2014職稱英語理工B補(bǔ)全短文

1-MobilePhones

Mobilephonesshouldcarryalabeliftheyproved1tobeadangeroussourceofradiation,accordingtoRobertBell,ascientist.Andnomoremobilephonetransmittertowersshouldbebuiltuntilthelong-termhealtheffectsoftheelectromagneticradiationtheyemitarescientificallyevaluated,hesaid.“Nobody’sgoingtodropdeadovernight2butweshouldbeaskingformorescientificinformation，”RobertBellsaidataconferenceonthehealtheffectsoflow-levelradiation._1__Areportwidelycirculatedamongthepublicsaysthatuptonowscientistsdonotreallyknowenoughtoguaranteetherearenoill-effectsonhumansfromelectromagneticradiation.AccordingtoRobertBell,thereare3.3millionmobilephonesinAustraliaaloneandtheyareincreasingby2,000aday3._2__Aswell,thereare2,000transmittertowersaroundAustralia,manyinhighdensityresidentialareas5.__3__Theelectromagneticradiationemittedfromthesetowersmayhavealreadyproducedsomeharmfuleffectsonthehealthoftheresidentsnearby.RobertBellsuggeststhatuntilmoreresearchiscompletedtheGovernmentshouldbanconstructionofphonetowersfromwithina500metreradiusofschoolgrounds,childcarecentres,hospitals,sportsplayingfieldsandresidentialareaswithahighpercentageofchildren.__4__Headdsthatthereisalsoevidencethatifcancersufferersaresubjectedtoelectromagneticwavesthegrowthrateofthediseaseaccelerates.__5__AccordingtoRobertBell,itisreasonableforthemajortelephonecompaniestofundit.Besides,healsourgestheGovernmenttosetupawide-ranginginquiryintopossiblehealtheffects.（CBEAD）

AHesaysthereisemergingevidencethatchildrenabsorblow-levelradiationataratemorethanthreetimesthatofadults6.

BBytheyear20004itisestimatedthatAustraliawillhave8millionmobilephones：nearlyoneforeverytwopeople.

C“Ifmobilephonesarefoundtobedangerous,theyshouldcarryawarninglabeluntilpropershieldscanbedevised,”hesaid.

DThenwhofinancestheresearch?

EForexample,Telstra,OptusandVodaphonebuildtheirtowerswhereitisgeographicallysuitabletothemanddisregardtheneedofthecommunity.

FTheconclusionisthatmobilephonesbringsmoreharmthanbenefit.

2-TheWorld'sLongestBridge

Rumorhasitthat1alegendarysix-headedmonsterlurksinthedeepwatersoftheTyrrhenianSeabetweenItalyandtheislandofSicily.(1)Whencompletedin2010,theworld'slongestbridgewillweighnearly300,000tons一equivalenttotheicebergthatsanktheTitanic—andstretch5kilometerslong.“That'snearly50percentlongerthananyotherbridgeeverbuilt.’，saysstructuralengineerShaneRixon.(2)They'resuspensionbridges,massivestructuresbuilttospanvastwaterchannelsorgorges.Asuspensionbridgeneedsjusttwotowerstoshoulderthestructure'smammothweight,thankstoheftysupportingcablesslungbetweenthetowersandanchoredfirmlyindeeppoolsofcementateachendofthebridge.TheMessinaStraitBridgewillhavetwo54，100-tontowers,whichwillsupportmostofthebridge'sload.Thebeefycablesofthebridge,each1.2meterindiameter,willholdupthelongestandwidestbridgedeckeverbuilt.WhenconstructionbeginsontheMessinaStraitBridgein2005,thefirstjobwillbetoerecttwo370meter-tallsteeltowers.(3)Gettingthesecablesupwillbesomething2.It'snotjusttheirlength—totally5.3kilometers—buttheirweight.'—(4)Afterloweringvertical“suspender’，cablesfromthemaincables,builderswillerecta60meter-wide54,630-tonsteelroadway,ordeck—wideenoughtoaccommodate12lanesoftraffic.Thedeck'sweightwillpulldownonthecableswithaforceof70,500tons.Inreturn,thecablesyankupagainsttheirfirmlyrootedanchorswithaforceof139，000tons—equivalenttotheweightofabout100,000cars.Thoseanchorsareessential.(5)（CBEFD）

ASomeenvironmentalistsareagainsttheprojectonbiologicalgrounds.

BWhatdotheworld'slongestbridgeshaveincommon?

CIftrue,onedayyoumightspythebeastwhilezipping(呼晡而過)acrosstheMessinaStraitBridge.

DThey'rewhatwillkeepthebridgefromgoinganywhere.

EThesecondjobwillbetopulltwosetsofsteelcablesacrossthestrait,eachsetbeingabundleof44,352individualsteelwires.

FTheywilltipupthescalesat166,500tons—morethanhalfthebridge'stotalmass.

3-ReinventingtheTable

Anearthscientisthasrejiggedtheperiodictable1tomakechemistrysimplertoteachtostudents.__1_ButBruceRailsbackfromtheUniversityofGeorgiasaysheisthefirsttocreateatablethatbreakswithtraditionandshowstheionsofeachelementratherthanjusttheelementsthemselves.“Igottiredofbreakingmyarmstryingtoexplaintheperiodictabletoearthstudents,”hesays,criss-crossinghishandsintheairandpointingtodifferentbitsofatraditionaltable.__2__Buthehasaddedcontourlinestochargedensity,helpingtoexplainwhichionsreactwithwhich."Geohemistsjustwantanintuitivesenseofwhat'sgoingonwiththeelements,"saysAlbertGalyfromtheUniversityofCambridge4,__3___4____Heexplainsthatsulphur,forexample,showsupinthreedifferentspots—oneforsulphide,whichisfoundinminerals,oneforsu1phite,andoneforsu1phate,whichisfoundinseasa1t,forinstance.Hehasalsoinc1udedsymbolstoshowwhichionsarenutrients，andwhicharecommoninsoi1orwater.____5____（ABCDE）

A.TherehavebeenmanyattemptstoredesigntheperiodictablesinceDmMMendeleev2drewitupin1871.

B.Railsbackhasstillorderedtheelementsaccordingtothenumberofprotonstheyhave.

C.“Iimaginethiswouldbegoodforundergraduates.”

D.Railsbackhaslistedsomeelementsmorethanonce.

E.Andthesizeofelement’ssymbolreflectshowmuchofitisfoundintheEarth’scrust.

F.Thetraditionalperiodictablewaswelldrawn.

4-TheBilingualBrain

WhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKoreasateenager,hehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.Asagraduatestudent,KimworkedinthelabofJoyHirsch,aneuroscientistinNewYork.__1Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon'tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.

TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)scannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople.__2.Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho,likeKim,learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybefore,firstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn'tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning.KimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca'sarea~,whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproduction,andWernicke'sarea,whichisthoughttoprocessmeaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke'sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.3__PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca'sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca'sareafortheirsecondlanguage.__4Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildren,theirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscomplete,theprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.Asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouch,sound,andsight.5__.(FBACE0

AButtheiruseofBroca'sareawasdifferent.

BOnegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren.

CHowdoesHirschexplainthisdifference?

DWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguagelearning.

EAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeclass.

FTheirworkledtoanimportantdiscovery.

5-TheMagicofSound

Musicisoneofthemostbeautifulformsofartisticexpressionseverinvented.Inmoviesandplays,musichasanaddedfunction1:itnotonlymovespeoplebutalsocanshockpeople.Isittruethatanordinarymusicalinstrumentcanbesopowerful?Oureardrumscanwithstandsoundwithin20to80decibels.Oncesoundexceedsthislimit2,evenbeautifulmusicwillbecomeear-splittingnoise3andharmhealth.Astrongblastofhighsoundcantwistandbreakasolidironsheet._1__Thenoisefromaplane'sengineisover140decibels.However,thesoundofafluteisatmostafewdecibels.__2____Ithasbeenproventhatpeoplewhohaveworkedinanenvironmentwithahighsoundintensityforalongtimesuffervaryingdegreesofheartdiseaseoralteredbrainwaves.Inmovies,sometimestheherocanproduceasoundthatordinarypeoplecan'thearandonlythosewhohavethesameabilitycanfeel.Innature,thereisactuallysoundthatisbeyondourhearing.Inphysics,thesoundthatexceeds20,000Hziscalledultrasonic._3____Itdoesnoharmtohealth.Soundlessthan20Hziscalledinfrasonicwaves.Whenwemove,theairwillvibrate.____4__Asthefrequencyofinfrasonicwavesisclosetothatofpeople'sinternalorgans,infrasonicwavemaycauseresonanceinhumanbodies.Asaresult,people'svisionmayweakenandinternalorgans4mayrupture.However,whetheraninfrasonicwavecanbeusedasaweapondependsonitsintensity5.Ifitsintensityisverylow,itwon’tdamageinternalorgansoraperson'shealth._5__Whenwindblowsataforceof3or4overthesea6,itwillproduceinfrasonicwavesofseveraldecibels.Onlytyphoonscanproduceinfrasonicwavesofover100decibels.Atpresent,scientistscanonlyproduceinfrasonicweaponsinthelabwiththehelpofadvancedscientifictoolsandpowerfulelectricpower.(AFEBD)

AHighsoundof150decibelscankillahealthyrat.

BThevibrationofaircanproduceinfrasonicwaves.

CWecannotplayhigh-pitchedmusicwithordinarymusicalinstruments.

DIftheintensityofinfrasonicwaveexceeds160decibels,itisextremelyharmful.

EDolphins,whalesandbatscanmakesuchhigh-frequencysound.

FTherefore,thesoundofordinarymusicalinstrumentscannotharmyourhealth.

6-DungtoDeath

FieldsacrossEuropearecontaminatedwithdangerouslevelsoftheantibioticsgiventofarmanimals.Thedrugs,whichareinmanuresprayedontofieldsasfertilizers,couldbegettingintoourfoodandwater,helpingtocreateanewgenerationofantibiotic-resistant“superbugs”.2_ThewarningcomesfromaresearcherinSwitzerlandwholookedatlevelsofthedrugsinfarmslurry.____1__Some20,000tonsofantibioticsareusedintheEuropeanUnionandtheUSeachyear.Morethanhalfaregiventofarm-animalstopreventdiseaseandpromotegrowth.____2___Mostresearchersassumedthathumansbecomeinfectedwiththeresistantstrainsbyeatingcontaminatedmeat3.Butfarmoreofthedrugsendupinmanurethaninmeatproducts,saysStephenMuelleroftheSwissFederalInstituteforEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologymDubendorf.____3__Withmillionsoftonsofanimalsmanurespreadontofieldsofcropssuchaswheatandbarleyeachyear,thispathwayseemsanequallylikelyrouteforspreadingresistance,4hesaid.Thedrugscontaminatethecrops,whicharetheneaten.____4__Muellerisparticularlyconcernedaboutagroupofantibioticscalledsulphonamides.___5____HisanalysisfoundthatSwissfarmmanurecontainsahighpercentageofsulphonamides;eachhectareoffieldcouldbecontaminatedwithupto1kilogramofthedrugs.Thisconcentrationishighenoughtotriggerthedevelopmentofresistanceamongbacteria.5Butvetsarenottreatingtheissueseriously.Thereisgrowingconcernattheextenttowhichdrugs,includingantibiotics,arepollutingtheenvironment.Manydrugsgiventohumansarealsoexcretedunchangedandarenotbrokendownbyconventionalsewagetreatment.(EDBFA)

ATheydonoteasilydegradeordissolveinwater.

BAndmanurecontainsespeciallyhighlevelsofbugsthatareresistar.ttoantibiotics,hesays.

CAnimalantibioticsisstillanareatowhichinsufficientattentionhasbeenpaid.

DButrecentresearchhasfoundadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseduseofthesefarmyarddrugsandtheappearanceofantibiotic-resistantbugsthatinfectpeople.

EHisfindingsareparticularlyshockingbecauseSwitzerlandisoneofthefewcountriestohavebannedantibioticsasgrowthpromotersinanimalfeed.

FTheycouldalsobeleachingintotapwaterpumpedfromrocksbeneathfertilizedfields.

7-TimeintheAnimalWorld

RhythmcontrolseverythinginNature.__1__Thesunprovidesabasictimerhythmforalllivingcreaturesincludinghumans.Nearlyallanimalsareinfluencedbysuncyclesandhavedevelopedabiologicalclockintheirbodiesfollowingthesecycles.Themoonalsoexertsitsforceandinfluenceonthesea.ItsgravitationalattxacSoncausestherisingofthetide.2__WhenthemoonisbehindtheEarth,centrifugalforcecausesthesecondtideoftheday.Animalslivingintidalareasmusthavetheinstinctofpredictingthesechanges,toavoidbeingstrandedanddyingofdehydration.Sincethetimeofthedinosaurs,thekingcrabhasbeenlayingeggs1attheseasideinasetway2.Toavoidpredatorfish3，theeggsarealwaysfarfromseawaterandprotectedbysand.Inthefollowingtwomonths,theeggsundergodramaticchangesrelatedtothecyclesofthemoon4.Whenthesecondspringtidecomes,theyoungkingcrabshavematured._3__Mostofthemammals,eitherthegiantelephantorthesmallshrew,havethesameaveragetotalnumberofheartbeatsintheirlifetime.Shrewsliveonlyfortwoandahalfyears,andspendtheirlifeatahighspeedandhightempo.Animalslikeshrewswithapulserateof600perminutehaveanaveragetotalofeighthundredmillionheartbeats5throughouttheirlife.TheAfricanelephanthasapulserateof25beatsperminute,andalifespan6of60years.Thesizeofthebodydeterminesthespeedoflife.____4___Aswegetolder,oursenseoftimeisbeinginfluencedbythephysiologicalchangesofourbody.Theelderlyspendmoretimeresting,anddofewsports.___5_Forachild,aweekisseenasalongtime.（BDFCA）

AForanadult,timegoesfastyearbyyear.

BItcontrols,forexample,theflappingofbirds,tingoftheheartandtherisingandsettingofthesun.

CThelargertheanimalis,thelongeritslifespanisandthesloweritslifetempois.

DThetidegoesoutwhenthemoonmovesawayanditsattractionisweaker.

EWealwaystendtothinkalltheanimalshavethesamesenseoftimeashumanbeings.

FThesecondspringtidetakesthembacktothesea.

8-WatchingMicrocurrentsFlow

Wecannowwatchelectricityasitflowsthrougheventhetiniestcircuits.Byscanningthemagneticfieldgeneratedaselectriccurrentsflowthroughobjects,physicistshavemanaged____1____.Thetechnologywillallowmanufacturerstoscanmicrochipsforfaults,aswellasrevealingmicroscopicdefectsinanythingfromaircrafttobanknotes.GangXiaoandBenSchragatBrownUniversityinProvidence,RhodeIsland,visualizethecurrentbymeasuringsubtlechangesinthemagneticfieldofanobjectand____2__Theirsensorisadapted1fromanexistingpieceoftechnologythatisusedtomeasurelargemagneticfieldsincomputerharddrives.2”Weredesignedthemagneticsensortomakeitcapableofmeasuringveryweakchangesinmagneticfields,”saysXiao.Theresultingdeviceiscapableofdetectingacurrentasweakas10microamperes,evenwhenthewireisburieddeepwithinachip,anditshowsupfeaturesassmallas40nanometersacross.Atpresent,engineerslookingfordefectsinachiphavetopeeloffthelayersandexaminethecircuitsvisually;thisisoneoftheobstacles____3____.Butthenewmagneticmicroscopeissensitiveenoughtolookinsidechipsandrevealfaultssuchasshortcircuits,nicksinthewiresorelectromigration—whereadenseareaofcurrentpicksupsurroundingatomsandmovesthemalong.“Itislikewatchingariverflow,”explainsXiao.Aswellasscanningtinycircuits,themicroscopecanbeusedtorevealtheinternalstructureofanyobjectcapableofconductingelectricity.3Fprexample,itcouldlookdirectlyatmicroscopiccracksinanaeroplane’sfuselage,____4____.Thetechniquecannotyetpickupelectricalactivityinthehumanbrainbecausethecurrentthereistoosmall,butXiaodoesn’truleitout4inthefuture.“Icanneversaynever,”hesays.Althoughtheresearchershaveonlyjustmadethetechnicaldetailsofthemicroscopepublic,itisalreadyonsale,5fromelectronicscompanyMicroMagneticsinFallRiver,Massachusetts.Itiscurrentlythesizeofarefrigeratorandtakesseveralminutestoscanacircuit,butXiaoandSchragareworking____5____.(DEBFA)

AtoshrinkittothesizeofadesktopcomputerandcutthescanningBtomakingchipsanysmallerCtotaketinychipswerequireDtopicturetheprogressofthecurrentsEconvertingtheinformationintoacolorpictureshowingthedensityFf