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Ch3

GAINSANDLOSSESFROMTRADEINTHESPECIFIC-FACTORSMODEL1.TheModel2.No-TradeEquilibrium3.Trade-Equilibrium3.1PatternofTrade3.2Returntomobilefactors3.3ReturntospecificfactorsI.TheModel1.ProblemsoftheRicardianmodel2.ModelAssumptions 2.1 PPFinSpecificFactorModel 2.2Theno-Tradeequilibrium2.2.1Goodsmarket2.2.2FactormarketProblemsoftheRicardianmodelStrongspecializationpattern/discontinuousadjustmentNoIncomeDistributionEffectsSpecific-Factorsmodelhelpsexplainwhogainsandwholoses.Howdoestradeaffecttheearningsofcapital,labor,andland?Freetradeleadsto:RisingrelativepricesintheexportsectorFallingrelativepricesintheimportsectorWhatwereallywanttoknowishowchangesinrelativepricesaffecttheearningsoffactors/IncomedistributionModelAssumptions2countries:HomeandForeign3factors:Labor,CapitalandLandAllfactorsarefixedinsupplyandimmobileacrosscountries2goods:Manufacturinguseslaborandcapital(specificfactor).Agricultureuseslaborandland(specificfactor).Laboristhemobilefactoracrossindustries.CRTStechnologyimpliesdiminishingmarginalproductsinbothindustriesThePPFisconcavetotheorigin.Homotheticpreferences(e.g.,Cobb-Douglasutility)AllmarketsareperfectlycompetitiveDiminishingMarginalProductofLaborPPFinSpecificFactorModelTheslopeofthePPFisthenegativeoftheratioofthemarginalproductsTheslopeofthePPFequalstheopportunitycostortherelativepriceofthegoodonthehorizontalaxis(manufacturing).Theno-TradeequilibriumGoodsmarketequilibriumPM/PA=?(slopeofPPF)=?(slopeofindifferencecurve)TheindifferencecurveistangenttoPPFTheno-TradeequilibriumFactormarketequilibriumLabormarketequilibriumFirmsinthetwoindustrieshirelaboruptothepointwherethecostofonemorehouroflabor(thewage)equalsthevalueofonemorehouroflaborinproduction.Sinceweassumethatlaborismobile,thewagesinthetwoindustriesmustbeequal.Again,thisimpliesthattherelativepriceofmanufacturingequalstheopportunitycostofmanufacturing(slopeofPPF).Theno-TradeequilibriumWage

WageManufacturinglaborAgriculturelaborTotallaborsupplyPM*MPLMisdrawnfromlefttorightPMMPLMValueofmarginalproductofmanufacturingPAMPLAValueofmarginalproductofagriculturePA*MPLAisdrawnfromrighttoleftALabormarketequilibriumWLaborMarketEquilibriumiswherethetwocurvescrossAllocationofLaborbetweenManufacturingandAgricultureTheForeigncountryAssumetheno-tradepriceintheforeigncountry(PM*/PA*)ishigherthanthatintheHomeCountry(PM/PA).Fornowwewillignorereasonsforpricedifferences.Homehascomparativeadvantageinmanufacturing(canproduceatloweropportunitycostthanForeign).U1ManufacturingOutput,QMAAgricultureOutput,QAPPFSlope=–(PM/PA)ForeignCountrywithoutTrade*******II.TheTradeEquilibrium1.TheGoodsmarketequilibrium 1.1Overallgainsfromtrade 1.2PatternofTrade2.TheFactormarketequilibriumGoodsmarketequilibriumWhentradeopens,theworldpricewillendupbetweentheno-tradepricesoftheHomeandForeigncountries.Aftertrade,RelativeHomepriceofmanufacturingwillriseRelativeForeignpriceofmanufacturingwillfallOncetradeisopenedandconsumersfacethenewworldprice,theyareabletomovetoahigherindifferencecurveU2(OverallGainsfromTrade)PatternofTradeWhathashappenedatHome?Therelativelyhigherpriceinmanufacturingattractsmoreworkerstothatindustry—productionnowatpointB(insteadofA).ManufacturedgoodsareexportedandAgriculturalgoodsareimported.Consumptionchanges—movingindividualstoahigherindifferencecurveallowingthemtonowconsumeatC(insteadofA).Thegoodwhoserelativepriceincreasesbecomestheexportedgood.Thegoodwhoserelativepricedecreasesistheimportedgood.Acountryasawholecanneverbemadeworseofffromtrade.DistributionalaspectsinInternationalTradeAlthoughacountryasawholeisbetterofffromtrade,thatdoesnotmeanthateveryindividualisbetteroff.Howarereturnstolabor,capitalandlandaffectedinimportingandexportingindustriesaftertrade?WewillfirstfocusontheHomemobilefactor,labor.II.TheTradeEquilibrium2.TheFactormarketequilibrium 2.1 Labormarketequilibrium 2.1.1Realwageearnedbylabor 2.1.2Unemploymentissue 2.2CapitalandLandmarketequilibrium 2.2.1DeterminingrentalstoCapitalandLand 2.2.2ChangeintheRealRentalonCapital 2.2.3ChangeintheRealRentalonLandLa很bo排r尺Ma迫rk燈et貪e溪qu夏il護ib柄ri嘩umCh庭an休ge級i閱n糧Re虧la歡ti暢ve蹤蝶P愉ri葛ce故o可f泉Ma才nu耀fa寫ct晨ur萌esAs分su壁me獅t鉆he替r撥el咸at賀iv恥e子pr瓦ic旱e彼of床m啞an漢uf腹ac技tu傳re翁s辰ri坑se痰s踐(b睡ec恢au更se默o附f故th從e表fo瓦re版ig焰n深de屯ma郊nd五f償or妥t后he仇m)碰.Wi遇th途ou森t境lo蔑ss數(shù)o譽f惜ge壺ne兇ra循li艦ty槐,吧as愛su壤m(xù)e柱PMri賄se燃s,PM*M怪PLMcu涂rv韻e涉sh帶if案ts蛙u土p窗byΔPM?MP沙LMNe盆w午eq礎ui營li頭br黑iu拼m幅at李h纏ig捉he弟r牢wa書geLMha僑s爆in亞cr符ea系se軍d掃an峰d寸LAha朋s頁de另cr惕ea鍛se彩dLa兇bo之r父Ma歇rk磁et快e寸qu它il境ib村ri送umBPM'MPLMWageWagePMMPLMPAMPLAAWPM*M粉PLMsh檢if召ts測u象p桑cr陵ea某ti炊ng挨a涌n蕉ew惠e痕qu魂il牧ib剛ri均um跟.W’Verticaldistance

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