〞講，不引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，作“無論如何〞講Whetherornotheydesignedthiskindofmachine,Idon’tknowIshoulddoit,whetherorno.2023/5/17主句中不缺少主語、賓語或表語時(shí)，whether引導(dǎo)的為讓步從句：Allsubstances,whethertheyare(be)gaseous,liquidorsolid,aremadeupofatoms.讓步從句省略“Whether〞時(shí)，謂語用原形動(dòng)詞(一般為be)，主語、謂語顛倒Allmagnets〔磁體〕behavethesame,betheylargeorsmall.Beitso,wemustcontinuetodothetest.2023/5/17Fig.3.1illustratesthisphenomenon.Assume,forexample,thateachsquareinFig.3.1representsamoleculeofhydroxyacid.Aftertheinitialdimermoleculesform(b),halfthemonomermoleculeshavebeenconsumedandtheaveragedegreeofpolymerization(DP)ofpolymericspeciesis2.Astrimerandmoredimermoleculesform(c),morethan80%ofthemonomermoleculeshavereacted,butDPisstillonly2.5.“Assuming(that)〞：假定…Whenabeakerofwaterisheatedfrombelowthewateratthebottombecomelessdense(assumingitisabove4℃)andrises.2023/5/17Fig.3.1Schematicdiagram〔示意圖〕ofstep-growthpolymerization(a)Unreactedmonomer;(b)50%reacted;(c)83.3%reacted;(d)100%reacted;(Dottedlinesrepresentreactingspecies)2023/5/17Whenallthemonomermoleculeshavereacted(d),DPis4.Buteachpolymermoleculethatformsstillhasreactiveendgroups;hencethepolymerizationreactionwillcontinueinastepwisefashion,witheachesterificationstepbeingidenticalinrateandmechanismtotheinitialesterificationofonomers.“Identicallyequalto〞:恒等于Theforceactingontheairisidenticallyequaltothemassofairtimesitsacceleration.2023/5/17Thus,molecularweightincreasesslowlyevenathighlevelsofmonomerconversion,anditwillcontinuetoincreaseuntiltheviscositybuild-upmakesitmechanicallytoodifficulttoremovewaterofesterificationorforreactiveendgroupstofindeachother.“Until〞到…為止〔肯定句〕，直到…以前〔否認(rèn)句〕(1)Theyworkfrom6o’clockinthemorninguntil2o’clockintheafternoon.(2)Abodyatrestwillnevermoveuntilaforcecompelsit.“Itwas…notuntil〞Notu