宜立特大學英語1-Unit12-Text-A-課件

1.Inwhatwaycanmusicinfluenceourlife?1.Musiccanrelax

ourbody;2.Musiccanopenourmind,andalsobebeneficialtoourheart;3.Musiccanhelpusfallasleep,enhanceourmemoryandattention;4.Musiccansoothethebaby'sbreathingandheartbeat,calmdownacryingbaby,and

promotethedevelopment

ofthinkingabilityofthebaby's

brain,thusmakinghimorhermoreintelligent.2.Doyouagreewiththeideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusiccanhelppromotethedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren?Itisoneofthoseideasthatsoundplausible.Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.Thetextismadeupofthreeparts.Trytogiveeachpartaheading.Thefirsthasbeengiven.ParagraphsHeadingsPart1(1-6)AnintroductiontotheMozarteffect:themainidea,theoriginalstudy,andtheeffectithashadonhumanlife.Part2()Part3()7-1213Ascientificexplanationfortheso-calledMozarteffectbasedonvariousstudies:brainarousal.Conclusion:apartialrefutationoftheMozarteffect.

DoesListeningtoMozartReallyBoostYourBrainpower?(1)Youhaveprobablyheardofthe“Mozarteffect”.It’stheideathatifchildrenorevenbabieslistentomusiccomposedbyMozarttheywillbecomemoreintelligent.AquickInternetsearchreveals

plentyofproductstoassistyouinthetask.WhateveryouragethereareCDsandbookstohelpyouto

harnessthepowerofMozart’smusic,butwhenitcomestoscientificevidencethatitcanmakeyoumoreclever,thepictureismoremixed.ByClaudiaHammond(2)Thephrase“Mozarteffect”wascoinedin1991,butitwasastudydescribedtwoyearslaterinthejournalNaturethatsparkedrealmediaandpublicinterestabouttheideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusicsomehow

improvesthebrain.Itisoneofthoseideasthatsoundplausible.Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.(3)Theideatookoff,withthousandsofparentsplayingMozarttotheirchildren,andin1998ZellMiller,theGovernorofthestateofGeorgiaintheU.S.,evenaskedformoneytobe

setasideinthestatebudgetsothateverynewbornbabycouldbesentaCDofclassicalmusic.It’snotjustbabiesandchildrenwhoweredeliberatelyexposedtoMozart’smelodies.WhenSergioDellaSala,thepsychologistandauthorofthebookMindMyths,visitedamozzarellafarminItaly,thefarmerproudlyexplainedthatthebuffaloswereplayedMozartthreetimesadaytohelpthemtoproducebettermilk.(4)I’llleavethedebateontheimpactonmilkyieldtofarmers,butwhatabouttheevidencethatlisteningtoMozartmakespeoplemoreintelligent?Exactlywhatwasitwasthattheauthorsofthe

initial

studydiscoveredthattookpublic

imagination

bystorm?(5)Whenyoulookbackattheoriginalpaper,thefirstsurpriseisthattheauthorsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvinearemodestintheirclaimsanddon’tevenusethe“Mozarteffect”phraseinthepaper.Thesecondsurpriseisthatitwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedwiththosestalwartsofpsychologicalstudies—youngadultstudents.Only36studentstakepart.Onthreeoccasionstheyweregivenaseriesof

mentaltaskstocomplete,andbeforeeachtask,theylistenedeithertotenminutesofsilence,tenminutesofatapeofrelaxationinstructions,ortenminutesofMozart’sSonataforTwoPianosinDmajor(K.448).(6)ThestudentswholistenedtoMozartdidbetterattaskswheretheyhadtocreateshapesintheirminds.Forashorttimethestudentswerebetteratspatialtaskswheretheyhadtolookatfoldeduppiecesofpaperwithcutsinthemandtopredicthowtheywouldappearwhenunfolded.Butunfortunately,astheauthorsmakeclearatthetime,thiseffectlastsforaboutfifteenminutes.Soit’shardlygoingtobringyoualifetimeofenhanced

intelligence.(7)Nevertheless,peoplebegantotheorizeaboutwhyitwasthatMozart’smusicinparticularcouldhavethiseffect.Didthecomplexityofmusiccausepatternsofcorticalfiringinthebrainsimilartothoseassociatedwithsolvingspatialpuzzles?(8)Moreresearchfollowed,andameta-analysisofsixteendifferentstudiesconfirmedthatlisteningtomusicdoesleadtoatemporaryimprovementintheabilitytomanipulateshapesmentally,butthebenefitsareshort-livedanditdoesn’tmakeusmoreintelligent.(9)ThenitbegantoemergethatperhapsMozartwasn’tsospecialafterall.In2010alargermeta-analysisofagreaternumberofstudiesagainfoundapositiveeffect,butthatotherkindsofmusicworkedjustaswell.OnestudyfoundthatlisteningtoSchubertwasjustasgood,andsowashearingapassagereadoutaloudfromaStephenKingnovel.Butonlyifyouenjoyedit.So,perhapsenjoymentandengagementarekey,ratherthantheexactnotesyouhear.(10)AlthoughwetendtoassociatetheMozarteffectwithbabiesandsmallchildren,mostofthesestudieswereconductedonadults,whosebrainsareofcourseataverydifferentstageofdevelopment.Butin2006alargestudywasconductedinBritaininvolvingeightthousandchildren.TheylistenedeithertotenminutesofMozart’sStringQuintetinDMajor,adiscussionabouttheexperiment,toasequenceof

threepopsongs:Blur’s“CountryHouse”,“ReturnoftheMack”byMarkMorrisonandPJ&Duncan’s“SteppingStone”.Onceagainmusicimprovedtheabilitytopredictpapershapes,butthistimeitwasn’taMozarteffect,butaBlureffect.ThechildrenwholistenedtoMozartdidwell,butwithpopmusictheydidevenbetter,sopriorpreferencecouldcomeintoit.(11)Whateveryourmusicalchoice,itseemsthatallyouneedtodoabitbetteratpredictiveorigamiissomecognitivearousal.Yourmindneedstogetalittlemoreactive,itneedssomethingtogetitgoing,andthat’sgoingtobewhicheverkindofmusicappealstoyou.Infact,itdoesn’thavetobemusic.Anythingthatmakesyoumorealertshouldworkjustaswell—doingafewstarjumps5ordrinkingsomecoffee,forinstance.(12)ThereisawayinwhichmusiccanmakeadifferencetoyourIQ,though.UnfortunatelyitrequiresabitmoreeffortthanputtingonaCD.Learningtoplayamusicalinstrumentcanhaveabeneficialeffectonyourbrain.JessicaGrahn,acognitivescientistatWesternUniversityinLondon,Ontario,saysthatayearofpianolessonscombinedwithregularpracticecanincreaseIQbyasmuchasthreepoints.(13)SolisteningtoMozartwon’tdoyouoryourchildrenanyharmandcouldbethestartofalife-longloveofclassicalmusic.Butunlessyouandyourfamilyhavesomeurgentimaginaryorigamitodo,thechancesarethatstickingonasonataisnotgoingtomakeyoubetteratanything.composevt.Vivaldicomposedalargenumberofveryfineconcertos.1.write(music,opera,etc.)寫作，創(chuàng)作（樂曲、歌劇等）HestartedatoncetocomposeareplytoAnna.他馬上開始給安娜寫回信。維瓦爾第創(chuàng)作了很多美妙的協(xié)奏曲。3.combinetogethertoformawhole構(gòu)成（整體）；組成Morethan17millionfirmscomposethebusinesssectorofoureconomy.我們經(jīng)濟中的商業(yè)部門由1,700萬家公司構(gòu)成。2.write(apoem,speech,etc.)寫（詩、講稿等）revealvt.Thesurveyrevealedthatthehousewasnotsuitableforliving.1.make(facts,etc.)known使（事實等）顯露出來Thecurtainopenedtorevealthegrandprize.大幕拉開，大獎?wù)宫F(xiàn)在眼前。那所房子經(jīng)調(diào)查表明不適合居住。2.causeorallow(sth.)tobeseen展現(xiàn)或顯示（某物）harnessvt.TurkeyplanstoharnessthewatersoftheTigrisriverforbighydro-electricpowerprojects.controlandusethenaturalforceorpowerofsomething控制及利用（自然界的力量）Hepaidtendollarsforthenewharness.他花十美元買了這件馬具。土耳其計劃利用底格里斯河的河水建設(shè)大型水利發(fā)電設(shè)施。n.equipmentconsistingofleatherstrapsandsaddleandmetalfittingsbywhichahorseiscontrolledandfastenedtothecart,plough,etc.thatitpulls馬具（包括皮帶和馬鞍以及金屬器具）It’stheideathatifchildrenorevenbabieslistentomusiccomposedbyMozarttheywillbecomemoreintelligent.

1.Whatisthe“Mozarteffect”?children,listentomusic,clever

聽莫扎特的音樂真的有助于智力提高嗎？

(1)你可能聽說過“莫扎特效應(yīng)”。這個觀點認為孩子，甚至是嬰兒如果聽莫扎特譜寫的音樂會變得更加聰明。在網(wǎng)上查一下可以發(fā)現(xiàn)許多能幫你完成這一任務(wù)的東西。無論年齡大小，總有CD和書籍能夠幫助你領(lǐng)會莫扎特音樂的魔力，但是當真的談到莫扎特音樂能夠使你變聰明的科學證據(jù)，情況就變得復(fù)雜起來?？藙诘蠇I·哈蒙德somehowad.SomehowwemustgettoGlasgow.1.insomeway;bysomemeans以某種方式；通過某種途徑Somehow,Idon’tfeelwecantrusthim.不知道為什么，我覺得我們不能信任他。我們得設(shè)法到格拉斯哥去。2.forareasonthatyoudonotknoworunderstand由于未知的原因undoubtedly

ad.Thenextfewdayswillbeundoubtedlycrucial.usedforsayingthatsomethingiscertainlytrueorisacceptedbyeveryone無疑；必定接下來的幾天無疑是至關(guān)重要的。Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.

2.WhydoestheMozarteffectseemplausible?Mozartwasageniusinmusic.It'sbecauseheissocleverthathecouldcomposesuchwonderfulmusic.plausible,似合理的

(2)“莫扎特效應(yīng)”這一術(shù)語創(chuàng)造于1991年，但真正激起媒體和公眾對這一話題興趣的是兩年后《自然》雜志中的一個相關(guān)研究。該研究認為，聽古典音樂會從某種程度上提高智商。這一觀點聽起來似乎有些道理。莫扎特本人無疑是一個天才，他的音樂變化多端，因此如果聽他的音樂聽得足夠多的話，在智力方面受到一點小的影響倒是不無可能。budgetn.Anewcarwillnotbepartofourbudgetthisyear.themoneythatisavailabletoapersonoranorganizationandaplanofhowitwillbespentoveraperiodoftime預(yù)算買一輛新車不在我們今年的預(yù)算之內(nèi)。Yes,somepeoplebelieveinit.ThousandsofparentsplayMozarttotheirchildren.In1998ZellMiller,theGovernorofthestateofGeorgiaintheU.S.,evenaskedformoneytobesetasideinthestatebudgetsothateverynewbornbabycouldbesentaCDofclassicalmusic.Besides,anItalianmozzarellafarmerbelievedthatbuffaloswouldproducebettermilkthroughlisteningtoMozart.

3.DopeoplebelieveintheMozarteffect?Why?ThinkabouttheCDsyourparentsboughtforyou,andalsoanyexamplesofitsmagiceffect.

(3)這個觀點很快傳播開來，成千上萬的父母給他們的孩子放莫扎特的音樂聽。1998年，美國佐治亞州州長澤爾·米勒甚至請求設(shè)置專門的財政預(yù)算來為每一位新生兒發(fā)放一份古典音樂CD?？桃馊ヂ犇匾魳返牟恢故菋雰汉秃⒆??！缎闹堑拿运肌芬粫淖髡?，心理學家瑟吉歐·戴拉·薩拉曾經(jīng)參觀過一個意大利農(nóng)場，農(nóng)場主驕傲地解釋說他們每天三次給水牛們播放莫扎特的音樂，以便幫助它們產(chǎn)出更好的牛奶。impactn.Tougherenvironmentallawscouldhavenegativeimpactsoneconomicgrowth.1.aneffect(usuallypowerful)orinfluence影響；效果We’lltestthetremendousimpactoftheshot.我們將對子彈的巨大沖擊力進行測試。更苛刻的環(huán)境法律會給經(jīng)濟增長造成負面印象。2.theactofoneobjecthittinganother;theforcewithwhichthishappens撞擊（力）；沖擊（力）initiala.Thetwocountrieshavetakentheinitialsteptowardreconciliation.oforatthebeginning開始的；最初的兩國已經(jīng)邁出了走向和解的第一步。imaginationn.Hisstoryisbeyondthereachofmyimagination.theabilitytocreatepicturesinone’smind想象力他的故事超出了我的想象。

(4)暫且不論農(nóng)場主所說的音樂和牛奶產(chǎn)量的理論，但是到底有什么證據(jù)能夠證明聽莫扎特的音樂可以使人變得更加聰明呢？最初做這個研究的作者究竟發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么，引得了公眾后來如此的想象？occasion

n.Herdresswastooshowyforsuchaformaloccasion.aparticulartimewhensth.happens（事情發(fā)生的）時刻，時候，場合在如此正式的場合，她的服裝過分華麗了。relaxationn.waysofrestingandenjoyingyourself;timespentrestingandenjoyingyourself消遣；松弛；放松Somepeopletakeupyogatoaidrelaxation.有些人通過練瑜伽來幫助放松。ThefirstsurpriseisthattheauthorsoftheoriginalstudyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvinearemodestintheirclaimsanddon’tevenusethe“Mozarteffect”phraseinthepaper.Thesecondsurpriseisthattheexperimentwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedonyoungadultstudents.(Thirdly,theauthorsmadeclearatthetime,thiseffectlastedforashortperiodoftime.)4.Whatarethedifferencesbetweentheoriginalstudyandthepublicunderstandingoftheso-calledMozarteffect?ThedefinitonofMozarteffect:1.onchildren;2.moreclever.Wastheoriginalstudywellconducted?

(5)當你回頭審視原來的那篇論文時，第一個讓你吃驚的事實就是美國加州大學埃爾文分校的這幾位作者在陳述自己的觀點時持謹慎的態(tài)度，甚至在論文中他們并沒有使用”莫扎特效應(yīng)”這一提法。第二個令你吃驚的事實是，這個實驗根本不是在兒童身上做的，而是在一些成年學生身上做的——這些人是心理研究最常使用的被試者。只有36個學生參加了這個實驗。在3種情況下，他們被要求完成一系列的智力任務(wù)。在每項任務(wù)之前，他們或者是聽一段10分鐘的留白，或者是聽一段10分鐘的放松引導(dǎo)錄音，或者是聽10分鐘的莫扎特D大調(diào)雙鋼琴奏鳴曲（K.448號作品）。enhancevt.increase(thegoodqualitiesofsb./sth.);make(sb./sth.)lookbetter增強（某人/某事物的優(yōu)點）；使（某人/某事物）看起來更好；提高；美化Humorcanenhancephysicalaswellasmentalwell-being.幽默感能夠增強身心健康。

(6)聽了莫扎特音樂的學生更好地完成了那些需要空間想象力的任務(wù)。在短時間內(nèi)，這些學生們更好地完成了對一個被剪過且折疊起來的紙張展開之后的形狀進行預(yù)測的任務(wù)。但不幸的是，正如作者當時就指明的，這種效果僅僅持續(xù)了15分鐘左右。因此，想藉此獲得終身的智力提高幾乎是不可能的。neverthelessad.inspiteofsth.thatyouhavejustmentioned雖然如此；然而Theoldsystemhaditsflaws,butneverthelessitwaspreferabletothenewone.舊系統(tǒng)雖然有缺點，但是它仍然比新系統(tǒng)要好一些。confirmvt.provideevidenceforthetruthorcorrectnessof(areport,anopinion,etc.);establishthetruthof證實；證明；確認Iwroteamemorandumtoconfirmourverbalagreement.我寫了份備忘錄以確認我們的口頭協(xié)議。temporarya.lastingorintendedtolastonlyforashorttime;notpermanent暫時的；臨時的HefoundtemporarylodginginParis.他在巴黎找到了一個臨時住所。

(7)然而，人們開始就為什么是莫扎特的音樂尤其具有這種效果進行理論研究。復(fù)雜的旋律是否能夠使大腦皮質(zhì)產(chǎn)生與解決空間難題相關(guān)的類似的效應(yīng)呢？

(8)越來越多的研究接踵而至，一項關(guān)于此話題的16個不同研究的薈萃分析證實，聽音樂確實能夠使空間想象力獲得暫時性的提高，但是這種效果持續(xù)時間不長，也不能使我們變得更加聰明。emergevi.1.(offacts,ideas,etc.)becomeknown（指事實、意見等）暴露，被知悉Lateritemergedthatthecompanyhademployedillegalimmigrants.后來，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)該公司雇傭了非法移民。Therabbitwillnotemergefromitsholewhileyouarethere.你在那兒，兔子是不會出洞的。2.appearorcomeoutfromsomewhere出現(xiàn)；露出engagementn.beinginvolvedwithsb./sth.inanattempttounderstandthem/it專注Tohisdelight,hisengagementinonlinelearninghasbroughthimgreatbenefits.使他感到高興的是，他專注于在線學習一事令他收獲頗豐。noten.1.asinglesoundofaparticularlengthandpitch(howhighorlowasoundis),madebythevoiceoramusicalinstrument;thewrittenorprintedsignforamusicalnote（樂器、嗓子等發(fā)出的）單音，鳴聲，音調(diào)，調(diào)；音符Mybrothercan’tsinganote.我的兄弟一點也不會唱。Imadeanoteofhernewaddressandphonenumber.我記下了她的新地址和電話號碼。2.ashortpieceofwritingtohelpyouremembersth.筆記OnestudyfoundthatlisteningtoSchubertwasjustasgood,andsowashearingapassagereadoutaloudfromaStephenKingnovel.AnotherstudyalsoshowedthatchildrenwholistenedtopopmusicdidevenbetterinpredictingpapershapesthanthosewholistenedtoMozart.5.WhichstudyprovesthatMozartisn’tsospecialininspiringhumanbeings’intelligence?1.Canwelistentoanyothermusician?2.Canwelistentoothertypeofmusicorsimplysomerecordingsifwewanttoperformwell?

(9)接著，又有觀點猜測可能莫扎特的音樂并無特殊之處。2010年，一項針對多項相關(guān)研究的更大型的薈萃分析再次肯定了某種正面效應(yīng)的存在，但是該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，其它類型的音樂同樣能夠起作用。一項研究表明，聽舒伯特的音樂效果也不錯，甚至聽一段大聲朗誦的斯蒂芬·金的小說也一樣有效果。但是，只有你樂在其中才行。因此，最關(guān)鍵的不是你所聽到的確切的音符，而是你在聽音樂的過程中的享受與投入。conductvt.organizeand/ordoaparticularactivity指揮（某事物）；控制；操縱Inordertoverifythetheorem,wedecidedtoconductanexperiment.為了驗證這條定理，我們決定做一個試驗。Thelawyerwasdismissedfromhispostforunprofessionalconduct.這名律師因其行為違反職業(yè)道德而被解職。n.thewaysomeonebehaves,especiallyinpublic,intheirjob,etc.（人的）行為；品行

(10)盡管我們總是傾向于把“莫扎特效應(yīng)”與嬰幼兒聯(lián)系在一起，但大多數(shù)此類研究的實驗都是在成年人身上進行的，而后者與前者處于截然不同的智力發(fā)展階段。但是，2006年有一項大型研究是以8000名學生作為被試者的。這些學生或者是傾聽10分鐘的莫扎特D大調(diào)弦樂四重奏，或者是傾聽一段10分鐘的關(guān)于這項實驗的討論，或者是連續(xù)傾聽3首流行歌曲：污跡樂隊的《望族之星》、馬克?莫里森的《麥克回來了》和PJ&鄧肯的《踏腳石》。音樂再次增強了被試者對紙張形狀的預(yù)測能力，但是這次并不是“莫扎特效應(yīng)”，而是“污跡效應(yīng)”。聽莫扎特音樂的那組兒童任務(wù)完成得不錯，但是聽流行音樂的那組做得更好，因此后者更應(yīng)該獲得優(yōu)先命名權(quán)。predictivea.relatingtotheabilitytoshowwhatisgoingtohappeninthefuture預(yù)言性的；預(yù)測性的Moreresearchisneededtoimprovethepredictivevalueofthetests.為了改進這些試驗的預(yù)測價值，還需要做更多的研究。arousaln.astateinwhichyoufeelexcitedorveryalert,forexampleasaresultoffear,stress,oranger激勵；鼓勵；喚醒；激發(fā)Thatisanareaofthebrainconnectedwithemotionalarousal.大腦的該區(qū)域與情緒激發(fā)有關(guān)。alerta.givingallyourattentiontowhatishappening,beingsaid,etc.警惕的；警覺的；機警的Agoodhuntingdogisalerttoeverysoundandmovementaround.一只好獵犬對四周任何響動均有警覺。Cognitivearousal(orenjoymentandengagement)isthekeytopeople’simprovementinpredictiveorigami.6.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthekeytopeople’simprovementinpredictiveorigami?predictiveorigami:折紙預(yù)測任務(wù):對一個被剪過且折疊起來的紙張展開之后的形狀進行預(yù)測Imaginationisneeded,andshouldbestimulated.

(11)無論你選擇的是何種音樂，為了更好地完成折紙預(yù)測任務(wù)，你需要的似乎就是某種認知激發(fā)。你的頭腦需要變得更加活躍，它需要一些東西使它運作起來，而你所喜愛的任何一種音樂都能夠達到這種效果。事實上，并不一定是音樂。任何能使你變得靈敏的東西都可以——比如做幾個星跳或者是喝點咖啡。instrumentn.1.apparatusforproducingmusicalsounds,e.g.apiano,violin,flute,ordrum樂器（如鋼琴、小提琴、笛或鼓）Hisneighbouraccusedhimofplayingthemusicalinstrumenttooloudly.他的鄰居指責他的樂器彈奏得太響了。Thecompassisaninstrumentofnavigation.羅盤是導(dǎo)航儀器。2.implementorapparatususedinperforminganaction,esp.fordelicateorscientificwork器具；器械；儀器beneficiala.causingagoodresult;advantageous有益的；有用的；有好處的Sunshineisbeneficialtoplants.陽光對植物有益。7.Inwhatwaycanmusichelpdevelophumanbeings’intelligence?Learningtoplayamusicalinstrumentcanhaveabeneficialeffectonhumanbrains.haveaeffecton:對什么起作用InordertoimproveourIQ,Canwejustsitthereandlisten?Shouldwedosomethingelse?

(12)不過，音樂可以以某種方式影響你的智商。遺憾的是，那需要付出比播放CD更多的努力。學習演奏一種樂器能夠給你的智力帶來有利的影響。杰西卡?格萊恩，西安大略大學的認知科學家說，一年的鋼琴課程加上常規(guī)練習能夠使智商提高三個百分點之多。urgenta.veryimportantandneedingtobedealtwithimmediately緊急的；迫切的Apartofthisurgenttaskwasallottedtous.這項緊急任務(wù)的一部分分給了我們。8.WhatisMozart’srealeffectonthedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren?ListeningtoMozartcouldbethestartofalife-longloveofclassicalmusic,whichmaycultivatechildren’sinterestinplayingmusicalinstruments,whichinturnhelpswithdevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren.Therootcause?(根源，最本質(zhì)的因素)Theseeminglyfactor(表面因素)

(13)因此，聽莫扎特的音樂不會給你本人或者你的孩子帶來任何壞處，它能夠成為對音樂一生鐘愛的起點。但是，除非你和你的家人有一些緊急的想象性折紙任務(wù)要做，僅僅聽一曲奏鳴曲可能不會使你在任何方面有所進步。plentyof Webelieveintakinginplentyoffreshairandgettingplentyofexercise.alotof很多；大量我們主張呼吸新鮮空氣和參加足夠的鍛煉。ruboff(on) Hewasatremendouslyenthusiasticteacherandthatrubbedoffonallthechildren.passaqualityorcharacteristictopeopleafterspendingtimewiththem因接觸（相處）而對……產(chǎn)生影響他是一名非常熱心的教師，這感染著所有的孩子們。setaside Nomatterhowbusyheis,hesetsaweekendasideforasmalltripwithhisfamilyeverymonth.keeporchoose(moneyortime)forsomepurpose特意留出（錢或時間）無論有多忙，他每個月都會騰出一個周末和家人一起作一次短途旅行。takepart(in) InearlydaysonlymaleathleteswereallowedtotakepartintheOlympicGames.tobeinvolvedinanactivitywithotherpeople參與在奧林匹克運動會早期，只有男性運動員才能參加比賽。aseriesof OxfordUniversityPresshaspublishedanewseriesofreadersforstudentsofEnglish.anumberof(thingsorevents)thatcomeoneaftertheother一系列的；一連串的牛津出版社出版了一套新的英語學習讀物。inparticular Iaminterestedinstoriesingeneral,andindetectivestoriesinparticular.especially,particularly,orexactly特別；尤其總的來說，我對小說感興趣，尤其是對偵探小說感興趣。asequenceof OnhisbusinesstriptoNewYork,hehadtoattendasequenceofmeetings.anumberof(eventsorthings)thatcomeoneafteranotherinaparticularorder一系列的在紐約出差期間，他得參加一系列會議。justaswell Inprincipleanyphysicscollegegraduatecandojustaswell.alsopreferableoradvisable也；無妨原則上任何一個物理學本科畢業(yè)的學生都可以做這件事情。makeadifference Doeshisabsencemakeadifferencetoyourwork?beofimportance;haveaneffect關(guān)系重大；有影響；起（重要）作用假如沒有他，你的工作會受影響嗎?donoharm Withthesepreconditions,pocketmoneywilldonoharmtotheirchildren.beagoodideaandwillnotcauseanyproblems（做某事）并無害處（反而可能帶來某些好處）有了這些前提條件，零用錢就不會對他們的孩子產(chǎn)生不利影響了。Exactlywhatwasitwasthattheauthorsoftheinitialstudydiscoveredthattookpublicimaginationbystorm?此句意為：最初做這個研究的作者究竟發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么，引得了公眾后來如此的想象？Thesecondsurpriseisthatitwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedwiththosestalwartsofpsychologicalstudies—youngadultstudents.本句意為：第二個讓你吃驚的事實是，這個實驗根本不是在孩子身上做的，而是在一些成年學生身上做的——這些人是心理研究最常使用的被試者。meta-analysis元分析或薈萃分析，其概念為對以往的研究結(jié)果進行系統(tǒng)的定量分析。Readthefollowingparagraphandlearnitbyheart.Payparticularattentiontothepronunciationandintonation.AlthoughwetendtoassociatetheMozarteffectwithbabiesandsmallchildren,mostofthesestudieswereconductedonadults,whosebrainsareofcourseataverydifferentstageofdevelopment.Butin2006alargestudywasconductedinBritaininvolvingeightthousandchildren.TheylistenedeithertotenminutesofMozart’sStringQuintetinDMajor,adiscussionabouttheexperiment,orasequenceofthreepopsongs:Blur’s“CountryHouse”,“ReturnoftheMack”byMarkMorrisonandPJ&Duncan’s“SteppingStone”.Onceagainmusicimprovedtheabilitytopredictpapershapes,butthistimeitwasn’taMozarteffect,butaBlureffect.ThechildrenwholistenedtoMozartdidwell,butwithpopmusictheydidevenbetter,sopriorpreferencecouldcomeintoit.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.composealerttakeoffexposeimpactsetasideappealtorevealdonoharmmakeadifference1.Thetransportationindustryisonehumanfactorthathashadasignificant________onourenvironment.2.Theswanseatnativeseaweedsgrowingonthesurfaceropesratherthanthevaluablecropofkelp,sothey_________tothecommercialoperation.3.Betweentheseexplorations,Irestedandtriedto________musicinmycabin.Myplanwastowriteasonataforpianoandviolin.impact

donoharmcompose4.Heisoneofthetop22playersincollegefootballwho_______________intheircommunity.5.Inthefollowingtwohours,youneedtobe________,withyoursensessharp.6.Themayoralcandidateisproposingtwoballotmeasures:anamendmenttotheCityCharterto__________fundsforthehousingprogramandaseparatemeasuretoraisethetransfertax.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.makeadifferencealertsetasidecomposealerttakeoffexposeimpactsetasideappealtorevealdonoharmmakeadifference7.Theeconomistsaidthatiftheeconomy________toosharply,inflationmightsimultaneouslyaccelerate.8.Theanswersintheinterviewcan_______whetheracandidateisanalytical,decisive,andinnovativeorhasgoodjudgment.9.Therecentpensionchangeswerepartlydesignedto________youngeremployeeswantingmoreportableretirementbenefits.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.tookoffrevealappealtocomposealerttakeoffexposeimpactsetasideappealtorevealdonoharmmakeadifference10.Withtheirpreferredfoodsourcesunavailable,theysearchedforfoodsuppliesfartheraway,which________themtogreaterdanger.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.exposedcomposealerttakeoffexposeimpactsetasideappealtorevealdonoharmmakeadifferenceThesuffix-alcanbeaddedtosomeverbs,usuallyverbsofFrenchorLatinorigin,toformnounstorefertoabstractverbalactions,meaning“theprocess”or“theact”.Changetheformofthewordsbelowandputthemintothefollowingsentencesproperly.

arousearriverefusedenyproposetryremovesurvive1.Emotional_________caninfluencepaindirectlybyincreasingmuscletension.

Extensions:moreexamplesofthiskindofsuffixare:-ance(appearance,acceptance,ignorance),-ence(occurrence,existence,interference),-ion(division,distortion,creation),-ment(measurement,replacement,development).arousal2.Unfortunately,thegovernmenthasbeenin_______aboutthetruestateofitsbanksprettymuchsincethecrisisbegan.3.Wehaveinvadedthenaturalenvironmentwithoutregardtotherealcoststohuman_______,untilnow.4.Thepolitician’s________frompowerresultedinaseriesofconflictsthatledtohundredsofthousandsofdeaths.arousearriverefusedenyproposetryremovesurvivedenialsurvivalremoval5.Peoplewouldpreferyougivethemagraciousliethananoutright_______.6.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencywillannouncea________Fridaytotightenthenation’sgasolinestandards.7.The_______ofgoodweatherissupposedtomeanthe_____oftourists.arousearriverefusedenyproposetryremovesurviverefusalproposalarrivalarrival8.Thenewmedicinehasbeenon_______forthepastyear,andnowithasalreadycomeontothemarket.arousearriverefusedenyproposetryremovesurvivetrialSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.

Thephrasethe“Mozarteffect”wascoinedin1991,butitwasastudydescribedtwoyearslaterinthejournalNaturethatsparkedrealmediaandpublicinterestabouttheideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusicsomehowimprovesthebrain.

“莫扎特效應(yīng)”這一術(shù)語創(chuàng)造于1991年，但真正激起媒體和公眾對這一話題興趣的是兩年后《自然》雜志中的一個相關(guān)研究。該研究認為，聽古典音樂會從某種程度上提高智商。medium—media bacterium—bacteriacrisis—crises analysis—analysesterminus—termini/terminuses basis—basesphenomenon—phenomenaSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.ButsomefollowtheEnglishrules(thoughtheiroriginalformsarestillusedsometimes).dogma—dogmas/dogmata formula—formulas/formulaegymnasium—gymnasiums/gymnasia antenna—antennas/antennae

stadium—stadiums/stadiaSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.Sometimestherearetwopluralformswithdifferentmeanings.appendix—appendixes/appendices(醫(yī)學術(shù)語)闌尾—appendices(書的)附錄index—indexes(書的)索引—indices(數(shù)學術(shù)語)指數(shù)SomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.Completethefollowingsentences,usingproperpluralformsofnouns.

3.Thethesiscollectioncomprisesover3,000higherdegreeresearch__________(論文).4.Thehistoryof_________(運動場)and__________(體育館)isa