On-Distinctive-Features-of-Tourism-English-論旅游英語的特征

PAGEPAGE21OnDistinctiveFeaturesofTourismEnglish論旅游英語的特征AbstractWiththerapiddevelopmentofChinesetourismindustry,moreandmoreforeigntouristshavecometoChina.AlthoughnotallforeigntouristsarefromEnglish-speakingcountries,English,asacommonlanguageintoday'sworld,hasbecomethemostimportantmediumofcommunicationwheninternationaltouristactivitiesareinvolved.Asaresult,tourismEnglishappearsasESPEnglish,andbecomespopularandnecessaryinChinesetourism.ManyChinesestudentsmajoringintourismlearntourismEnglishasacourse.AlargenumberofemployeesintourismindustrystarttouseEnglishintheirwork.Inthiscase,thisessayfirstlyaimsatexposingthelanguagefunctionsoftourismEnglish,andanalyzesitsdistinctivefeaturesintermsoflinguisticsandculture,whichidentifiestourismEnglishasaspecialbranchofEnglish.ThedetailedstudyontourismEnglishitselfwillbehelpfulfortheChinesestudentsoftourismEnglishandthestaffinthefieldtouseitwellanddealwithtourismEnglishtranslation.KeyWords:TourismEnglish;Function;Features;Culture

摘要隨著中國旅游業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，越來越多的外國游客來到中國旅游觀光。雖然這些外國游客并不是全部來自英語國家，但是作為當今世界通用語，英語成為國際旅游活動中一個最重要的交流工具和媒介。因此，旅游英語這個特殊的英語文體開始在中國旅游行業(yè)中流行，并成為旅游業(yè)發(fā)展必不可少的因素之一。許多旅游英語專業(yè)的學生在學習旅游英語，一大部分旅游從業(yè)者開始學習使用英語。對此，本文首先通過對旅游英語本身的研究，揭示了旅游英語的語言功能，并且從語言學和文化的角度，分析了旅游英語的特點，正是這些特點使得旅游英語成為一種獨特的英語文體。對于旅游英語本身的詳細研究不僅可以幫助旅游從業(yè)人員更好的了解和使用旅游英語，并且也為旅游英語翻譯打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。關(guān)鍵詞:旅游英語；語言功能；語言特點；文化

ContentsIntroduction…………………5Ⅰ.TheScopeoftheUseofTourismEnglish……………...………………6A.TourismEnglishUsedinTransportation………...……6B.TourismEnglishUsedinAccommodation……………7Ⅱ.TheFeaturesofLanguageFunctionsofTourismEnglish……...………8A.InformativeFunction…………….……8B.TheDirectiveFunction…………..……9C.TheEvocativeFunction…………….…9Ⅲ.TheLinguisticFeaturesofTourismEnglish………………...…………10A.LexicalFeature………………………101.TheTechnicalTerms………………102.TheProperNames…………………113.WordsandIdiomsfromOtherLanguages………………...………12B.GrammaticalFeature…………...……121.TheSentenceStructure……………122.TheTenses…………………………133.TheVoices…………………………144.TheMoods………………...………15C.CourtesyFeatureofTourismEnglish…………………..……………15D.StylisticFeatureofTourismEnglish…………………...……………16E.CultureFeatureofTourismEnglish………………..……………17Conclusion…………………………...……19Acknowledgements…………………..……20IntroductionTourismhasreceivedaninternationalreputationasanever-decliningindustryinthehistoryofworldeconomy.InChina,tourismhasahistoryofalmost55yearssincethefirsttravelagencyfoundedinNovember1949.Butduringthefollowing30years,Chinesetourismwasadvancingslowlyduetopoliticalreasons.AccordingtothedatareportedbyNationalTourismAdministrationBureauofChina,only1.809millionpeopleincluding0.23millionforeignersvisitedChinain1978.However,in1998,Chinareceived63.4784millioninternationalvisitors,including7.1077millionforeigntourists,whichis35timesthatin1978.Chinahasbecomeoneofthemostpopulartouristdestinationsandoneoftheleadingcountriesofworldtourismindustry.DuetothedevelopmentoftourisminChina,tourismEnglishbecomesmoreandmoreimportantnowadaysinChina.Asaresult,tourismEnglishappearsasaterminmanyresearchesandcoursebookswiththemeaningofEnglishlanguagethatisusedfortourism.SinceChinahasbeenrecognizedasanapproveddestinationbymanycountriesofficially,moreandmoreforeigntouristshavebeenflowingintoChinaforavisit,andtourismEnglishhasbecomenecessaryandboomingasaresult，fromairporttohotelandrestaurant,fromtraveltotouristspot.Englishisusedwheneveraforeigntouristisreceived.WesupposethatChina’stourismwouldnothaveadvancedsmoothlywithoutthedevelopmentoftourismEnglish.Therefore,someresearchesabouttourismEnglishshouldbedone.Butintheauthor’seyes,distinctivefeaturesoftourismEnglisharetobeexploredfirstly.OnlyifsomedistinctivefeaturesoftourismEnglisharemadeclear,someworkontranslationorpracticeabouttourismEnglishshouldbedoneinordertopushforwardtheChinesetourism.That’swhytheauthorofthepaperchooses“OnDistinctivefeaturesoftourismEnglish”asitstitle.Beforethispaperwasstarted,lotsofmaterialswerecheckedandread.FindingsweremadethattherehavebeenafewresearchesaboutthedistinctivefeaturesoftourismEnglishfromthepointoflinguistics.Therefore,moreresearchesshouldstillbedoneonthedistinctivefeaturesoftourismEnglishfromthepointoflinguisticssothattheresearchescouldpromotethedevelopmentoftourismEnglishandalsocouldpushforwardthedevelopmentoftourism,economyandthecultureofChina.Thatisthepurposeofthispaper.ThetopicwillbeanalyzedfromthreeaspectsasfollowsthescopeoftheuseoftourismEnglish,thefeaturesoflanguagefunctionoftourismEnglish,andthelinguisticfeaturesoftourismEnglish.Theauthorwillgivesomeexamplestoexplainitinthefollowing.Ⅰ.TheScopeoftheUseofTourismEnglishTourismEnglish,asitissocalled,istheEnglishlanguageusedfortourismandisaparticularvarietyofEnglishintermsoflinguistics.Itappearswiththedevelopmentoftourismindustry,especiallyinternationaltourism.Whenpeoplemakeavisittosomeplace,theywillbeprovidedwithallkindsofservicesneededduringthetour.AccordingtoOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary,tourismis“thebusinessactivityconnectedwithprovidingaccommodation,servicesandentertainmentforpeoplewhoarevisitingaplaceforpleasure.”Theservicesrefertotransportationservice,hotelserviceandtouristspotservices.Therefore,tourismEnglishiswidelyusedintransportation(includingairplane,trainandbus),hotel(includingrestaurant)andtouristspot,spokenandwritteninforms.A.TourismEnglishUsedinTransportation“Tourismistheoutcomeofthetravelandstayofpeople,and,aswehaveseen,thedevelopmentoftransport,bothprivateandpublic,hashadamajorimpactonthegrowthanddirectionoftourismdevelopment.Theprovisionofadequatesafe,comfortable,fast,convenientandcheappublictransportisaprerequisiteformassmarkettourism.”Thissentenceshowsthedeeplyrelationshipbetweentourismandtransportation.Thedevelopmentofairtransportinthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturycontributedtothegrowthoftourism.Airtravel,inparticular,overthepast30yearshasmademedium-andlong-rangedestinationsaccessibleonboththesecounts.Indoingso,ithassubstantiallycontributedtothephenomenonofmass-marketinternationaltourism.Therefore,tourismEnglishhasbecomeanimportanttoolinthemass-marketinternationaltourism.Consideringtheirlongleadoverothercarrierinprovidingpublicservicetransports,itmayberegardedsurprisingthattherailwayinBritaintooksolongtoadapttotheneedsofmass-markettourisminthelate20thcentury.Certainlytherailwaysplayedamajorroleintheprovisionoftouristtransportthroughoutthefirsthalfofthelastcentury.Inthepublic,suchasairport,plantshipsorrailwaysandsoon,peoplehavetocommunicatewitheachotherandtheyhavetoservetheirguests.SoweneedtourismEnglish.Nomatterwhoyouareorwhereyouarefrom,youcansharethecomfortableserviceduringthetour.That’stourismEnglishusedinthetransportation.B.TourismEnglishUsedinAccommodationAccommodationisacrucialpartintourism.Itincludesthefollowingplaces:hotelslicensedhotelunlicensed,motels,privatehotels,guesthousesandfarmhouses.Here,weonlyanalyzehotelswhichcanacceptforeigners.Therearemanydepartmentsinthehotel,andalsohavethespecialEnglishtotranslatethesedepartments,suchasboardofdirectors,generalmanager,humanresourcesdirectors,securitydirectors,Food&BeverageDirector,Directorofmarketingandsalesandsoon.Ifonlyweserveforeigners,eachdepartmentmayusetourismEnglish.ThefollowingdialogistourismEnglishusedinahotel.Receptionist:Yes,sir,thisistheFrontOfficeofwanyouconiferhotel,canIhelpyou?Guest:I’mcallingfromNewYork.I’dliketobookoneroominyourhotel.Receptionist:Whatkindofroomwouldyoulike?Wehaveallkindsofroomsassinglerooms,doublerooms,suitesanddeluxesuitesandpresidentialsuites.Guest:Adeluxesuite,please.Receptionist:Canyoutellmeyourname,please?Guest:Jackson.J-A-C-K-S-O-NReceptionist:Thankyou,andyourarrivalanddeparturedate?Guest:June1to6Receptionist:OK,Mr.Jackson.Adeluxesuite,fromJune1to6.Isthatright?Guest:Yes,excellent.Receptionist:Allright,wearelookingforwardtoseeingyouhereonJune1,Goodbye.Guest:Thankyou,Goodbye.Ⅱ.TheFeaturesofLanguageFunctionsofTourismEnglishAsProfessorHuZhuanglingofBeijingUniversitymentionedinhisbook,“Linguistics:ACourseBook”,“l(fā)anguagehastoservevariouspurposesastherearedifferenttypesofthemforusingit”.AsaparticularvarietyofEnglishlanguage,tourismEnglishhasitsownlanguagefunctions,whicharemainlyinformative,directiveandevocativefunctions.A.InformativeFunctionAccordingtothebookofLinguistics﹒ACourseBook,ProfessorHuZhuanglingsays“Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtotellwhatthespeakerbelieves,togiveinformationaboutfacts,ortoreasonthingsout”.Formostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage.Touristneedtoacquireallkindsofinformationwhentheystartatourtoanewplace.Suchinformationincludes:whatkindofplacetheywillvisit;whattheywillseeordoatthatplace;whatkindofentertainmenttheywillenjoyinthisplace;wheretheywillstayifneeded;howtheycangettherebyair,trainorbus...Theinformationtheyneedisprovidedaccordinglybysuchorganizationashotel,airport,busorrailwaystations,thetouristspotscounters,thecity'stourismbureauorsimplythetravelagencies.Theseorganizationsformthetourismindustryasawhole,andtourismEnglishisusedbythemtotellthetouristswhatevertheinformationtheyneedbeforetheystartorgoonatour.Forexample,ForbiddenCitysituatedinthecenterofBeijing,theimperialpalacewasthehomeoftheemperorsduringtheMingandQingdynasties,whenitwasknownasthe“PurpleForbiddenCity”.Thepalacehasabuildingareaof150,000squaremeterswithmorethan9,000rooms.Thepalaceisguardedbyaten-meter-highwall,encirclesbya52-metre-widemoatandhasfourgates.Inthispassage,thedetailedinformationofthetouristdestination,ForbiddenCityofBeijing,WhatisForbiddenCity?Itwasthehomeofemperors.Howmanyroomsinthecity?Suchinformationisprovidedtotourists.B.TheDirectiveFunctionGenerally,tourismEnglishisdirectedathelpingtouristsarrangetheirtoursandmakeiteffective.Whentheyareinformedthedetailsoftheirtours,theyreceivethedirectionsorguidancefromthetourismorganizations.Asaneffectivemedium,Englishperformsadirectivefunctionintheprocess.Inmostcases,guidesmakefulluseofthislanguagefunctionoftourismEnglish.FollowingpassageistakenfromaguidebooktointroduceoneofthefamousresortsinBritain,Cornwall,inwhichspecificdirectionsaregiventotouristsforaccommodationandthewaysofhowtogetthere.CornwallTouristBoardhas1335approvedaccommodationmembers,ofwhom568areservicedestablishmentsincludingHotels,Pubs/InnsandFarmhouses,582areself-cateringunits,190aretent,touringandstaticcaravanholidayparks.Fulldetailsonaccommodationareavailablefromourwebswalltouristboard.co.uk,telephoneuson(01872)322900.Thisisaboutaccommodation.Howtogetthere?TheM5motorwaylinkswiththeA30andprovidesafasteasyrouteintoCornwall.RailGreatWesternandVirgintrainsrunservicestoCornwall.MainlinestationsatLiskeard,Bodmin,Par,StAustell,Truro,Redruth,Cambome,StErthandPenzance,withbranchlinestoLooe,Newquay,StIvesandFalmouth.Contact08457484950forfurtherinformation.Youcanalsobyairorbyboat.TheportsofFalmouthandFoweyarestop-ofpointsforcruiseliners.

AirNewquayAirporthasadirectlinkwithLondonGatwickandLondonStanstedsoisaccessiblefromanywhereintheworld.Inthispassage,youcanknowclearlytheaccommodationandthreeways(road,sea,air)togetthere.Therefore,wesay,tourismEnglishhasdirectivefunction.C.TheEvocativeFunction“Theevocativefunctionistheuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearer.”(HuZhuangling)Fortherelevantorganizationsoroperatorsoftourism,itisurgenttoattractmorepeopletovisitthetouristdestinations.Therefore,tourismEnglishisusedtoevokethetourists'feelingofdesiretocometovisitthatplaceorenjoytheservicestheyprovide,ofcourse,withpay.Forexample:HangzhouisoneofChina’smajorscenicwondersaswellasafamousculturecitywithalonghistory.HangzhouisfamousforitsWestLake,anareaofstrikingbeauty.Covering5.66squarekilometers,andhassuchplaceofinterestasThreePoolsMirroringtheMoon.OriginallyashallowbayadjoiningtheQiantangRiver,itwasgraduallytransformedintoaninlandlakebythesitting-upoftheoutlet.“TheWestLakeiscomparablewiththegirlXiZi,alwayscharmingwitheitherlightorheavymake-up”.Indeeditlooksbeautifulasthesomebeautifulpoem.Sometouristswanttocheckupthepoemabove,theyareattractedbythebeautifulwords.

Ⅲ.TheLinguisticFeaturesofTourismEnglishIdentifyingthefeaturesoftourismEnglishstudiedisalwaysnecessarywhenweworkonit.ThedistinctivefeaturesoftourismEnglishdistinguishitfromtheotherbranchesofEnglish,suchastechnologyEnglish,legalEnglishandbusinessEnglishandsoon.Thepaperwillanalyzethefeaturesfromfouraspects,Thefirstisfromthepointoflinguistics,whichincludesthelexicalandgrammaticalpointofview.Thesecondisfromitsperformativefunction-courtesyfeature.Thethirdisfromitsstyleandthelastisfromthepointoftheculture.ItisbelievablethattourismEnglishwillbemadecleareraccordingtotheanalysisoftheexteriorandinteriorfeaturesoftourismEnglish.A.LexicalFeature“Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,history,formation,meaningandapplication”isfromAnIntroductiontoEnglishLexicology.(LinChengzhang)“Lexicon,initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.”(HuZhuangling)LikeothervarietiesofEnglish,suchaslegalEnglishorjournalismEnglish,tourismEnglishhasitsownlexicalfeaturesbesidestheverygeneraluseofEnglishvocabulary.1.TheTechnicalTermsTermsconsistofwordsandidioms.TherearealargenumberofEnglishwordsoridioms,whicharespeciallyusedintourism.TheyarecalledtermsoftourismEnglish.Forexample,beforetheflightsetsoff,theflightattendantstellthepassengers:“Pleasestowallhandorcarry-onluggageundertheseatinfrontofyouorintheoverheadcompartments.”Thereareseveraltourismtermsinthesentence,whichmightbeuncleartothetouristwhohasajourneybyplaneforthefirsttime.Thethingspassengersbringaboardtheplanearecalled“handorcarry-onluggage”.To“stow”themmeanstoputthemaway.Thusthewholesentencecanbeparaphrasedasfollowing:Carry-onluggagecanfiteitherundertheseatorinaspecialcompartment(enclosedspace)abovetheseatovertheheadsofthepassengers.Othertermslike“packagetour”(thetravelagencycombiningtoursandpackagingthemalongwiththenecessarytransportationandaccommodations),“bed-boardhouse”(thehotelprovidingacontinentalbreakfastofcoffeeaswellassleepingaccommodationtotheguests),or“offseason”(atimeoftheyearwhenmostoftouristsdonottakevacationsorholidays)mayappearnowandthenduringone'stour.2.TheProperNamesPropernamescanbeseenalmosteverywhereintourismandconstitutealargepartoftourismEnglishvocabulary.Propernamesintourismrangefromthenameofthedestinationofone'stour,suchasacountry,acity,oratouristspot,tothenameofhotel,arestaurant,orevenarailwaystation,etc,whichareinvolvedintourism.Thesepropernamesareusuallyunchangeableandareacceptedbypeoplewithfixpronunciationsandspellingssometimesevenwhentheyaretranslatedfromotherlanguages.Forexample,TheForbiddenCitycanbedividedintotwoparts-theouterpalacesandtheinnerpalace.Theouterpalacemainlycomprisesthreemagnificenthalls-thehallofsupremeHarmony(太和殿)，TheHallofCompleteHarmony(中和殿)andTheHallofPreservingHarmony(保和殿).Theyareflankedbywings-thehallofliteraryGlory(文華殿)，WenyuanPavilion(文淵閣)andtheInnerPavilion(內(nèi)閣)andtheHallofMiliaryProvess(武英殿).TheyalsohavetheHallofDelightLongevity(延禧宮).TheHallofVltimateGreatness(養(yǎng)心殿)andsoon.TheyaresomanyhallsandpavilionsinForbiddenCity.NotonlyinForbiddenCity,butinotherresort.Lijiang,inYunNanprovince,boastsofbreath-takingwonderfulsights,suchasBlackDragonPool(黑龍?zhí)?JadeDragonSnowMountain(玉龍雪山),TigherLeapingGorge(虎跳峽)，Lugulake(瀘沽湖)andsoon.Fromabove,wecansee,propernamesareveryimportantintourismEnglish.3.WordsandIdiomsfromOtherLanguagesLikeEnglishitself,tourismEnglishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenitsvocabularybyborrowingwordsoridiomsfromotherlanguages.Becausetourismmeanstotravelindifferentplaces,gothroughdifferentculturesandcommunicatewithpeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguages,itismorelikelyfortourismEnglishtoborrowwordsfromotherlanguages.Forexample,inthesentence,“Mapodoufu”isaspecialfoodinSichuanprovince.Itwascreatedbyanoldwoman.Theidiom“Mapodoufu”isborrowedfromChinesecharacter.Anotherexample,“Thelargeairplaneisenroutetoacountrywhichmostofitspassengershavenevervisitedbefore,”theidiom“enroute”isborrowedfromFrenchwiththemeaningof“ontheway”inEnglish.Duetotheboomingofinternationaltourism,thecommunicationbetweenEnglishandotherlanguagesbecomesmorefrequentandmanywordsoridiomsfromotherlanguageswhichareremotefromEnglishstepintoEnglishvocabularyandbecomeEnglishexpressions,suchas,“Yangtze”(揚子江),“cheongsam”(旗袍)fromChinese,and“kimono”(和服)fromJapanese.B.GrammaticalFeatureAsaparticularvarietyofEnglish,tourismEnglishhasitsowngrammaticaldistinctivefeatures.1.TheSentenceStructureDuringthetour,touristsalwaysneedtocommunicatewiththosewhoprovideallkindsofnecessaryinformationorservices,suchasthewaiters,orguides.Thecommunicationbetweenthetouristsandthesepersonshappensorallyatanytime,andinordertomakethecommunicationclearandeffective,thesimplesentencestructureinsteadofthecomplexoneisoftenadopted.Thiscanbewellprovedbythefollowingconversationbetweenatouristandawaitressatarestaurant.

Waitress:Anythingtodrink,sir?

Tourist:

Yes.I'dlikesomecoffee,please.

Waitress:Doyouwantcreamandsugar?

Tourist:

No.I'dlikeblack.

Waitress:CanIgetyouanythingelse?

Tourist:

Whatdoyouhavefordissert?

Waitress:Wehavefruitpies,chocolatecake,custardpuddingandchocolate,vanilla,orstrawberryicecream.

Tourist:

I'dlikeadishofstrawberryicecreamplease.ThesentenceoftourismEnglishisverysimplecomparedwiththetechnologyEnglish.ThesentencestructureoftechnologyEnglishisverylongandcomplex.Forexample,

Itwasunderstoodthatatomswerethesmallestelements.Itisknownnowthoseatomsarefurtherdividedintonuclearandelectrons,neutronsandsuchasatoms,nuclear,electrons,neutrons,protonsareincludedinit.2.TheTensesAsmentionedabove,oneofthelanguagefunctionsoftourismEnglishistodeliverinformation.Sincetheinformationdeliveredismostlytoldasthefactortruth,thepresenttenseisoftenusedintourismEnglish.Forexample:MountHuangshanhas72distinctpeaks,amongwhichtheLotuspeaks,BrightnessTopandCelestialcapitalpeaksriseover1,800metersabovesealevel.Everypeakhascountlessrocksofinterestingcontours.ThethreeYangtziRiverGorgesrefertoQutangGorge,WuXiaGorgeandXilingGorgeontheupperreaches.This193kilometer-longstretchoftheYangzteRiverstartsfromBaidiTowninChongqing.Sometime,pasttenseisalsoadoptedtoexplaintheculturalbackgroundinformation;usuallysomehistoricalstoriesoreventshappenedinthetourist-spot.Forinstance:Twothousandyearsago,thethreadsofcommercewereestablishedthatconnectedXi’antotheMiddleEastandEurope,openingChinaforthefirsttimetotheWesternWord.Itwasin138B.CthattheHanemperorWudisentanemissarythattimeuntilthe14thcentury,Caravanscanyingspices,fruits,andallkindsofgoodsChina’sfrontiertownsintocosmopolitantradingcenters.ComparedwithtechnologyEnglish,thepasttensealwaysreferstothedifferentorderintime.Forexample,whensteamiscondensedagaintowater,thesameamountofheatisgivenoutaswastakeninwhenitwasformed.Here“wastakenin”happenedbefore“isgivenout”.Therefore,thepasttenseisusedhere.3.TheVoicesUnlikeotherEnglishvarieties,suchasscientificEnglishorlegalEnglish,tourismEnglishtendstousetheactivevoiceinsteadofthepassive.Generallyspeaking,thepassivevoiceisobjectiveandisusedtoexpresstheobjectconcerned,whichcanmakethemeaningofthetextclearerandmoreconciseandavoidconfusing,butitisrathercoldandhaslittletodowithhumanemotions.Whereas,theactivevoiceismoresubjectiveandflexibleincommunication,andcaneasilyexpressthespeakersorwriters’feelings.SincetourismEnglishisoftenusedforthefunctionofdirectiveorevocative.Asexplainedabove,theactivevoiceispreferablethanthepassive.Forexample,Today'sBeijingisnotonlyfamousforitslonghistory,butalsoforitsrapideconomicandsocialdevelopment.Tian'anmenSquare,theForbiddenCity,JingshanMountainandBeihaiParksituatedinitscentersymbolizeaprofoundtraditionalculture,whereasmodernskyscrapersrepresenttheopennessandfasttempoofthemodemlifestyle.VisitorstoBeijingshouldlearnaboutitspastandThesisApplyingforMasterDegreeofWUTit’spresent,solet'shavealookatmodemBeijing.

ThepassageisusedtointroducethemodernbeautyofBeijingbesidesitshistoricsites.ThewriterusesactivevoicethroughoutthewholeparagraphtodescribeBeijing'sscenery,whichmakesavividanddelightfulimpressionontourists.4.TheMoodsIntourismEnglish,Imperativesentencesareoftenusedtogivedirectionsandorderssometimes,orexpressthespeakers'feelingsorwishes.Forinstance,Yourpassport,please?Pleasegatherinthelobbyat2thisafternoon.Let'shavealookattheForbiddenCityatfirst.Enjoyyouflight.WelcometoChina.

Theseimperativesentencesareusuallyusedbycustomsofficers,flightattendants,clerksinhotelortouristguideswhotakechargeofprovidingservicesandoperatingthedetailsofthetourfortourists.Whatisnoticeableinsuchimperativesentencesistheuseoftheword“please”,whichshowstherespectandpolitenesstothetouristsfromtheemployeeintourismindustry.C.CourtesyFeatureofTourismEnglishItisacceptedthatpeopleshouldbepolitewhentheyareengagedincommunication.Thisisrathertrueintourismindustrybecausesettingupagoodrelationshipbetweentouristsandtourist’sorganizationsisofgreatimportanceforasuccessfultourismbusiness.Itisalwayspreferablethateveryoneinvolvedinthetour,eithertouristsorclerksinairplanes,hotels,restaurantsandtouristspots,lookspoliteandshowstheircourtesytoothers,whichwouldbedelightfulforbothsidesandhelpfulforthewholetour.Generallyspeaking,therearethreewaystoexpresscourtesyintourismEnglish.Thefirstoneistousetheword“please”toshowthespeakers'respectandpolitenesstowardsthelistenersasmentionedinthelastsection.Thesecondwayistouse“thank...for...”patterntoshowthegratitudefromthespeakers.Forexample:

(1)Bellhop:IsthereanythingelseyouneedorthatIcandoforyou?

Tourist:No,thankyou.You'vebeenveryhelpful.

(2)Securityofficer:Pleaseemptyyoupocketsintothistrayandwalkthroughthemetaldetectoragain.It'sallrightnow.Thankyou.

Tourist:Youarewelcome.Thankyouforyourcourtesy.Thethirdwaytoexpresspolitenessistooftenuseinterrogativesentenceswithmodalverbs,suchascan,could,may,might,would,etc.Thiswayisindirectcomparedwiththefirsttwowaysandneedslisteners'fullunderstandingofthewholesentence,eventhediscourse.Forinstance:

1)Travelagent:Whatwouldyouliketodo?Wouldyouliketoseedifferentplaces?

Tourist:

Wouldyouprefertostayataresortandjustrelaxinthesun?

IthinkI'dlikearesortwhereIcouldgoswimming.

(2)Waitress:MayItakeyouorder?

Tourist:Yes,please.Althoughbeingpoliteisoneofthepersonalitiesofhumanbeingsandcaneasilyachieveit,politenessorcourtesyisaveryimportantprincipleintourismandisinturnaremarkablefeatureoftourismEnglish.Butthisfeatureismostlynoticeableinoralcommunicationinsteadofwrittenmaterialoftourism.D.StylisticFeatureofTourismEnglishAlthoughtourismEnglishismostlycomposedbythe"commoncore"ofEnglish(thebasiclanguageelementsofEnglish),ithasitsownstylisticfeature.Ingeneral,tourismEnglishisplainandnatural.Unlikeliteratureworks,tourismEnglishtendstousesimplelanguagetodescribeorrecordtheconcretestuffandfactsjustliketakingapicture.Thiscanbeillustratedbythefollowingexample:(1)OntheroadleadingfromcentralEuropetoAdriaticcoastlaysasmallSloveniantownofPostojna.Itssu