《英語修辭學(xué)》第十章課件

EnglishRhetoricByChenPing

ChapterTenSemanticFiguresofSpeech1EnglishRhetoricByChenPingC10.1Simile10.2Metaphor10.3Metonymy10.4Synecdoche

10.5Antonomasia10.6Personification10.7Parody仿擬/戲仿10.8Synesthesia10.9TransferredEpithetContentsofThisChapter210.1SimileContentsofThi10.1Simile

DefinitionTwoconceptsortwosimilarthingsareimaginativelyanddescriptivelycomparedbecausetheyhaveatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommonorinresemblance.Thecommonestconnectivesare“l(fā)ike”and“as”.ItisoneofthecommonestfiguresofspeechinEnglish.(2)Fourbasicdemands:Ithasthecomparativewordssuchas“l(fā)ike”,“as”or“asif”,etc.Twothingsinvolvedincomparison:tenorandvehicle.ThetwothingsmustbesubstantiallydifferentThetwothingsshouldbesimilarinatleastonequality.310.1SimileDefinition(2)FourE.g.1)JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.2)Jimandhisbrotherareaslikeastwopeas.3)Mycarrunsasfastasthetrain.4)Arealfriendislikeamirrorthatcanhelpyouseeanydirtonyourface.5)Lifewaslikeajourneyfullofpitfalls(陷阱,圈套).6)Recordsfelllikeripeapplesonawindyday.4E.g.1)Jimlookslikehisbr(3)Classification:Functionally,simileisclassifiedinto:descriptive(描述型明喻),illuminative(啟示型明喻)andillustrative(說明型明喻).Descriptivesimile:

attempttodrawimagesofpeople,things,etc.,throughfigurativecomparison.E.g.Herlipswerered,herlockswereyellowasgold.Poplookedsounhappy,almostlikeachildwho’slosthispieceofcandy.Thebigblackflieshituslikebombs.5(3)Classification:Descriptive2)Illuminativesimile:trytogivedeeperinsightintopersons,things,ideas,evenproblems,throughsuggestiveassociation,ortothrowlightonwhatwouldotherwisebeinconceivabletoordinarypeople.E.g.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.

Whathappenedtoadreamdeferred(postponed)?Likearaisin(葡萄干)inthesun?Orfester(化膿)likeasore?Doesitstinklikearottenmeat?62)Illuminativesimile:try3)Illustrative說明型oftenusedinscientific,technologicalwriting.E.g.Whatistennis?Tennisislikeapingponggamescaleduptoasizablecourt.Itsfunctionistoexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorthingsunfamiliartoyouinsimple,concreteideas,orthingsfamiliartoyou.73)Illustrative說明型oftenusedi

Intermsofstructure,simileisdividedinto:closedsimileandopensimile.

Accordingtothecomparativewords,simileisdividedinto:“l(fā)ike”,“as”,“as…as”,“as…,so…”,“may(might)aswell…as”,“asif/though”,“what”,“more…than”,“remindof”,“compare...to…”,“resemble”,etc..E.g.Iamhungryasahorse.

Yourunlikearabbit.Sheishappyasaclam.Heissneakyasasnake.Thecloudswerefluffy

likecottonwool.Thebabywaslikeanoctopus,grabbingatallthecansonthegrocerystoreshelves.8Intermsofstructure,similMyhandwritinglooksasifaswarmofants,escapingfromaninkbottle,hadwalkedoverasheetofpaperwithoutwipingtheirlegs.Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumoraretoliterature.Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutsoul.Kingsandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers.國王跟狗熊一樣，總使照料者坐立不安。伴君如伴虎。9MyhandwritinglooksasifasThequalitythatsimilesmustpossess:FreshnessOriginalityTherepeatedlyusedsimilesshouldbeavoided:E.g.ascoldasice;asgoodasgold;asstrongasanox;ascunningasafox;10Thequalitythatsimilesmust

Lotsofclichésaresimiles.Theyarefuntouse,butdon’toverusetheminyourwriting!

E.g.Evenifyouarebusyasabeaver,it’snotascuteasabuttonorasAmericanasapplepietooveruseclichés.Itshouldbeasplainasthenoseonyourface!美國人很喜歡吃applepie。Applepie是一種用烤箱制作的甜點心，它的外面是一層面粉，里面是用蘋果做的餡兒。中文有時把applepie翻成“蘋果排”。美國人喜愛吃applepie是他們剛從歐洲移居到美洲來以后就開始了。每個家庭主婦都經(jīng)常做蘋果排。為了說明applepie是美國生活的一個特點，人們常說:“AsAmericanasapplepie.”這句話的意思是：就像蘋果派一樣具有美國特色。11Lotsofclichésaresimiles.10.2MetaphorDefinition:Metaphoruseswordstoindicatesomethingdifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning----onethingisdescribedintermsofanothersoastosuggestalikenessoranalogybetweenthem.Differencebetweenmetaphorandsimile:insimilethecomparisonisexplicit,whileinmetaphorthecomparisonisimplied.E.g.

Theworldisastage.Thetheoryistotallybasedonsolidfoundation.Aromancewasbudding.Theeconomyisoverheating.Sheexploded.1210.2MetaphorDefinition:E.g.1(2)Classification:

Visiblemetaphor:boththeprimaryterm(tenor)andthesecondaryterm(vehicle)arepresentinthesentence,“XisY”.E.g.ThepillowwasacloudwhenIputmyheaduponitafteralongday.NooneinvitesHaroldtopartiesbecausehe’sawetblanket（掃興的人或物）.E.g.Inoticetearswellingupinhereyes.Embarrassedatournoisychildren,wesheepishlytriedtosneakintothediningroom,hopingnottobenoticedbyothers.Thetemperaturefelltoamurderous-40℃.13(2)Classification:E.g.InotiStructure:

Thesignifiedisthesignifier.本體是喻體。Thetheoryisabuilding.Theromancewasaplant.Theeconomyismachinery.Shewasacontainer.Mytearsisawell.Wearesheep.Thetemperatureisamurderer.14Structure:ThesignifiedisthInvisiblemetaphor:Theprimarytermispresent,butthesecondarytermisnot.Thesecondarytermispresentbuttheprimarytermisnot.E.g.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Themachinesittingatthatdeskwasnolongeraman;itwasabusyNewYorkbroker.15Invisiblemetaphor:E.g.SomeBelieveitornot,youusemetaphorsandsimileseverydayofyourlife!Somewordsaremetaphorsallbythemselves.E.g.Shewasabrightstudent.Weallknowthat“bright”referstolight.Butinthissentencewearecomparingintelligencetolight.It’sametaphor!16Believeitornot,youusemet2．Metaphor1)名詞型Alltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.——WilliamShakespeare2）動詞型Theboywolfeddownthefood.3）形容詞型Shehasaphotographicmemoryfordetail.4）“of”型Thebridgeoffriendship/thevalleyofdespair/aflowerofagirl/afoxofaman/thesnakeoftraffic(隱喻/暗喻)172．Metaphor1)名詞型(隱喻/暗喻)17(3)Threepurposesofmetaphor:DescriptionIlluminationIllustration(4)Multi-aspectmetaphors:

Sustainedmetaphor:theprimarytermissuccessivelycomparedtotwoormoresecondaryterms.

Extendedmetaphor:aninitialcomparisonismadeandthendeveloped.18(3)ThreepurposesofmetaphorE.g.

Alltheworld’sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages……(W.Shakespeare)E.g.Poetryisthescentoftherose,thelighteninginthesky,thegleamofthefly,thesoundofthesea.19E.g.Alltheworld’sastage,(5)MixedmetaphorandDeadmetaphor:

Mixedmetaphor:twoormoreincongruouscomparisonruntogether.Deadmetaphor:referstothosewhichhavebeenusedforsolongthattheyhavelosttheirfigurativestrengthandbecomelifeless.MixedMetaphorE.g.Theseedsofrebellionwerekindledinsecret.Iskimmedoverthebooktotastethetoneofit.Suchmetaphorsshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyresultinincongruityofimagesandinconsistencyinlogic.20(5)MixedmetaphorandDeadmeDeadmetaphors:Ametaphorshouldmeetthreerequirements:FreshnessandoriginalityAptnessConsistencySomemetaphorshavebeenusedforsolongthattheyhavetheirfigurativestrengthandbecomelifeless.Theyarecalleddeadmetaphors.E.g.“I'mdeadtired”“She'stheappleofmyeye”“Heworemedown”“I'mheartbroken”“browofthehill”“Strongasanox”“headteacher”“branchesofgovernment”“toloseface”“l(fā)endahand”“seedsofdoubt”21Deadmetaphors:2110.3MetonymyDefinition:Involvingthesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.Forexample,thenameofareferentissubstitutedbythenameofanattributeorentityrelatedinsomesemanticwayorbyspatialproximityorbyotherreasons.E.g.crown/sceptre-----kingorqueenbottle-------alcoholicdrinkssword--------waranddestructionthecamp--------thetroops2210.3MetonymyDefinition:E.g.2(2)SourcesofMetonymyBodypartNameofapersonNameofaclearsignofanobjectorapersonNameofaplaceInstrumentorcontainerTrademarkorbrandLocation23(2)SourcesofMetonymy23E.g.

Thepenismightierthanthesword.Grayhairsshouldberespected.Heistoofondofthebottles.IhaveneverreadJamesJoyce.

Sheisfarfromthecradle.Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedintothegrave.

Hispursewouldnotallowhimthatluxury.24E.g.24E.g.HereadsShakespeare.AntonRubinsteinwasrenownedforhisrenditionofTchaikovsky.YesterdayIsawapipesmokingJohnBullastrideabicycle.WepayUncleSamwithourtaxes.ThatoldgoatthinksheisarealRomeo.

那個老色鬼自以為是羅密歐。

25E.g.HereadsShakespeare.25JohnBull“約翰?！?，是英國人或英國的綽號。其中也有一個典故：英國18世紀有位諷刺雜文作家叫約翰·阿布什諾特(JohnArbuthnot,1667—1735)，他于1725年出版了一本叫《約翰·布爾的歷史》(TheHistoryofJohnBull)的書。作者在書中創(chuàng)造了一個矮胖愚笨的紳士形象(即JohnBull)，用以諷刺當時輝格黨(“自由黨”的前身)在長期的西班牙王位繼承戰(zhàn)爭(WaroftheSpanishSuccession)中所扮演的角色。由于書中JohnBull這一形象塑造得相當成功，簡直就是當時當權(quán)者的影子，所以，它就成英國或英國人的綽號。UncleSam“山姆大叔”，是人們對“美國”“美國人”或“美國政府”的一種詼諧稱呼。據(jù)說在1812年的英美戰(zhàn)爭時，美國的軍事供應(yīng)品的箱子上都印著U.S.的字樣(UnitedStates第一個字母的縮寫)，而當時在美國特羅城(Troy)有一位專門檢查政府軍用品訂貨的官員，名叫塞繆爾·威爾遜(SamuelWilson)，他的朋友平日都叫他為“山姆大叔”(UncleSam)，由于UncleSam這兩個詞的第一個字母縮寫也是U.S.，所以特羅城的人便開玩笑說，這些軍用品箱子都是山姆大叔的。后來這個笑話傳開了，“山姆大叔”便成了“美國”、“美國人”或“美國政府”的綽號。26JohnBull“約翰?！保怯嘶蛴木b號。其中也(3)DifferencesbetweenmetaphorandmetonymyMetaphorcanbeconvertedintosimile,whilemetonymycannot;Metaphorappealstothereaders’imaginationforsimilaritybetweenthetwodifferentobjects,whilemetonymyappealstothereader’simaginationfortheassociationofideasitprovokes.E.g.Alltheworldisastage.Sheisapeacock.Thekettleisboiling.HelikestoreadHemingway.27(3)Differencesbetweenmetaph10.4Synecdoche

Definition:Afigurebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorviceversa;aswholeforpartorpartforwhole,genusforspeciesorspeciesforgenus,etc.Afigureofspeechbywhichapartisputforthewhole,thewholeforapart,thespeciesforthegenus,thegenusforthespecies,orthenameofthematerialforthethingmade.(2)VarioustypesofSynecdoche:Thepartforthewhole:E.g.2810.4SynecdocheDefinition:(2)Thewholeforthepart:Theabstractfortheconcrete,ortheconcretefortheabstract:Thespeciesforthegenus,orthegenusforthespecies:Nameofthematerialforthethingmade:29Thewholeforthepart:29(3)DistinctionbetweenMetonymyandSynecdocheWithsynecdoche,therelationshipbetweenthetwothingsinvolvedispart-and-whole:thatis,onethingisapartoftheother.Whereas,withmetonymy,thetwothingsinvolvedarecompletelydifferent.E.g.Herheartruledherhead.Hepaidtheworkers$5perhead.30(3)DistinctionbetweenMetonyFindoutfromthefollowingsentencestheexamplesofmetonymyandsynecdoche.Thebestpensoftheday();Tohaveanearformusic();Manyhandsmakelightwork.()Twoheadsarebetterthanone.()Thehallapplauded.()Thoseblueeyeswalkedintotheoffice(?).Thepenismightierthanthesword.()MMSSMMM31Findoutfromthefollowingse10.5AntonomasiaDefinition:Itisthereplacementofaproperbyacommonnoun.E.g.TheIronDuke------theDukeofWellingtonTheIronLady-------MargretThacherTheAlmighty--------GodanOdyssey----------alongandadventurousjourneyShefollowedherwayofOdysseystepbystepandgottothetopofheapinthesection.她沿著一條充滿艱難險阻的道路一步一步地奮斗，終于得到了這個部門的最高位置。3210.5AntonomasiaDefinition:32odyssey奧德賽，古希臘兩本僅存史詩中較新的一部，始于荷馬記述但也合并了歷代口耳相傳的故事內(nèi)容，描寫希臘戰(zhàn)士奧德賽在特洛伊城陷后如何掙扎奮斗以返回家園并奪回伊薩基王位所經(jīng)歷的冒險與考驗。Odysseyyears所謂奧德賽時期，指的是后20幾歲，30出頭的年輕人為生計奮斗的時期。他們大學(xué)之后，在工作與學(xué)校之間徘徊來徘徊去：時而工作，時而上學(xué)。對于他們來說，上學(xué)已不再是22歲之前的專利，而是如同男女朋友一般，可以換來換去。他們當中的很多人在經(jīng)濟上還不能完全獨立，還要依賴父母的支持。33odyssey奧德賽，古希臘兩本僅存史詩中較新的一部，始于荷(2)SourcesofAntonomasia:FromtheBibleormythologyE.g.Eden----paradiseJudas------atraitorDamonandPythias------lifelongfriendsFromhistoryE.g.Nero------atyrantCaesar------greatmanFromliteratureE.g.UncleTom-----aNegrowhocompromisesandconformswiththewhites34(2)SourcesofAntonomasia:34典出羅馬和希臘民間傳說。公元前4世紀在意大利的敘拉古(Syracuse)有一對生死之交的好友名叫達蒙(Damon)和皮西厄斯)Pythias。皮西厄斯因為觸犯國王狄奧尼西奧斯(Dyonysius)被判死刑。他很想在死去之前見見父母親和朋友，于是他請求暴君放他回家一趟，并保證按時回來伏法。但是，暴君不相信他會信守諾言，認為他只不過想借機會逃走。這時達蒙挺身而出，愿代皮西厄斯在獄中受刑。暴君欽佩達蒙的勇敢，就準了他們的請求。轉(zhuǎn)眼之間刑期到了，但皮西厄斯沒有回來。達蒙作好了死的準備，他對朋友的信賴一如既往，堅定不移。他知道這一定是他朋友身不由己或路途受阻。因為他是為所愛的人死的，所以顯得十分坦然，絲毫不感到悲傷。就在他被押赴刑場的最后時刻，皮西厄斯及時趕到了。暴風(fēng)雨和船只失事使他耽擱了。達蒙和皮西厄斯如此信賴，他們的友情如此真摯深厚，連暴君都為之感動，于是，他放了他們倆。暴君還不無感慨地說：“我愿意用我的全部財產(chǎn)換取這樣一位朋友?！?5典出羅馬和希臘民間傳說。公元前4世紀在意大利的敘拉古(Syr在英語中DamonandPythias一語就被人們用來表示“莫逆之交”，“生死之交”，刎頸之交。其中Pythias這一名詞在西塞羅著作中原為Phintias，而在古希臘傳說中則為Phinotias。1564年英國劇作家愛德華茲(RichardEdwards)創(chuàng)作了DamonandPythias一劇，使這一故事得以廣為流傳。Pythias這一形式雖屬訛誤，但卻在英語中一直沿用了下來。

例：TheDamonandPythiasoftheestablishmentwereDamonandPythiasnolonger.Theywerereadytoflyeachattheother’sthroat.

這家公司的兩位生死之交已經(jīng)再也稱不上莫逆了，他們成了不共戴天的仇人了。36在英語中DamonandPythias一語就被人們用來表Hercules海格力斯aheroofstrengthandbraveryTowerofBabel巴別通天塔confusionoftonguesAchilles’heel阿喀琉斯的腳跟aperson’sprincipalweaknessHolyGrail圣杯anobjectofquestthatishardtoobtaingospel福音truth,creed37Hercules海格力斯aheroofstrengt10.6PersonificationDefinition:Itisafigureofspeechwhichattributeshumancharacteristicstoimpersonalthings,suchasanimals,inanimateobjects,orabstractions.(2)Personificationisusuallyemployedtoaddvividnesstoexpression.Itcanbeproducedbytheuseofverbs,nouns,adjectives,adverbsandpronouns.3810.6PersonificationDefinitionA.Bytheuseofnouns(1)Procrastination延遲;耽擱isthethiefoftime.(2)Timeisthebestphysician.39A.Bytheuseofnouns39B.Bytheuseofverbs(1)Thekettleissingingjoyfully.(2)Alwaysinmyheartthere'sashriekstandingontiptoethatIhavetobeatdownandholdinundermyshawl.40B.Bytheuseofverbs40C.Bytheuseofadjectives(1)Theempirehadgrownhoaryandfeeblewithage.(2)TheyrodeherinacrossrollingfoamThecruel,crawlingfoam.(Kingsley)D.Bytheuseofadverbs(1)Herwordswerebitinglysarcastic.41C.Bytheuseofadjectives41E.Bytheuseofpersonalpronouns(1)Letlove,beinglight,bedrownedifshesinks.42E.BytheuseofpersonalpronPersonificationisparticularlyassociatedwithliterary,especiallypoeticlanguage.Writers,especiallypoets,liketousepersonification.E.g.:Thegreyseaandthelongblackland;Andtheyellowhalf-moonlargeandlow;AndthestartledlittlewavesthatleapInfieryringletsfromtheirsleep,AsIgainthecovewithpushingprow,Andquenchitsspeedi'theslushysand.43Personificationisparticularl(3)PersonificationcanbedividedintothefollowingtypesAnimalsandplantsInanimateobjectsAbstractidea(1)Lifehascheatedher.(2)Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.(3)InNovemberacold,unseenstranger,whomthedoctorcalledPneumonia,stalkedaboutthecolony,touchingonehereandtherewithhisicyfingers.(0.Henry)44(3)PersonificationcanbedivNounsoftimeandplaceusedassubjectsfollowedbyverbsassee,find,notice,discover,witness,take,etc.(1)ThefifthcenturysawtheendoftheRomanEmpireintheWest.

(2)Thiscornerhaswitnessedmanytrafficaccidents.45NounsoftimeandplaceusedaPersonificationisoftenusedinproverbsNecessityknowsnolaw.鋌而走險

Necessityisthemotherofinvention.Agreatshipasksdeepwater.Lieshaveshortlegs.謊言是站不住腳的。

Timeisthebesthealer.Justicehaslongarms.46Personificationisoftenused10.7ParodyDefinition:Itisakindofimitationwhichborrowsthestyleandtechniquesofatextorwriter’sidiolectandfitsnewsubjectmattertoit.Itisoftenusedforahumorousorsatiricalpurpose.Classification:Word-phraseparody:WordparaodyE.g.marathon(馬拉松)telethon（馬拉松式電視廣播節(jié)目），talkathon（馬拉松式答話或座談節(jié)目）4710.7ParodyDefinition:ClassifE.g.又如“gap”一詞，這個詞最早與missile搭配，形成missilegap，產(chǎn)生于美國1961年大選期間，指美國與蘇聯(lián)在導(dǎo)彈發(fā)展上的差距。這個詞一經(jīng)產(chǎn)生，引起了連鎖反應(yīng)：productiongap（生產(chǎn)上的差距）、developmentgap（經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方面的差距）、credibilitygap（信用差距）、generationgap（兩代人之間的差距）等一連串新詞相繼出現(xiàn)。原先只有war（熱戰(zhàn)），指“真刀真槍的戰(zhàn)爭”，至20世紀50-60年代東西方冷戰(zhàn)時便仿擬出coldwar（冷戰(zhàn)）。工業(yè)方面從overproduction（生產(chǎn)過剩）仿擬出underproduction（生產(chǎn)不足）。現(xiàn)今由housewife（家庭主婦）仿擬的househusband（家庭主男）、由chairman（主席）仿擬的chairwoman，chairlady和MadameChairman（女主席，女主持人）使用頻率很高。48E.g.48E.g.由“軍嫂”仿擬出“警嫂”,由“的哥”仿擬出“的姐”,由“白領(lǐng)”仿擬出“藍領(lǐng)”,由“文盲”仿擬出“法盲”、“舞盲”、“譜盲”、“股盲”系列,由“股民”仿擬出“彩民”、“險民”、“卡民”系列,由“導(dǎo)游”仿擬出“導(dǎo)購”、“導(dǎo)醫(yī)”、“導(dǎo)廁”系列,由“股市”仿擬出“車市”、“樓市”系列,49E.g.49Phraseparody:就是在短語層面仿擬固有短語而創(chuàng)造出“新”的詞語。固有短語可以是短語、諺語，也可以是成語中的某一關(guān)鍵詞。仿擬是對關(guān)鍵詞進行更換，以表達新的內(nèi)容。英漢語中仿成語現(xiàn)象俯拾皆是，不勝枚舉。E.g.如我們所熟知的佳潔士牙膏牙刷廣告“Doyourteethafavor．”就完全對應(yīng)仿擬了英語中現(xiàn)成短語“Dosomebodyafavor．”(幫某人一個忙)。日本航空公司AllNipponAirways廣告“Loveatfirstflight”仿常用短語“l(fā)oveatfirstsight”(一見鐘情)。蕭伯納的杰作“Allroadsleadtosocialism．”是根據(jù)諺語“AllroadsleadtoRome”(條條大路通羅馬)仿造而來。50Phraseparody:50漢語中“一箭數(shù)雕”原為“一箭雙雕”，“雙”改為“數(shù)”意在說明一舉多得?！皺M向聯(lián)吃”仿“橫向聯(lián)系”，“股迷心竅”仿“鬼迷心竅”，“身經(jīng)百告”仿“身經(jīng)百戰(zhàn)”，“‘衣’見鐘情”仿“一見鐘情”。

Sentenceparody:E.g.（1）Notallcarsarecreatedequal．(三菱汽車廣告)——并非所有的車都是生來平等的。

（2）對于男歌手，大眾的要求一般是：“帥”我所欲也，“酷”亦我所欲也，兩美相權(quán)，取其滄桑者也。（《都市快報》2001年2月4日）。51漢語中“一箭數(shù)雕”原為“一箭雙雕”，“雙”改為“數(shù)”意在說明例句1的本體是大家所熟知的名句“Allmenarecreatedequal.”(人是生而平等的)。意味深刻，令人回味。

例句2仿的是當年孟老夫子說的“魚，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也；二者不可兼得，舍魚而取熊掌也。”E.g.

“Loveme,lovemybooks.”(愛我，就愛我的書吧。)再看一香煙廣告：Tosmokeornottosmoke,thatisaquestion．(是抽煙還是不抽煙，這是一個問題！)52例句1的本體是大家所熟知的名句“Allmenarecr漢語中仿句更加豐富。如“變自已的態(tài)，讓別人去說吧！”“我是小妖我怕誰！”這兩句就分別仿“狂人”尼采的“走自已的路，讓別人去說吧！”和叛逆作家王朔的“我是流氓我怕誰！”，其內(nèi)涵與感染力十分豐富，那種大膽叛逆的味道給人以深刻印象。毛衣已經(jīng)脫下，穿起短裙的日子還會遠嗎？（《華西都市報》2002年3月8日）

此例以著名詩人雪萊的“冬天已經(jīng)來到，春天還會遠嗎？”作為春日調(diào)侃的本體，非常幽默詼諧，給人以輕松愉快的感覺。53漢語中仿句更加豐富。如“變自已的態(tài)，讓別人去說吧！”“我是小(一)仿古代詩句,例如:①此情可待成追憶,只是當時太刺激。②這家伙,怎一個“騷”字了得。③一失火成千古恨,再回頭已是百年身。(二)仿流行歌曲歌名或歌詞,例如:①瀟灑吃(玩,睡)一回。②搖呀搖,搖到奈何橋。(仿兒歌,勸誡服搖頭丸的公益廣告。)③仿張宇的歌《都是月亮惹的禍》的“都是××惹的禍”的句子更多,什么“都是太陽惹的禍”、“都是酒精惹的禍”、“都是眼睛惹的禍”等。54(一)仿古代詩句,例如:54(三)仿流行的俗語,例如:①可憐天下孩子心。②先動口為強。③新官上任三盆水。④人生難得幾回摸。(“摸”指打麻將)⑤年年歲歲題相似,歲歲年年人不同。(說高考)(四)仿其他的：例如，仿擬書名的,如仿水均益的《痛,并快樂著》的“×,并××著”的格式的句子:“累,并快樂著”(班主任工作)、“笑,并可恥著“(小偷得手之后)、“哭,并興奮著”(女子出嫁時)、“痛,并希望著”(中國足球)等。55(三)仿流行的俗語,例如:55

Textparody:即模仿成段文章或整篇詩文而創(chuàng)造出新的語篇。E.g.我們對JaneTaylor的小詩“TheStar”都很熟悉：

Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,HowIwonderwhatyouare!Upabovetheworldsohigh,Likeadiamondinthesky!

路易斯?卡羅爾（LewisCarrol）模仿這首小詩，寫出一首新詩：Twinkle,twinkle,littlebat,HowIwonderwhatyouareat!Uponabovetheworldyoufly,Likeateatrayinthesky!小小蝙蝠眨眼睛，你在干嗎我說不清！高高在上把翅展，好似空中一茶盤！卡羅爾巧妙地運用了仿擬這種修辭格，使自己的作品別具一格，饒有風(fēng)趣，令人忍俊不禁，啞言失笑。56Textparody:即模仿成段文章或整篇詩文而創(chuàng)造出新仿《?；丶铱纯础犯柙~:1.拿點兒大蔥,拿點大蒜,拿袋兒味精,拿包咸鹽;拿卷手紙,拿倆雞蛋,拿副鞋墊,拿包餅開,回家好像進了自選商店,一分不花是連扛帶搬,媽媽的身體他從來不管,還說明天給我做點海鮮!(諷刺兒子摳父母的東西。)2.抽點空閑,抽點時間,領(lǐng)著公仆,常下鄉(xiāng)看看。帶著法律,帶著文件,陪同干部,常下鄉(xiāng)看看。百姓積壓了一些心愿,農(nóng)民肩負了很多負擔。國家的政策向百姓說說,發(fā)展的路子跟百姓談?wù)劇?建議各級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)常下鄉(xiāng)看看,常關(guān)心農(nóng)民疾苦。)57仿《常回家看看》歌詞:57網(wǎng)上有一個初三的學(xué)生仿擬各種古詩詞對初三生活進行描述,讀來耐人尋味,令人深思。起床滿地嚴霜,漫天濃霧。鬧鈴聲聲心發(fā)怵。匆洗漱,恐師怒。飛奔來到教室處,“老班”早已把通途?！聫堭B(yǎng)浩《山坡羊潼關(guān)懷古》晨讀課本雖小,分數(shù)太重要。聞?wù)f清晨讀書好,咿咿呀呀湊熱鬧。起初精神還好,逐漸口干舌燥。只盼時辰快到,出去吃得飽飽?！曼S庭堅《清平樂》58網(wǎng)上有一個初三的學(xué)生仿擬各種古詩詞對初三生活進行描述,讀來上課七科老師車輪戰(zhàn),長年讀寫算。本本資料厚如磚,神仙也疲倦。下課鈴響方寸亂,老師安如山。怎把苦惱托過雁,到蓬萊,尋清閑。———仿李清照《武陵春》晚自習(xí)各科作業(yè)多如蟻,時間飛逝難留意。子夜鐘聲催學(xué)子。教室里,收書息燈孤門閉。本想一夢歸故里,成績滑坡生愁緒。月色悠悠枕夢囈。人已寐,夢中縈繞苦和累?！路吨傺汀稘O家傲》59上課59考試無言步入考場,心發(fā)慌,正襟危坐閉眼禱吉祥。東瞧瞧,西望望,是惆悵,別有一番滋味在心上?！吕铎稀断嘁姎g》無題少年已識初三味,吃盡苦頭,吃盡苦頭,碰到困難不回頭。明日謹記初三味,欲說還休,欲說還休,苦樂伴我天涯游?！滦翖壖病冻笈珒骸?0考試60Parodyforegroundsoralienates,exposesandmakescertainstylisticfeaturesofthetextprominent;ontheotherhand,initsownfreedom,itpromotesitsownidentityandexposesitsdifference.Withparody,theimitationisnotverystrict.Itresemblesitssourcejustinpart.Itadoptstheformofthesourceandfillsintoitwithnewmeaningbychangingsomeoriginalwords.Parodycanbeusedforvariouspurposes:mocking,satire,humorandcomic.So,itisfavouredbywriters,orators,aswellasbycommonpeople.Itiswidelyemployedinconversation,literature,advertising,newspaper,andsoforth.61Parodyforegroundsoralienate10.8Synesthesia通感Definition:

Itreferstothemixingofsensationsorthestimulationofonesensethatproducesamentalimpressionassociatedwithadifferentsense.(2)Classification:SenseofvisionmixedwithsenseofhearingSenseofvisionmixedwithsenseoftouchSenseoftouchmixedwithsenseofhearingSenseoftastemixedwithsenseofhearing6210.8Synesthesia通感Definition:6SenseofvisionmixedwithsenseoftasteSenseofvisionmixedwithsenseofhearingSenseofsmellmixedwithsenseofmodalitiesSharpears/eyes/voice/smellSoftlightSourlook怒視SweetmusicAloudshirt花哨的63SenseofvisionmixedwithseSoftmusiclikeaperfumeandsweetlightGoldenwithaudibleodorsexquisiteSwathemewithcerementsforeternity.（A.Symons:Theopiumsmoker）柔和的音樂宛如馥郁的香氣，甜美的光，金光燦燦伴著清晰可聞的高雅氣息，包裹著我令我沉寂于永恒之中。64SoftmusiclikeaperfumeandInAds:Posnerlipstick：Musictoyourlips.波色爾唇膏：您嘴唇上的音樂旋律。顏色艷麗光澤鮮明的唇膏與動聽的音樂旋律之間有著深層次的美的聯(lián)系?？吹酵吭谧齑缴掀G麗的波色爾就如同欣賞一首優(yōu)美動聽的音樂旋律一樣，視覺美移向了聽覺美，令人向往、令人陶醉；這樣的廣告叫人美在心中，過目難忘。65InAds:6510.9TransferredEpithetTheword"epithet"derivesfromtheGreekword"epitheton",whichmeans"thatwhichisadded".afigureofspeechinwhichanadjectiveproperlymodifyingonenounisshiftedtoanothernouninthesamesentence.

6610.9TransferredEpithetThewo漢語中的移就怒發(fā)沖冠；為他人做嫁衣裳；戀歌，病床，禮服；Myhosthandedmeahospitableglassofwine67漢語中的移就怒發(fā)沖冠；67(1)Hehadsomecheerfulwineattheparty.(Winemadehimcheerful-"cheerful"hasbeentransferredfrom"he"towine.)(2)Thisnewtendencyhasraisedmanyaconservativeeyebrow.(Eyebrowshowstheconservativeattitudesofthepeople-"conservative"hasbeentransferredfrompeopletotheeyebrow.)(3)Heatewithawolfishappetite.(Hewassohungrythatheatelikeahungrywolf-"wolfish"hasbeentransferredfrompeopletoappetite.)68(1)Hehadsomecheerfulwine(4)Hansshruggedascornfulshoulder.(5)NurseDuckettreactedtothequestionwithastartledgasp.(J.Heller)(6)Theworkersarerepairingthebuildingonadizzyheight.(7)Nowo'ertheonehalf-world,Natureseemsdead,andwickeddreamsabuseThecurtainedsleep.(Shakespeare)69(4)Hansshruggedascornfuls1.Therewasanamazedsilence.2.Ienjoyedthecoolsupportofthewater.3.IwouldalwaysrecallthoselongpurposelessdaysinwhichIshedallthatIhaveeverbeen.4.Thesailorsswarmedintoalaughing,cheeringringaroundthetwomen.5.Theyprolongedtheclasp(握手)forthephotographers,exchangingsmilingwords.701.Therewasanamazedsilence6.Eachhearth(爐子)intheschoolroomwasimmediatelysurroundedbyadoublerowofgreatgirls,andbehindthemtheyoungerchildrencrouchedingroupswrappedtheirstarvedarmsintheirpinafores(圍裙).--JaneEyre7.Notforabout100yearshadBritainwitnessedsuchamiserableApril,repletewithblizzards,rainstormsand–finally–flooding.716.Eachhearth(爐子)inthescthreegroups:1.Parallelrelationship(1)Shesattherewithembarrasseddelight.(Shesatthere,embarrassedanddelighted-"Embarrassed"isparallelto"delight".)(2)Shewasbrimmingwithagitatedbewilderment.(Hardy)(Shewasveryagitatedand,atthesametime,greatlybewildered--"Agitated"isparallelto"bewilderment".)(3)Hisrecentkindnesswaswinningasurprisedgratitudefromthelonelygirl.(Thegirlwasbothsurprisedbyandgratefulforhis"recentkindness"---"surprised"isparallelto"gratitude".)72threegroups:1.Parallelrelat2.Cause-effect/Effect-causerelationship(1)Heansweredwithadelightedsmile.(Hesmiledbecausehewasdelighted:cause-effect)(2)Twoofthelargestandmostpowerfulnationsoftheworldhavesince1950livedinisolatedignoranceofoneanotherandinmutualfearandhate.(ANewChinaPolicy)(Theywereisolatedandsotheywereignorantofoneanother:cause-effect)(3)Thewarrantofficershookhisheadinnumbastonishment.(Theofficer'sastonishmentmadehimnumb:effect-cause)732.Cause-effect/Effect-causer3.Modifyingrelationship(1)"Ofalifetime,"repeatedMrs.Rogmer,sweetlymurmuringandcastingtowardsherfriendaneloquentglance.(“Eloquent"modifies"glance".)(2)Heansweredwithahelplesssmile.(“Helpless"modifies"smile".)(3)"Itisthelaw,"remarkedtheancientclerk,turninghissurprisedspectaclesuponhim.(Ditto)(“Surprised"modifies"spectacles".)(4)Theskyturnedtoatenderpalletofpinkandblue.("Tender"modifies"pallet".)743.Modifyingrelationship7410.9TransferredEpithetTransferredepithetbearsthecharacteristicsofbrevityandvividness.commoninpoetry

Winterkeptaswarm,coveringEarthinforgetfulsnow,feedingAlittlelifewithdriedtubers.-----T.S.Eliot'sTheWasteLand7510.9TransferredEpithetTransf

Question:Whatarethefeaturesoftransferredepithet?Outofone’sexpectationbutratheracceptable;Original;Thought-provoking(引人思考);Concise;Reflectingtheauthor’swayofunderstandingtheworld(對世界的一種認知方式);76Question:WhatarethefeaturAnalyzethefollowingpoemwritten