上海高考英語(yǔ)真題-2018春考試卷

上海高考英語(yǔ)2018春考試卷I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeaks.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandaquestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Afull-timestudent. B.AnexchangestudentC.Avisitingscholar.Afull-timestudent. B.AnexchangestudentC.Avisitingscholar.A.Sheisbossy.A.Herworkingalldaylong.C.Theannoyinghousework.A.Thekidswerefrightenedbythemovie.C.Themovieisnotsuitableforkidstosee.A.Sheisdrinkingteaatatable.Sheisinterestedinreadingmagazines.Shelikesthepicturesinthemagazines.Shedoesn'tknowanyChinese.A.Supermarket. B.Drugstore.A.HelikescookingfoodhimselfC.Heacceptsthewoman,sinvitation.C.Sheisarrogant（傲慢的）.A.He,sateacher.C.He,sabusinessman.A.1hour. B.2hours.A.Thebadweatherstoppedhim.C.Hedidn,tlikethehikingtrip.B.Thefamilyreunion.D.Theintenseschedule.Thekidsenjoyedthemovie.D.Themovieisquiteboring.Barbershop.D.Shoppingcentre.B.HethinksfrozenfoodishealthierHepreferstobuyfrozenfood.D.Apart-timestudentB.Sheisshy.D.Sheistrustworthy.He,sawriter.D.He,sajournalist.3hours. D.4hours.B.Hisshoeswerewornout.He,stootiredtocontinue.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwopassagesandonelongerconversation.Aftereachpassageorconversation,youwillbeaskedseveralquestions.Thepassagesandconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Theybecamemoreactiveinwater.Symptomsofdepressiondisappeared.Theirdigestiondeveloped.Theysufferedfromdepression.A.Neonlights. B.Kindlescreens.C.Overweight. D.Closedwindowcurtains.A.Turnoffalltheelectronicdevices.Readabookanddrinksomewater.Takesomesleeppills.Goonadietandlosesomeweight.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.71%ofthepoorliveadaywithlessthantendollars.Thepopulationofpeopleliveinpovertyhasdecreasedinthepastdecade.Economicgrowthhasmadeglobalpovertyworsethanbefore.Themiddleclassarenowonestepawayfrompoverty.A.Themiddleclasshasexpandedinthe111countries.Thenumberofmiddleclasshasincreasedbutitisnotaglobalphenomenon.Greatprogresshasbeenmadeforthepeopleinpovertywithimpressiveresults.Oncegetoutofpoverty,thosepeoplewillliveabetterlife.A.Themiddleclasswouldnotallowthosepoortomakeabetterliving.Whateverprogressismade,nothingwillbechanged.Goodchangesaretootinytomakethosepoorliveatotallydifferentlife.Developedcountriessufferfromthequestionfrombothpovertyandthemiddleclass.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.0.A.Thunderstormaccident.C.AnappointmentonSaturday.0.A.Thunderstormaccident.C.AnappointmentonSaturday.A.Lightning.C.Cablecut.A.PlugtheTVoff.C.Stayathome.OnSaturdaymorning.C.OnTuesdayMorning.Acableemergency.D.Acomputersystembreakdown.B.Powerfailure.D.SystemfailureB.Keepthecableconnected.D.Callthecablecenterforsure.B.OnSaturdayafternoon.D.OnTuesdayafternoon.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.MyKid-FreeLifeIhadexpectedtohavemorefreetimeaftermysons,EvanandAlex,eachleftforcollege,andIdo.Thekitchencalendarlooksspare.Rarely(21)Ineedtopreparefamilydinnereveryday.Thereisalot(22)(little)laundry.Whentheboyswereinfants,IwonderedhowI(23)(spend)allthehoursbeforetheywereborn.(24)Ihavethosehoursback,Icanfocusonmyownneeds.Ihadalsoexpectedtoworryaboutthemwhentheywereaway.AndIdo.Didtheygettheirflushots(流感疫苗注射)？Willtheyrememberthetalksabout“goodchoices”?Ontheotherhand,theworryismixedwithrelief.Ihaveseen(25)vigorouslytheygrowwithoutme.DoImissthem?Yes.BothmoreandlessthanI,dguessed.DoIfeelunitedforhavinglostmyprimaryroleinlife?No,becauseovertheyear,Itookgreatpride(26)thefactthatmyidentitywasnotdependentontheirs.But,surprisingly,yes.(27)(be)adifferentkindofmotherdefinesmenow.Themissingcomesatunexpectedmoments:seeingtheschoolbusdriveby,startingtoputtoomanyplatesonthetable…Whentheyhavedoubtsaboutfriendshipsorjobprospects,Icanonlysay,“I'msureyouwillfigureitout.”Andyet,thespaces(28)(empty)bylossaremorethanfilledbywhatI,vefound.Inowhavethechance(29)(see)themasthewholeworlddoesbutalsolikenooneelseeverwill.AsadultsIhappenedtohelpcreate.Therooms(30)theboysusedtolivelookvacant.Ifeelsadnessbutalsojoy.Iknewtheywouldleave,buttheywillfindtheirwayback.Myhomeisempty.Butoverflowing.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.addressB.fascination C.governed D.imposing E.offensiveF.originallyG.overlooking H.rebellion I.reminder J.randomly K.sweptPalacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasytodefendacastle,butcastlesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakingorqueeninmind.Whenitcomestostructuresthatareboth(31)andwell-secured,theclassicEuropeancastleisthepinnacle(小尖頂)ofdesign.Acrosstheagescastleschanged,developed,andeventuallyfelloutofuse,buttheystillcommandthe(32)ofourculture.Castleswere(33)builtinEnglandbyNormaninvadersin1066.AsWilliamtheConqueror(34)throughEngland,hestrengthenedkeypositionstosecurethelandhehadtaken.ThecastleshebuiltallowedtheNormanlordstoretreattosafetywhenthreatenedbyEnglish(35).Castlesalsoservedasbasesofoperationforoffensiveattacks.Troopsweregatheredto,organizedaround,andpositionedfromcastles.Inthiswaycastlesservedboth(36)anddefensiverolesinmilitaryoperations.Notlimitedtomilitarypurposes,castlesalsoservedasofficesfromwhichthelordwouldadministercontroloverhisland.Thatistosay,thelordofthelandwouldholdcourtinhiscastle.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththelordwouldcometoreporttheaffairsofthelandsthatthey(37)andpaidtributetothelord.Theywould(38)disputes,handlebusiness,feast,andenjoyfestivities.InthiswaycastlesservedasimportantsocialcentersinmedievalEngland.Castlesalsoservedassymbolsofpower.Builtonprominentsites(39)thesurroundingareas,castlesconstantlyloomed(隱約的出現(xiàn))inthebackgroundofmanypeasants,livesandservedasadaily(40)ofthelord,sstrength.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Humanshatesignificantlytogiveworkersmorethantheydeserve,andindeedmanywillbesatisfiedwithlesstopromoteworkequality.Butisthisattitude41?Perhapsnot,sayspsychologicalscientistMarieSchaferinGermany.AccordingtoSchafer,nobodyhaseverlookedathowyoungchildrenfromdifferent42thinkaboutmerit（功勞）whensharingrewards.Thereisreasontothatmeritocracy,asocialsystemwherepeoplegetmoneyonthebasisoftheirability,maybemoreofaWesternconceptandvalue,sosheandseveralcolleaguesdecidedtoputthistothetest,studyingthe43ofchildren,fourtoelevenyearsold,inthreedifferentcultures.Theideawastotesthowmuchthechildren44merit.Soeachchildwasgivenanumberofsweetsequaltothetotalnumberoffishinthecatch,andwastoldtohandoutthesweetsanywayheorshewanted—withoutadultsintheroomtoinfluencethem.Iftheytreasuredmerit,childrenshould45thesweetsaccordingtosharesofthecatch.Thatis,iftheyhadcaughtthesamenumberoffish,theywouldchoosetorewardeachone46,butifoneexhibitedmuchbetterperformanceatfishing,rewardswouldalsobeoutofproportion.Inthecasewheretheyweresimplygiventhefish,rewardsshouldbe47catchsize-sincenoeffortwasinvolved.48matters.That,sthemainfindingamongmanyfromthestudy,asdescribedinanissueofthejournalPsychologicalScience.TheGermanchildrendistributedtheharvestsofthedaypreciselyinproportionto49evenwhenthismeantaveryunbalanceddistributionofrewards.Bycontrast,childrenfromtworuralAfricanforager（狩獵）societiesbarelytookmeritintoconsiderationatall.Thesefindingssuggestthatthebasicnotionofmeritanddistributivejusticeisfarfromuniversalinourspecies,andthat50isculturallydefined.Butwhy?Thescientistsoffersome51onthis.Itcouldbethatinlarge-scalesocietieslikeGermany,ameritocracyis52forregulatingdealsbetweenpeoplewhodon,tknoweachotherandmaynotinteractagain.Thefocusisonfairinteractions,becauseinequalitywon,tbereducedinthefuture.Insmallscalesocieties,53,mostexchangestakeplacebetweenpeoplewhoarefamiliarwithoneanother.Itmaybemoreimportantinsuchsocietiestobuildlong-termrelationshipsbasedonequity—ratherthantoinsistonequityinasingledeal.Inforagersocietieswhichemphasizeequality,54isanimportantlevelingmechanism,balancinginequalityinwealthandincreasingharmony.Childrenmaymakethesesocialvaluesbecomepartoftheirwayofthinkingearlyon,andapplythemevenwhenthefishingtripis55.41.A.sensibleB.universalC.unconsciousD.unique42.A.culturesB.communitiesC.companiesD.households43.A.intelligenceB.behaviorC.emotionD.character44.A.respectedB.overlookedC.valuedD.deserved45.A.collectB.markC.sortD.distribute46.A.generouslyB.openlyC.equallyD.appropriately47.A.unrelatedtoB.associatedwithC.basedonD.worthyof48.A.EqualityB.RaceC.CultureD.Harmony49.A.productivityB.effortC.interestsD.efficiency50.A.franknessB.prejudiceC.distrustD.fairness51.A.feelingsB.thoughtsC.adviceD.predictions52.A.costlyB.valuelessC.unnecessaryD.important53.A.forinstanceB.inadditionC.bycontrastD.inotherwords54.A.cooperatingB.combiningC.dividingD.sharing55.A.ordinaryB.imaginaryC.innovativeD.discouragingSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)WeHaveaPaintertoThankforYellowstoneBeforeartistThomasMoransetfootinthepark,itwasseenasanunhappyplace.After,itwasmarketedasawonderland.BeforeThomasMoranarrived,Yellowstoneinthepopularimaginationwasaharsh,wildplacepockedwithhellishgeysers.Afterthepainter,sworkwasfinished,Yellowstonewasestablishedasanationalparkandmarketedasawonderland.In1871MoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJacksonhadjoinedthefirstU.Sgovernmentsurveyoftheregion.FortwoweeksMoranfilledasketchbookwiththelandscape,smoststunningsights.Thesurveyresults,Jackson,sphotos,andMoran,swatercolors--thefirstcolorrenderingsofthearea--werepresentedtoCongressthatfall.“Thephotographswereproofthatwhattheartistwasshowingreallyexisted,”saysEleanorHarvey,seniorcuratorattheSmithsonianAmericanArtmuseum.InMarch1872lawmakersofficiallymadeYellowstoneanationalpark,theworld,sfirst.ByApril,Moranhadtransformedsomeofhissketchesintoa7-by-12-footpainting.ThegoldsplatteredvalleyandbillowingLowerFallsof“TheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstone”attractedthepublic.“Itistoograndandwonderfulforwords,”declaredtheLadiesRepositorythatAugust,“andnonecaneverjudgeofitswondersfromanyengravingorphotographinmereblackandwhite.”ThoughMoranlaterpaintedLakeSuperior,theGrandCanyon,andtheRockies,hisreputationwassointertwinedwithYellowstonethathetooktosigninghispaintings“TYM,”forThomas“Yellowstone”Moran.WhatchangesThomasMoranhasbroughttoYellowstonePark?HeturnedYellowstoneParkintoapurgatoryHetransformedYellowstoneParkintoafairylandHepushedYellowstoneParkintoaNationalParkHepaintedapictureforYellowstoneParkWhenwasYellowstoneParkestablishedasthefirstnationalpark?A.InMarch1871.B.InMarch1872.C.InApril1872. D.InAugust1872.WhatarethecharacteristicsofThomasMoran'spaintingsaboutYellowstonePark?PayingattentiontocolorrenderingofpaintingsHismagnificentandwonderfulpaintingsHisreputationcloselylinkedtoYellowstoneParkHispaintingswithnothingspecial59.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?TheSignificanceofThomasMoran,spaintingstoYellowstoneParkHowYellowstoneParkisestablishedasaNationalParkTheGreatPainter--ThomasMoranTheprocessofYellowstoneParkbeinglabeledasafairyland(B)WhyUPStrucks(almost)neverturnleftByfavoringright-handturnsatalltimes—unlessaleftisunavoidable—thecarriersavesmillionsofgallonsoffueleachyear,andavoidsemissionsequivalenttoover20,000passengercars.Thepracticestarteddecadesago,beforecomputersandGPS,andisnowmanagedbyasoftwarethatconjuresthemostefficientrouteforeachtruck.What’swrongwithturningleft?Left-handturnsaregenerallyconsideredunsafeandwastefulonright-handdrivingroads,suchasthoseintheU.S.“Left-turningtraffictypicallyhastoturnagainstaflowofoncomingvehicles,”explainsTomVanderbilt,authorofthebook“Traffic:Whywedrivethewaywedo.”“Thiscannotonlybedangerous,butmakestrafficbuildup,unlessyouinstalladedicatedleft-turn‘phase’，whichisfinebutbasicallyadds30or45secondstoeveryoneelse,ssingletime,”hesaid.Astudyoncrashfactorsinintersection-relatedaccidentsfromtheU.S.NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAssociationshowsthatturningleftisoneoftheleading“criticalpre-crashevents”(aneventthatmadeacollisioninevitable),occurringin22.2percentofcrashes,asopposedto1.2percentforrightturns.About61percentofcrashesthatoccurwhileturningorcrossinganintersectioninvolveleftturns,asopposedtojust3.1percentinvolvingrightturns.Leftturnsarealsothreetimesmorelikelytokillpedestriansthanrightones,accordingtodatacollectedbyNewYorkCity,stransportationplanners.Therightwaytosavefuel“Aleft-handturnisalsolessfuelefficient,”saidJackLevis,UPSSeniorDirectorofProcessManagement,“becauseyourcar,sidling(未熄火)longer,whichisalsonotgoodforyourvehicle.”metnctonsofCO?emte5jpnsayearByavoidingleftturnswheneverpossible,UPSestimatestosave:metnctonsofCO?emte5jpnsayeargallons8ayear10milliongallons8ayearUPSdoesnotbanleftturnsoutright,saysLevis:“Wewillmakelefthandturns,butnotonesthatareunnecessary.Wedon,tneedtogoincirclesalldaylongbymakingonlyrighthandturns.Wehavetoolsanalyzethenumberoflefthandturnsforeachroute,andwecanworkoutwhichonesareavoidable.”Theprocedureisnowincorporatedinmostcountriesaroundtheworld.Tothisend,thecarriercreateditsownmaps,whichitsaysaremoreaccuratethatcommerciallyavailableones:“Wecandifferentiatemoreimportantleft-handturnsfromunimportantones.GoogleMapshasnoconceptofnotmakingalefthandturn,itjustshowsthemostdirectwaytoreachyourdestination.Wehavetheabilitytopenalizesomeofthose,”LevistoldCNN.Thesystemknowsaboutparkinglots,privatedriveways,variablespeedlimitsandroadsthatareinaccessibleforatruck.Thesoftwarecangiveanundesirableleftturnapenaltythatadds20secondstotheestimatedroutetime.Inthatcase,goingaroundtheblockandturningalwaysrightmightoffsetthat20-secondpenalty:“Wewereabletoturnofflefthandturns,”saidLevis.Takingalongerroutewhilestillsavingtimeandfuelmightsoundconfusing,eventoUPSdrivers,accordingtoVanderbilt:“I’veactuallybeentoUPS,slogisticscenteranddiscussedthiswiththeirleadengineers,”hesaid.“Alotofindividualriversfeltthenewroutingsoftwarewasmakingtheirtripslonger,buttheywerelaterprovenwrong.Thisisthethingabouttraffic,it,ssuchacomplexsystemthatoftentheindividualcannotgetasenseoftheoverallefficiencyofthesystem,andoptimizeaccordingly.It,salsooneofthecounterintuitive,‘slower-is-faster,effectsyouoftenseeintraffic.”Therule,saysLevis,canalsobeappliedtoleft-handdrivingcountries,suchasAustraliaandtheUK,whereitdiscouragesright-handturns.HowmuchresourcecanUPStruckssavebyavoidingturningleft?UPStruckswillconsumemillionsofgallonsoffuel.TheemissionofUPStrucksisequivalenttothatofover2000passengercars.UPStrucksestimatetosave100,000metrictonsofCO?emissionayear.UPStrucksestimateanincreaseof6to8milesperroute.InTomVanderbilt,sView,howtodealwiththeLeftTurnProblemintheUnitedStates?Installadedicatedleftturnphase.Trafficplannersmanageroadconditions.Operatorsmaketheirowntrafficmaps.Nationalpolicyencouragesleftturnofvehicles.WhichofthefollowingoptionsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothecontentofthearticle?It'sunsafetoturnleftonright-handdrivingroads.Turningleftisnotresource-efficientonright-handdrivingroads.Leftturningislikelytocausetrafficaccidents.Left-turnisdiscouragedinallcountries.(C)“Isdatathenewoil?”askedproponentsofbigdatabackin2012inForbesmagazine.By2016,andtheriseofbigdata,sturbo-poweredcousindeeplearning,wehadbecomemorecertain:“Dataisthenewoil,”statedFortune.Amazon,sNeilLawrencehasaslightlydifferentanalogy:Data,hesays,iscoal.Notcoaltoday,though,butcoalintheearlydaysofthe18thcentury,whenThomasNewcomeninventedthesteamengine.ADevonianironmonger,Newcomenbuilthisdevicetopumpwateroutofthesouthwest,sprolifictinmines.Theproblem,asLawrencetoldtheRe-WorkconferenceonDeepLearninginLondon,wasthatthepumpwasrathermoreusefultothosewhohadalotofcoalthanthosewhodidn't:itwasgood,butnotgoodenoughtobuycoalintorunit.ThatwassotruethatthefirstofNewcomen,ssteamengineswasn,tbuiltinatinmine,butincoalworksnearDudley.Sowhyisdatacoal?Theproblemissimilar:therearealotofNewcomensintheworldofdeeplearning.StartupslikeLondon'sMagicPonyandSwiftKeyarecomingupwithrevolutionarynewwaystotrainmachinestodoimpressivefeatsofcognition,fromreconstructingfacialdatafromgrainyimagestolearningthewritingstyleofanindividualusertobetterpredictwhichwordtheyaregoingtotypeinasentence.Andyet,likeNewcomen,theirinnovationsaresomuchmoreusefultothepeoplewhoactuallyhavecopiousamountsofrawmaterialtoworkfrom.AndsoMagicPonyisacquiredbyTwitter,SwiftKeyisacquiredbyMicrosoft--andLawrencehimselfgetshiredbyAmazonfromtheUniversityofSheffield,wherehewasbaseduntilthreeweeksago.Butthereisacodatothestory:69yearslater,JamesWattmadeanicetweaktotheNewcomensteamengine,addingacondensertothedesign.Thatchange,Lawrencesaid,“madethesteamenginemuchmoreefficient,andthafswhattriggeredtheindustrialrevolution”.Whetherdataisoilorcoal,then,there,sanotherwaytheanalogyholdsup:alotofworkisgoingintotryingtomakesurewecandomore,withless.IfsnotasimpressiveasteachingacomputertoplayGoorPac-Manbetterthananyhumanalive,but“dataefficiency”isacrucialstepifdeeplearningisgoingtomoveawayfromsimplygobblingupoodlesofdataandspittingoutthebestcorrelationspossible.“Ifyoulookatalltheareaswheredeeplearningissuccessful,they,reallareaswherethere,slotsofdata,”pointsoutLawrence.Thafsgreatifyouwanttocategorizeimagesofcats,butlesshelpfulifyouwanttousedeeplearningtodiagnoserareillnesses.“Ifsgenerallyconsideredunethicaltoforcepeopletobecomesickinordertoacquiredata.”63.Accordingtothepassage,whydataisseenasthenewcoal?Itcandrivethesteamenginetopumpwater.Itcanhelppeoplemakemorecoals.Itcanhelptheareasofdeeplearning.Itcanhelpcurediagnoserareillnesses.AccordingtoLawrence,whybigdataislesshelpfultodiagnoserareillnesses?Becausethereisnosuchdemand.Becauseitcanonlyusetocategorizeimagesofcats.Becauseifsunethicaltoacquiredatabyforcingpeopletobecomesick.Becauseitneedstoomuchdata.Whichareasaremostlikelytobesuccessfulinin-depthlearning?Somesmallstart-ups.Areaswithlargeamountsofdata.CoalandPetroleumDevelopmentField.Areasfortacklingrarediseases.Accordingtothecontentofthearticle,whichisNOTTRUEaboutthebigdata?Westillhavealotofworktostudythebigdata.Itrequirescountlessdatatobecollected.Thepurposeofstudyingbigdataistosaveparents7costs.D.“Dataefficiency”isacriticalsteptoexploremoredata.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Weweighbenefitsofmedicationsversusthecomplexityofaddingonemoredrugtohercrowdedpillbox.Ifyouansweredno,you,renotalone.Whenyouropinionsareshared,youwillfindmorepotentialaboutyou.Yourvaluesandneedsmayalsovaryfromoneappointmenttothenext.Thetruedifferencereliesonwhatyouunderstandinsteadofwhatyousee.Ayearfromnowaftergraduation,we'llrevisittheconversation,ashisgoalsandneedsmaybedifferent.TheMostImportantThingYou’reNotDiscussingwithYourDoctorShareddecisionmakingrequiresyoutobeanactiveparticipant.PoliticiansandpolicymakersarediscussingwhatpartsoftheAffordableCareActtochangeandwhattokeep.Whilemostofushavelittlecontroloverthosediscussions,thereisonehealthcaretopicthatwecancontrol:whatwetalkaboutwithourdoctor.TheInstituteofMedicine(IOM)releasedthelandmarkpublicationCrossingtheQualityChasm15yearsago.ThereportproposedsixaimsforimprovementintheU.S.healthsystem,identifyingthathealthcareshouldbepatient-centered,safe,effective,timely,efficientandequitable.Theideathathealthcareshouldbepatient-centeredsoundsobvious,butwhatdoesthatmean?TheIOMdefinesitascarethatis“respectfulofandresponsivetoindividualpatientpreferences,needs,andvalues”andthatensures“patientvaluesguideallclinicaldecisions.”Forthistotrulyhappen,doctors'appointmentsneedtocovermoretopicsthanhowoneisfeelingandwhatcanbedone.Doesyourdoctorknowyourvalues?(67)Fewerthanhalfofpeoplereportthattheirphysicianorotherhealthcareproviderasksabouttheirgoalsandconcernsfortheirhealthandhealthcare.Yourdoctorcandiscussmedicaltestsandtreatmentswithoutknowingyourlifegoals,butsharingyourvaluesandneedswithyourdoctormakesdiscussionsanddecisionsmorepersonalizedandmayleadtobetterhealth.Howdoespatient-centeredcarehappen?Inorderforyourhealthcaretocenteraroundyou,yourdoctorneedstoknowyourvalues,preferencesandneeds.Everyoneisdifferent.(68)Asaneurologist,whenI'mworkingwitha76-year-oldwidowwhosemaingoalistoremainindependentinherhome,weframehercareinthatcontext.(69)Wediscusshowawalkerhelpsherbemoreindependentratherthanless,asshecanmovearoundherhomemoresafely.Whenastressedcollegestudentcomestomyofficeforabothersometremor,hispreferenceistoavoidmedicationsthathemightforgettotakeorthatmightharmhisschoolperformance.Thisguidesourdiscussionoftheprosandconsofdifferentoptions,includingusingmedicationsbutalsodoingnothing,anoptionthatalmosthalfofpatientsfeelstronglyshouldalwaysbediscussed.(70)Insharingtheirvaluesandgoalswithme,theseindividualsenabledahealthcareapproachthatrespectedtheirneedsandalsorespondedtotheirlifecircumstances.10□.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemailpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.ToLaughIsHumanMostofusdon,tknowwhywelaughatsomejokesandnotatothers.Scientistsknowthatweareabletolaughatbirth.Babiesbegintolaughatthreetofourmonthsofage,wellbeforetheyproducetheirfirstwords.Whatscientistsareinterestediniswhywelaugh.Scientistsbelievehumanslaughwithothersprimarilybecauseitmakesusfeelconnectedwithoneanother,whichinturngivesusasenseoftrustandcomfort.Toscientists,laughterisanunconsciousreaction;consequently,whenwelaugh,otherscanbecertainthatitisanhonestreaction,andhonestyiskeywhenbuildingandmaintainingfriendships.Sincelaughterisseenasasocialsignalthatwesendtoothers,itcanalsohelpexplainwhyitissoinfectious.Studieshaveproventhatwhenpeopleseeorhearsomethingfunny,theyare20timesmorelikelytolaughwhentheyarewithothersthanwhentheyarealone.Wantingtobeacceptedbyothersispartofhumannature.Andmirroringotherpeople'slaughterisawaytosignaltoothersthatyoufeelthewaytheydo,whichmakesusfeelmoreconnectedwithoneanother.Humanshavenotalwayslaughedjustsotheycanfeelclosertoothers,however.Scientistspointoutthatthissocialfunctionoflaughterwasbornoutofanevenmorefundamentalhumanneed.Laughter,theybelieve,cameaboutbecauseitcontributedtoourverysurvivalasaspecies.Scientistsassumethatsharinglaughterensuredourancestorsahighersurvivalratebecauseitledtogreatercooperationbetweenindividuals.Humanslearnedquicklythatgreatercooperationled