冪學(xué)教育2015年管理類聯(lián)考公益?？加⒄Z試卷二

2015年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試管理類專業(yè)學(xué)位聯(lián)考

英語二試卷【2】

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently_3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot_4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.

5he,however,mighttrembleatthe_6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin

_8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.

ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,_912-15pointsabovethe_10valueof100,andhavecontributed_11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe_12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,

14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)_17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.

[A]selected [B]prepared[C]obliged [D]pleased

[A]unique [B]particular[C]special [D]rare

[A]of [B]with[C]in [D]against

[A]subsequently [B]presently[C]previously[D]lately

[A]Only[B]So [C]Even[D]Hence

[A]thought [B]sight[C]cost[D]risk

[A]advises [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects

[A]progress [B]fact[C]need[D]question

[A]attaining[B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating

[A]normal [B]common[C]mean[D]total

[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely [D]unaccountably

[A]missions[B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers

[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve

[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however [D]meanwhile

[A]givenup[B]gotover [C]carriedon[D]putdown

[A]assessing[B]supervising [C]administering[D]valuing

[A]development [B]origin[C]consequence [D]instrument

[A]linked [B]integrated[C]woven [D]combined

[A]limited [B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed

[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable[D]continuous

SectionII ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

TextOne

Thepromiseoffindinglong-termtechnologicalsolutionstotheproblemofworldfoodshortagesseemsdifficulttofulfill.Manyinnovationsthatwereonceheavilysupportedandpublicizedhavesincefallenbythewayside.Theproposalsthemselvesweretechnicallyfeasible,buttheyprovedtobeeconomicallyunviableandtoyieldfoodproductsculturallyunacceptabletotheirconsumers.

Onecharacteristiccommontounsuccessfulfoodinnovationshasbeenthat,evenwithextensivegovernmentsupport,theyoftenhavenotbeentechnologicallyadaptedorculturallyacceptabletothepeopleforwhomtheyhadbeendeveloped.Asuccessfulnewtechnology,therefore,mustfittheentiresocialculturalsysteminwhichitistofindaplace.Securityofcropyield,practicalityofstorage,andcostsaremuchmoresignificantthanpreviouslybeenrealizedbytheadvocatesofnewtechnologies.

Theadoptionofnewfoodtechnologiesdependsonmorethanthesetechnicalandculturalconsiderations;economicfactorsandgovernmentalpoliciesalsostronglyinfluencetheultimatesuccessofanyinnovation.EconomistsintheAnglo-Americantraditionhavetakentheleadininvestigatingtheeconomicsoftechnologicalinnovation.Althoughtheyexaggerateinclaimingthatprofitabilityisthekeyfactorguidingtechnicalchange—theycompletelydisregardthe

substantialeffectsofculture—theyarecorrectinstressingtheimportanceofprofits.Mosttechnologicalinnovationsinagriculturecanbefullyusedonlybylargelandownersandareonlyadoptediftheseprofit-orientedbusinesspeoplebelievethattheinnovationwillincreasetheirincomes.Thus,innovationsthatcarryhighrewardsforbigagribusinessgroupswillbeadoptedeveniftheyharmsegmentsofthepopulationandreducetheavailabilityoffoodinacountry.Further,shouldanewtechnologypromisetoaltersubstantiallytheprofitsandlossesassociatedwithanyproductionsystem,thosewitheconomicpowerwillstrivetomaintainandimprovetheirownpositions.Therefore,althoughtechnicaladvancesinfoodproductionandprocessingwillperhapsbeneededtoensurefoodavailability,meetingfoodneedswilldependmuchmoreonequalizingeconomicpoweramongthevarioussegmentsofthepopulationswithinthedevelopingcountriesthemselves.

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?

Asuggestionismadeandargumentsinitsfavorareprovided.

Acriticismisimposedandalternativeproposalissuggested.

Anexampleisanalyzedandgeneralconclusionsarederived.

Ageneralizationisadvancedandsupportingevidenceisprovided.

Theauthorsuggeststhat,inmostemergingcountries,extensivegovernmentinterventionaccompanyingtheintroductionofafoodinnovationwill .

usuallybesufficienttoguaranteethefinancialsuccessoftheinnovation.

benecessarytoensurethatthebenefitsoftheinnovationwillbespreadthroughoutthesociety.

normallyoccuronlywhentheinnovationfavorslargelandowners.

generallycostthecountrymorethanwillbeearnedbytheinnovation.

―publicized∥(Line2,Para.1)ismeant .

givepublicity

published

ownedbypeople

public

Theauthorprovidesasustainedargumenttoupholdwhichofthefollowingassertions?

Profitabilityisneithernecessarynorsufficientforanewtechnologytobeadopted.

Profitabilityisthekeyfactorguidingtechnologicalchange.

Economicfactorsandgovernmentalpoliciesstronglyinfluencetheultimatesuccessofanyinnovation.

Innovationscarryinghighrewardsforbigagribusinessgroupsharmthepoor.

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistodiscussthe .

meansofassessingtheextentoftheworldfoodshortage.

difficultiesofapplyingtechnologicalsolutionstotheproblemoffoodshortages.

costsofintroducinganewfoodtechnologyintoadevelopingcountry.

natureofthenewtechnologicalinnovationsintheareaoffoodproduction.

TextTwo

ItwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewYork.First,partofabuildingonWest140thStreet,inHarlem,felldown.Bedstumbledthroughtheair,peopleslidoutoftheirapartmentsandontotheground,threepeopledied,andtheRedCrosswasthere,helpingshockedresidentsfindtemporaryshelter,andfoodandclothing.Thenitwasbackdowntownforthatevening’sbigfund–raiser,theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDance,atthePierre.―That’swhyIhavebedhairtonight,∥saidChristopherPeake,aRedCrossspokesmanwhohadspentmuchofthedayattheHarlenscene,inthedrizzlingrain.Hewasnowinatuxedo,andactuallyhishairdidn’tlooksobad,fromeightcrystalchandeliers.

DefinitelynothavingabadhairnightwasElizabethDole,thewifeofSenatorRobertDoleandthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCross.TresidentDolehaschestnutcoloredRepublicanhair,whichwassoftlycoifed,andshewaswearingafittedburgundyvelveteveningsuit(―Someonemadeitforme!Ilovevelvet!∥sheexclaimed,inherenthusiastic,NorthernCarolinahostessvoice)andsparklingdropearrings.Ofcourse,shehadn’tbeenstandingintheraininHarlem;shehadjustflownuponthethree-o’clockshuttlefromWashington.Doleisextremelypretty,withroundgreeneyesandafullmouthandadirestpersonality.Shetiltsherheadattentivelywhenshelistens.Shewastherecipientoftheevening’saward;previousawardwinnershaveincludedAliceTully,PrincessYasminAgaKhan,…and,mostrecently,BrookeAstor.NotexactlyasequenceattheendofwhichyouwouldexpecetofindElizabethDole,butawardgiversarefamousforhavingpoliticalinstinctsaswellasphilanthropicones.

Surroundedbythedeep–blueswagsandgoldendraperiesoftheballroomweremorethanthirty–fivedinnertablessetwithgroupingsofcandlesandfloralcenterpiecesandRoyalDoultonchina.AmericanExpresswasthere.SowereBristol–MyersSquibb;Cooperslybrand;theNewYorkTimesCompany;UnionBankofSwitzerland;ChemicalBank;NewYorkLife;…andPriceWaterhouse.TheactressArleneDahl,withratherredhairandherbeardedhusband,presidedoveronetable.Otherwise,itwasatypical,faceless,captain–of–industryfundraiser(nomodels!nostars!),ofwhichthereseemstobeatleastoneeverynightinNewYorkCity.Itwasnotasocietynight,butstilltheeveningraisedfourhundredandthirtythousanddollars.

Fromwhatwereadwecaninferthat―itwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewYork∥meansitsstaff .

[A]dealwiththefallofhousesinthecityeveryday

[B]arebusyhelpingpeoplewhosufferfromdisasterseveryday[C]workduringthedayandtohavebanquetintheeveningeveryday

[D]gotoHarlen,thepoorestdistrictofNewYork,everydayandhelppeoplethere

Thefund–raisermentionedinthepassagerefersto .[A]RobertDole

[B]ElizabethDole

[C]theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDance[D]allthebusinesscompaniesattendingthedinnerdance

ChristopherPeake’shairdidn’tlooksobadbecause .[A]hewaswearingahandsometuxedo

[B]hewaswearingtulipsonhissuit[C]hewasseenamongflowers

[D]hewassittingnearflowersandinverysoftlight29.ElizabethDolewas .

[A]thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossandactedattheDinnerasaNorthCarolinahostess[B]arepublicanandwifeofthepresidentoftheAmericanRedcross

[C]thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossanditsmainrepresentativeattheAnnualDinnerDance

[D]borninNorthCarolina,becameanair–hostessandlatermarriedsenatorRobertDole30.ThepresenceofanactressattheDinnermadethefundraising .

[A]lessimpersonal [B]atypicalfund–raisingevent

[C]lesspersonal [D]morebusiness–like

TextThree

Forthegenerationthatgrewupduringthefeministrevolutionandtherapidsocialchangeofthe1960sand1970s,itatfirstseemedachievementenoughjustto"makeit"inaman'sworld.Butcoupledwiththeirambition,today'swomenhavedevelopedafiercedeterminationtofindnewoptionsforbeingbothparentandprofessionalwithoutsacrificingtoomuchtoeitherroleorburningthemselvesoutbeyondredemption.

Womenhavedonealloftheaccommodatingintermsoftime,energy,andpersonalsacrificethatishumanlypossible,andstilltheyhavenotreachedtrueintegrationintheworkplace.Foracomplicatedsetofreasons-manybeyondtheircontrol-theyfeelconflictbetweentheircareersandtheirchildren.Allbutararefewquicklydispelthemyththatsuperwomeneverexisted.

Formanywomen,professionandfamilyarepittedagainstoneanotheronahigh-stakescollisioncourse.Women'svaluesarestackedagainstthetraditionsoftheirprofessions.Inthehome,menandwomenstruggletofigureouthowdual-careermarriagesshouldwork.Roleconflictforwomenreachesfarbeyondthefundamentalwork/familydilemmatoencompassawholeconstellationoffiercelycompetingpriorities.Womentodayfindthemselvesinanintense

battlewithasocietythatcannotletgoofanarrowlydefinedworkethicthatissupportedbyafamilystructurethathasnotexistedfordecades.Theunspokenassumptionpersiststhatthereisstillawomanathometoraisethechildrenandmanagethehousehold.Buttheeconomicrealityisthatmostpeople,whetherintwo-parentorsingle-parentfamilies,needtoworkthroughouttheiradultlives.Asaconsequence,themajorityoftoday'smothersareinthelabormarket.

Thefirstfull-fledgedgenerationofwomenintheprofessionsdidnottalkabouttheiroverbookedagendaorthetollittookonthemandtheirfamilies.Theyknewthattheirpositionintheofficewasshakyatbest.Withvirtuallynochoiceinthematter,theyboughtintothetraditionalnotionofsuccessintheworkplace-usuallyattainedatthehighcostofgivingupaninvolvedfamilylife.Iftheysufferedself-doubtorfrustrationabouthowhollowprofessionalsuccessfeltwithoutcomplementaryrewardsfromthehome,theyblamedthemselves-eitherforexpectingtoomuchorfordoingtoolittle.Andtheyaskedthemselvesquestionsthatheldnoeasyanswers:AmIexpectingtoomuch?Isitme?AmIaloneinthisdilemma?Dootherwomentrulyhaveitall?

Accordingtothepassage,today'swomen .

［A］wanttoachieveabalancebetweenherloyaltiestoworkandfamily

［B］arestrongeradvocatesofgenderequalitythantheoldergeneration

［C］donotwanttosacrificeanythingatallforthedesiredliberation

［D］aregettingnonearertoachievingtheirambitioninlife

Whatisthemythheldbysome"superwomen"?

［A］Personalcareerscanbereconciledwithparentalresponsibilities.

［B］Thedevotiontocareerweighsmorethantheregardforchildren.

［C］Theycanresistthetemptationofambitiontomakegreatachievements

［D］Theconflictsbetweencareersandchildrencanberesolved.

Inwhatwaydowomentodayfindthemselvesinanintensebattlewiththesociety?

［A］Thesocietyregardswomenaslessabletoperformsocialtasks.

［B］Womendotoomuchabouttheircareerandtoolittleabouttheirfamilies.

［C］Thesocietystillholdsthetraditionalimageaboutafamily.

［D］Womennolongerregardthefamilyasabasicunitofthesociety.

Whenwomenfailtoachieveabalancebetweenworkandchildren,they .

［A］letthingsgotheirowncourses ［B］admitthattheyarenotsuperwomen

［C］usuallychoosetogiveuptheirwork ［D］oftenblamethemselvesforit

Theauthor'sattitudetowardswomendilemmaseemstobeoneof.

［A］suspicion［B］indifference［C］irony［D］sympathy

TextFour

Wehavetorealizehowold,howveryold,weare.Nationsareclassifiedas"aged"whentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged650rabove,andbyabout1970everyoneof

theadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocieties,withover13percentabove65,allareinNorthwesterEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolder,andthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowth,theolderitspopulationislikelytobe

---atleast,foranyfuturethatcancersusnow.

Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeadded,andsomeofthemareonlyrecentlyrecognized.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio-thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearnalivingdependonthosewhocan

-ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworld,be-causelotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange.

If―revolution"isarapidresettlementofthesocialstructure,andiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructure,thentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogether,thesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.Thesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicy,heldatVichyinFrance.

everprecededusanywhere,andthiswillcontinue.Buttoomuchofthatlengthened

experience,

eveninthewealthyWest,willbeexperienceofpovertyandneglect,unlesswedo

somethingabout

ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesterEuropethanelsewhere,ratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathrate,thatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursociety,ofcourse,butinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathas

it.

Ifyouareinyourthirties,yououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenow,ofcourse,thegreaterthisproportionwillbe,andgreaterstillifyouareawoman.

36.Accordingtothepassage,reallyagedsocietiesmayinclude

[A]alldevelopednationswithoutexception

[B]everyEuropeancountry

[C]Germany,France,andGreatBritain

[D]Canada,Australia,andtheUnitedStates

37.Theauthorarguesthatthemaincauseofagedsocietiesis

[A]notsomuchthedecreaseindeathrateasthefallinbirthrate

[B]nomoretheincreaseinbirthratethanthatindeathrate

[C]notmuchthedropindeathrateanymorethantheriseinbirthrate

[D]asmuchthegrowthinbirthrateasthedeclineindeathrate

38.Thedependencyratioinoldersocietiesismoreadvantageousthanthatinyoungeronesinthat .

[A]oldpeoplearemoreinactivethandependentbabies

[B]youngchildrenaremorehandicappedthantheinactiveaged

[C]theinactiveagedaremorereliablethandependentbabies

[D]dependentbabiesaremoreofahandicapthantheinactiveelderly

39.Thewriterismostprobablyinfavorofthestatementthat

[A]itwilltakelongfortheagingofadvanceddevelopedsocietiestochange

[B]peopleover50indevelopedsocietiesmayhaveseenasocialstructureresettlement

[C]theworldconferenceaboutagingwasconsideredasachallengetoscience

[D]inmodemsociety,amanover30canexpecttoliveuptosixty40.Theauthorassertshisbeliefthat

[A]thegrowthinnumberoftheoldisliableforthefallinthatoftheyoung

[B]theolderwomenare,thehigherthelevelof"aged"becomes.

[C]thegreaterdependencyofbabiesissubjecttothechangeinsocialstructure

[D]the"aged"society'simplicationhasbeenacknowledgedforalongtimePartB

Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Messagetransmissioninthebodyfromthechemicalperspective

Howfoodinfluencemoodandmind

Substancescontainedinsomefoodcanimprovebrainpower

Anexampleoftheinfluenceoffoodonmindandmood

Foodproduceschemicalmessengersinthebrain

Theeffectsandapplicationofneurotransmitters

Hippocrates,the―FatherofMedicine∥,said,―Letyourfoodbeyourmedicine,andletyourmedicinebeyourfood.∥ForaGreekborninthefifthcenturyB.C.,Hippocrateswaswisebeyondhistime.Today,weknowthatalow-fatdietrichinwholegrains,fruits,andvegetablesstrengthenstheimmunesystemandreducestheriskofcancer,heartdisease,andstroke.But,Hippocrates,lendanear!There’smoretothestory.Newevidencesuggeststhatfoodmayinfluencehowhealthypeoplethinkandfeel.Werehealivetoday,Hippocratesmightlookbacktohislastmealtoexplainhischeerful(orsour)mood.Hemightalsochangehiseatinghabitstobecomehappierorsmarter.

41.

Imagineyourselflyinginbed,yourmindinturmoil.Youtossandturn,butsleepwon’tcome.Maybeabedtimesnackwouldhelp.Whatshouldyouchoose?Ifyouthinkfirstoftoasterwafflesorpopcorn,someexpertswouldsayyou’reontherighttrack.Foodshighincomplexcarbohydrates－suchascereals,potatoes,pasta,crackers,orricecakes－makemanypeoplerelaxedanddrowsy.

Tryonemore.Youhaveamathtestcomingupintheafternoon.Youwanttobesharp,butyouusuallyfeelsleepyafterlunch.Isyourbestchoiceanenergyfixoffriesandashakeorabroiledchickenbreastandlow-fatyogurt?Ifyoupickthehigh-fatfriesandshake,youmayfeelsluggishandblowthattest.Theprotein-richchickenandyogurtarebetterchoices.Proteinfoodsenergize,someexpertssay.

42.

Howdoesfoodaffectmoodandmind?Theanswermaylieinthechemistryofthebrainandnervoussystem.Moleculescalledneurotransmittersarechemicalmessengers.Theycarryanerveimpulseacrossthegapbetweennervecells.Thereleaseofneurotransmittermoleculesfromoneneuronandtheirattachmenttoreceptorsitesonanotherkeepanerveimpulsemoving.Nerveimpulsescarrymessagesfromtheenvironmenttothebrainforexample,thepainyoufeelwhenyoustubyourtoe.Theyalsocarrymessagesintheotherdirection,fromthebraintothemuscles.That’swhyyoubackawayfromtheobstaclethatinitiatedthepainsignalandexclaim,

―Ouch!∥

43.

―Manyneurotransmittersarebuiltfromthefoodsweeat,∥saysneuroscientistEricChudleroftheUniversityofWashington.Toolittleortoomuchofaparticularnutrientinthedietcanaffecttheirproduction,Chudlersays.Forexample,tryptophanfromfoodssuchasyogurt,milk,bananas,andeggsisrequiredfortheproductionoftheneurotransmitterserotonin.

44.

Dozensofneurotransmittersareknown;hundredsmayexist.Theireffectsdependontheiramountsandwheretheyworkinthebrain.Theneurotransmitterserotonin,forexample,isthoughttoproducefeelingsofcalmness,relaxation,andcontentment.Drugsthatpreventitsreuptake(intotheneuronthatreleasedit)areprescribedtotreatdepression.Inatleastsomehealthy,non-depressedpeople,carbohydratefoodsseemtoenhanceserotoninproductionandproducesimilareffects.―Itisthebalancebetweendifferentneurotransmittersthathelpsregulatemood,∥Chudlersays.

45.

Propernutritionmayalsoenhancebrainpower.CholineisasubstancesimilartotheBvitamins.It’sfoundineggyolks,wholewheat,peanuts,milk,greenpeas,liver,beans,seafood,andsoybeans.Thebrainusesittomaketheneurotransmitteracetylcholine.Totesttheeffectsofcholineonmemoryandlearning,researchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologygave

memoryteststocollegestudentsbeforeincreasingtheamountofcholineintheirsubjectsdiets.Later,theyretested.Ontheaverage,memorieswerebetter,andthestudentslearnedalistofunrelatedwordsmoreeasily.

―We’rejustscratchingthesurfaceinthisfield,∥saysLarryChristensen,apsychologistattheUniversityofSouthAlabama,―butweknowthattherearedefinitebehavioraleffectsofdiet.∥There’salottolearn,andfutureresearchmayrevealmoreaboutthechemistryofmood,brain,andnutrition.Untilthen,itmakessensetocho