自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)及大題

自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)及大題自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)及大題/自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)及大題自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)00832重點(diǎn)與大題目錄Chapter1 1課文重點(diǎn) 1名詞解釋 4簡(jiǎn)答題 4Chapter2 5課文重點(diǎn) 5名詞解釋 6簡(jiǎn)答題 7分析題 7Chapter3 7課文重點(diǎn) 7名詞解釋 8簡(jiǎn)答題 9分析題 9Chapter4 9課文重點(diǎn) 9名詞解釋 12簡(jiǎn)答題 12分析題 13Chapter5 13課文重點(diǎn) 13名稱(chēng)解釋 15簡(jiǎn)答題 15分析題 16Chapter6 16課文重點(diǎn) 16名詞解釋 19簡(jiǎn)答題 20分析題 21Chapter7 22課文重點(diǎn) 22名詞解釋 23簡(jiǎn)答題 23分析題 23Chapter8 24課文重點(diǎn) 24名詞解釋 24簡(jiǎn)答題 25分析題 25Chapter9 26課文重點(diǎn) 26名詞解釋 28簡(jiǎn)答題 28分析題 29Chapter10 29課文重點(diǎn) 29名詞解釋 30簡(jiǎn)答題 30部分試卷中的大題 312016-10 312009-04 32Chapter1課文重點(diǎn)1-Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.1詞定義包括以下幾點(diǎn)：（1）一門(mén)語(yǔ)言中最小的自由形式;（2）一個(gè)聲音的統(tǒng)一體（3）一個(gè)意義單位;（4）在一個(gè)句子中獨(dú)立起作用的一個(gè)形式。詞是一門(mén)語(yǔ)言中具有一定的聲音、意義和句法功能的最小的自由形式。2-SoundandMeaning:symbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitraryandconventional.Adogiscalledadognotbecausethesoundandthethreelettersthatmakeupthewordjustautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.2-聲音和意義：象征性聯(lián)系幾乎總是任意和約定成俗的，狗稱(chēng)為狗不是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)聲音以與這三個(gè)字母在一起就能自動(dòng)表示這種動(dòng)物。3-OldEnglish,thespeechofthetimewasrepresentedverymuchmorefaithfullyinwritingthanitistoday.TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.3–古代英語(yǔ)，隨著語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展，聲音和形式之間的差異越來(lái)越大。產(chǎn)生這種差異的內(nèi)在原因是英語(yǔ)拼寫(xiě)采用了拉丁字母，從而使英語(yǔ)中的每個(gè)音位并不能都用單獨(dú)的字母來(lái)表示，有些字母必須起雙重職能或組合在一起來(lái)表示一個(gè)音。Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.另一個(gè)原因是，發(fā)音比拼寫(xiě)變化的快，在某些情況下，兩者產(chǎn)生了很大的差異。Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.第三個(gè)原因是，是由于早期抄寫(xiě)僧所造成的一些差異。Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.最后一個(gè)原因是外來(lái)詞。外來(lái)詞是豐富了英語(yǔ)詞匯的重要途徑。5-Vocabulary:Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Wealsouseittorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.Thegeneralestimateofthepresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisoveronemillionwords.5-詞匯：一門(mén)語(yǔ)言中所有的詞構(gòu)成該語(yǔ)言的詞匯。“詞匯”一詞具有多重含義。它不僅可以指一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的詞匯量，還可以指某一特制定時(shí)期的詞匯。我們還可以用該詞指稱(chēng)某一方言的詞匯、某一本書(shū)的詞匯、某一學(xué)科的詞匯，甚至還可指某個(gè)人的詞匯量。英語(yǔ)是世界上高度發(fā)達(dá)的語(yǔ)言之一，也是詞匯量最大、最豐富的語(yǔ)言之一。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)詞匯量已達(dá)100多萬(wàn)詞。6-Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.按使用頻率分，詞可以分為基本詞匯和非基本詞匯;按有無(wú)實(shí)義來(lái)分，詞可以分為實(shí)義詞和功能詞；按起源分，它又可分為本族語(yǔ)詞和外來(lái)語(yǔ)詞。7-Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.Thesewordshaveobviouscharacteristics.7-一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的基本詞匯是長(zhǎng)期積累下來(lái)的，是該語(yǔ)言的共核。雖然英語(yǔ)中的基本詞匯只占總詞匯量的一小部分，但卻是最重要的部分?；驹~匯具有下列明顯的特點(diǎn)。8-Allnationalcharacter.Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage.Theyincludewordsrelatingtothefollowingrespects:Naturalphenomena/Humanbodyandrelations/Namesofplantsandanimals/Action,size,domain,state/Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions.全民性。基本詞匯指稱(chēng)我們周?chē)澜缱畛Ｒ?jiàn)的食物和現(xiàn)象，是講這門(mén)語(yǔ)言的人們所必不可少的?；驹~匯包括以下幾個(gè)方面相關(guān)的詞：自然現(xiàn)象/人體和人們之間的關(guān)系/動(dòng)、植物名稱(chēng)/行為、尺寸、范疇，狀態(tài)/數(shù)詞、代詞、介詞、連詞等9-Stability.Wordsofthebasicwordstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies.-穩(wěn)定性。基本詞匯長(zhǎng)期為人們所使用。10-Productivity.Wordsofthebasicwordstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords.Theycaneachbeusedalone,andatthesametimecanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.能產(chǎn)性?；驹~匯大多根詞或單音節(jié)詞。他們可以分別單獨(dú)使用，也可以和其他根源和詞綴一起構(gòu)成新詞。11-Polysemy.Wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoftenpossessmorethanonemeaningbecausemostofthemhaveundergonesemanticchangesinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous.多義詞。基本詞中的詞由于長(zhǎng)期使用過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生了語(yǔ)義變化，単義變成了多義。12-Collocability.Manywordsofthebasicwordstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.–搭配性。基本詞匯中的許多詞形成了諸多固定的詞語(yǔ)，慣用用法，習(xí)語(yǔ)和諺語(yǔ)等。Words,voidofthestatedcharacteristics,donotbelongtothecommomcoreofthelanguage.theyincludethefollowing.不具備上述特點(diǎn)的詞不屬于改語(yǔ)言的共核，包括：13-Terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.術(shù)語(yǔ)。是指特定學(xué)科和敘述領(lǐng)域所使用的專(zhuān)有名詞。14-Jargonreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvessuchasinbusiness.-行話(huà)。是流行于藝術(shù)，科學(xué)，商業(yè)和其他職業(yè)內(nèi)部的專(zhuān)有名詞。15-Slangbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant,jargon,andargot,allofwhichareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.-俚語(yǔ)屬非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言，介于一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)詞匯和團(tuán)體內(nèi)部用詞之間，如套語(yǔ)、行話(huà)和黑語(yǔ)，都在特定人群中流行。Slangiscreatedbychangingorextendingthemeaningofexistingwordsthoughsomeslangwordsarenewcoinagesaltogether.Slangiscolorful,blunt,expressiveandimpressive.俚語(yǔ)大多還是由現(xiàn)有詞匯語(yǔ)義的改變或引申，只有少數(shù)是自創(chuàng)的，俚語(yǔ)在表達(dá)上富有色彩，直接，表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)，效果明顯。16-Argotgenerallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.黑話(huà)通常指罪犯的行話(huà)。17-Dialectalwordsarewordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.-方言詞限于講方言的人所使用。18-Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.古語(yǔ)詞是指過(guò)去曾經(jīng)廣泛使用而現(xiàn)在僅限于某些特殊用法的詞。19-Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.-新詞語(yǔ)是指新創(chuàng)造的詞語(yǔ)或又產(chǎn)生新義的舊詞。20-Bynotion,wordscanbegroupedintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals,whichdenoteobjects,phenomena,action,quality,state,degree,quantity.20-詞匯可以根據(jù)有無(wú)實(shí)義分為實(shí)義詞和功能詞。實(shí)義詞表示明確的概念，它們包括名詞，動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞和數(shù)詞，表示事物、現(xiàn)象、行動(dòng)、物質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、程度、數(shù)量等。21-Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalledemptywords.Astheirchieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences,theyareknownasformwords.Prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliariesandarticlesbelongtothiscategory.21–功能詞本身不具有實(shí)義，因此又稱(chēng)為虛詞。虛詞就是表示兩個(gè)實(shí)義之間的關(guān)系以與詞與詞之間、句子與句子之間的關(guān)系，也可稱(chēng)為形式詞。虛詞有介詞，連詞，助動(dòng)詞和冠詞。22-However,functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressioninEnglishonaveragethancontentwords.-然而在英語(yǔ)中，功能詞比實(shí)義詞起著更重要的作用。23-NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes;theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.英語(yǔ)本族語(yǔ)詞是公元5世紀(jì)由日耳曼部落盎格魯人、薩克遜人和朱特人帶入英國(guó)的，又稱(chēng)盎格魯-薩克遜詞語(yǔ)。24-Apartfromthecharacteristicsmentionedofthebasicwordstock,incontrasttoborrowedwords,nativewordshavetwootherfeatures:除了上文提到的英語(yǔ)基本詞匯的共同特點(diǎn)外，與外來(lái)語(yǔ)詞相比，本族語(yǔ)詞還有另外兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：(1)Neutralinstyle.Theyarenotstylisticallyspecific.Stylistically,nativeswordsareneitherformalnorinformalwhereasthewordsborrowedfromFrenchorLatinareliteraryandlearned,thusappropriateinformalstyle.文體上中性。文體上有什么特定的色彩。從文體上來(lái)講，本族語(yǔ)詞無(wú)所謂正式或者不正式，而來(lái)源于法語(yǔ)和拉丁語(yǔ)的外來(lái)詞富有文學(xué)色彩，為有學(xué)問(wèn)人所用，使用的場(chǎng)合也較為正式。(2)Frequentinuse.Nativewordsaremostfrequentlyusedineverydayspeechandwriting.使用頻繁。本族語(yǔ)詞在日?？谡Z(yǔ)和書(shū)面語(yǔ)中使用的最為頻繁。25-Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodemEnglishvocabulary.TheEnglishlanguageisnotedfortheremarkablecomplexityandheterogeneityofitsvocabularybecauseofitsextensiveborrowings.來(lái)自其他語(yǔ)言的詞簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為外來(lái)詞或者借詞。英英語(yǔ)中源于其他主要語(yǔ)言的借詞有很多，據(jù)估計(jì)，現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯有80%是借詞。由于廣泛地使用借詞，英語(yǔ)中的詞匯呈現(xiàn)極為復(fù)雜而不純的局面。26Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloan-wordsunderfourclasses.1）Denizens.DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowwellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.2）Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognizableasforeigninorigin.3）Translation-loans.WordsandexpressionsformedfromexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothemeaning.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound.4）Semantic-loans.Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.Inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage.-根據(jù)同化的程度和借詞的方式，可以把外來(lái)語(yǔ)詞歸為4類(lèi)。同化詞是指早期從其他語(yǔ)言中借來(lái)現(xiàn)今已被英語(yǔ)通話(huà)了的詞。非同化詞是仍保留他們?cè)瓉?lái)的發(fā)音和拼寫(xiě)形式的詞。僅從發(fā)音和拼寫(xiě)形式我們便可看出這些詞是外來(lái)詞.譯借詞，是利用母語(yǔ)現(xiàn)有的詞語(yǔ)但在構(gòu)詞模式上模仿了外語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成的詞。借義詞，只借義，不借形。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)利用現(xiàn)有詞的形式賦予其新的外來(lái)語(yǔ)含義。名詞解釋1-vocabularyTheterm“vocabulary”isusedindifferentsenses.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.2–terminologyTerminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:photoscanning,penicillin.3–jargonJargonreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves.4–slangSlangbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwords(includinginformalonesavailabletoeveryone)andin-groupwords(likecant,jargon,andargot,allofwhichareassociatedwithspecificgroupsofthepopulation).5–archaismsArchaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutnowarerestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.6–contentwordContentworddenoteclearnotionsincludingnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.7–nativewordNativewords,alsoknownasAnglo-Saxonwords,arewordboughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes.8–borrowedwordsWordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwords.9–semanticloansWordswhosemeaningsareborrowedandwhoseformsarenotborrowed.簡(jiǎn)答題1–Explaintherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning,andtheconnectionsbetweenthemarearbitraryandconventional.Inotherwords,aclusterofsoundsreferstosomethingbecausethespeakersofthelanguagehaveagreedtodoso.Forexample,differentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstorefertothesamething,婦女inChinesebecomeswomeninEnglish.Inthesamelanguagethesamesoundcouldexpressdifferentthings,sunandson,nightandknight.2–HowdoyouclassifyEnglishwords?Englishwordscanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandthenon-basicvocabularybyusefrequency,contentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andnativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.3–Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandthephenomenaoftheworldaroundus.Illustratewithexamplestherespectsthewordsrelatingto.Wordsofthebasicwordstockareusuallyrelatedtothefollowingrespects:(1)naturalphenomena:rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon,etc.(2)Humanbodyandrelations:head,foot,hand,father,brother,etc.(3)Namesofplantsandanimals:pine,grass,tree,sheep,cat,dog,etc.(4)Action,size,domain,state:come,go,good,young,cold,black,etc.(5)Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions:one,you,etc.4–Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenbasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabulary?Basicwordstockpossessesfiveobviouscharacteristics,butnon-basicvocabularydoesn’t.Basicwordstockformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage,whereasnon-basicvocabularydoesn’tbelongtothecommoncoreofthelanguage.5–Whyshouldwesaythattheallnationalcharacteristhemostimportantoftheallfeaturesamongthefive?Notallthewordsofthebasicwordstockhavethefivecharacteristics.Takepronounsandnumeralsforexample,theyenjoynation-wideuseandstability,butaresemanticallymonosemousandhavelimitedproductivityandcollocability.Therefore‘a(chǎn)llnationalcharacter’isthemostimportantofallfeaturesthatmaydifferentiatewordofcommonusefromallothers.6–Whatareneologisms?Giveoneexampletoillustrateit.Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings,foeexampleAIDS,Internet.7–Whatisthedifferencebetweencontentwordsandfunctionalwords?

Contentwordsdenoteclearnotions,e.g.objects,phenomena,action,quality,state,degree,quantity,etc.functionalwordsareemptywordsorformwords,whosechieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences.Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.8–HowdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinEnglishinrelationtoloan-words?Incontrasttoborrowedwords,whichcomefromotherlanguages,nativewordsofEnglishformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage.9–Whydowesay“Englishisaheavyborrower”?Pleasejustifyit.Englishowes80%ofitsvocabularytootherlanguages.Infact,theEnglishvocabularycontainswordsformallthemajorlanguagesoftheworld.Nootherlanguageoftheworldhasborrowedsoheavily.Therefore,thename“heavyborrower”isappropriate.10–groupthefollowingwordsandtelltheirorigins.FromChines:tea,ketchup,kowtow,kungfu;FromLatin:cook,port,wine,a.m.,p.m.,i.e.,colony;FromFrench:commence,fraternal（兄弟般的）,pork,blackhumor,barber（理發(fā)師）,mutton;FromGerman:surplusvalue(剩余價(jià)值),masterpiece;FromItalian:intermezzo（間奏曲）;FromOldNorse（古挪威語(yǔ)）:shift,shirt.11–Supplytwoexamplestoillustratethattheinfluxofborrowinghascausedsomewordstochangeinmeaning.Pig/pork,sheep/mutton.InOldEnglish,animalsandtheirmeatsharedthesamename.WiththeNormanConquestandtheborrowingofcorrespondingFrenchwords,theEnglishwordswerekeptonlyforliveanimalsandtheFrenchwordsfortheanimalskilledandbroughttothetable.Chapter2課文重點(diǎn)1-Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.-據(jù)估計(jì)，世界上約有3000多種（有人認(rèn)為5000種）語(yǔ)言，這些語(yǔ)言可以根據(jù)他們的基本詞匯和語(yǔ)法的相似性大致劃分為300個(gè)譜系。2-TheIndo-Europeanisoneofthem.ItismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.-印歐語(yǔ)就是其中之一。該語(yǔ)系包括歐洲的大多數(shù)語(yǔ)言、近東諸語(yǔ)言和古梵語(yǔ)。3-Theyaccordinglyfallintoeightprincipalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian;aWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.-這些語(yǔ)族相應(yīng)地分為8大語(yǔ)族，這8大語(yǔ)族又可分為東部諸語(yǔ)族。東部諸語(yǔ)族有波羅的海-斯拉夫語(yǔ)族，印度-伊朗語(yǔ)族，亞美尼亞-阿爾巴尼亞語(yǔ)族;西部諸語(yǔ)族有凱爾特語(yǔ)族，意大利語(yǔ)族，希臘語(yǔ)族，日耳曼語(yǔ)族。4-IntheEasternset,ArmenianandAlbanianareeachtheonlymodernlanguagerespectively.TheBalto-SlaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesasPrussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.-在東部諸語(yǔ)族中，亞美尼亞-阿爾巴尼亞語(yǔ)族都只留下今天的亞美尼亞語(yǔ)和阿爾巴尼亞語(yǔ)。波羅的海-斯拉夫語(yǔ)族包括普魯士語(yǔ)，立陶宛語(yǔ)，波蘭語(yǔ)，捷克語(yǔ)，保加利亞語(yǔ)，斯洛文尼亞語(yǔ)和俄語(yǔ)等。5-IntheIndo-IranianwehavePersian,Bengali,Hindi,Romany,3thelastthreeofwhicharederivedfromthedeadlanguageSanskrit.-印度-伊朗語(yǔ)族語(yǔ)族波斯語(yǔ)。孟加拉國(guó)語(yǔ)，印地語(yǔ)，普吉賽語(yǔ)，后3門(mén)語(yǔ)言來(lái)源于已經(jīng)消亡的古梵語(yǔ)。6-IntheWesternset,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.-在西部諸語(yǔ)族中，現(xiàn)代希臘語(yǔ)來(lái)源于古希臘語(yǔ)族。7-TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.7-日耳曼語(yǔ)族包括4門(mén)北歐語(yǔ)言：挪威語(yǔ)，冰島語(yǔ)，丹麥語(yǔ)和瑞典語(yǔ)，這4門(mén)語(yǔ)言統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為斯堪的納維亞語(yǔ)。其次是德語(yǔ)，荷蘭語(yǔ)，佛蘭芒語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)。8-OldEnglish(450-1150)Anglo-SaxonasOldEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.8盎格魯-撒克遜語(yǔ)被稱(chēng)為古英語(yǔ)。古英語(yǔ)約有50000至60000詞匯。而且也如現(xiàn)代德語(yǔ)一樣是一門(mén)典型的屈折語(yǔ)。9-MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)-中古英語(yǔ)（1150年至1500年）AlthoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.Between1250and1500about9000wordsofFrenchoriginpouredintoEnglish.Seventy-fivepercentofthemarestillinusetoday.Wecanfindwordsrelatingtoeveryaspectofhumansociety.IfwesaythatOldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings.MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.9-雖然英語(yǔ)也從拉丁語(yǔ)中借詞，但影響英語(yǔ)的主要還是日耳曼語(yǔ)。從1250年到1500年的250年間，大約有9000個(gè)法語(yǔ)詞匯進(jìn)入到英語(yǔ)中，其中75%仍在使用。這些詞與人類(lèi)社會(huì)的各個(gè)方面都有關(guān)系。如果說(shuō)古英語(yǔ)近視此為的話(huà)，那么中古英語(yǔ)的詞尾已去了一半。10-ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.Early(1500-1700)andLate(1700-uptothepresent)ModernEnglish.IntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,EuropesawanewupsurgeoflearningancientGreekandRomanclassics.ThisisknowninhistoryastheRenaissance.在早期現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)階段，歐洲掀起了學(xué)習(xí)希臘和羅馬的古典著作的運(yùn)動(dòng)。這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)史稱(chēng)文藝復(fù)興。LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritageandofgreatscholarship.當(dāng)時(shí)拉丁語(yǔ)和希臘語(yǔ)被認(rèn)為是代表西方世界燦爛文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)的語(yǔ)言，是學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)言。Infact,morethantwenty-fivepercentofmodernEnglishwordscomealmostdirectlyfromclassicallanguages.事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯中有25%以上幾乎是直接從古典語(yǔ)言中直接介入的。InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptions.ItcanbeconcludedthatEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalyticlanguage.在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，除了少數(shù)幾個(gè)詞之外，詞尾幾乎都消失了?？梢赃@樣說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)已從古英語(yǔ)的綜合型語(yǔ)言發(fā)展成了現(xiàn)在的分析型語(yǔ)言。11-Threemainsourcesofnewwords:therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology（45％）;social,economicandpoliticalchanges（11％）;theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages（24％）.11-新詞的產(chǎn)生有3大來(lái)源：現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展（45％）;社會(huì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的變化（11％）;其它文化和語(yǔ)言的影響（24％）。12-ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:creation,semanticchange,borrowing.現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯的發(fā)展主要通過(guò)三個(gè)渠道：創(chuàng)詞、舊詞新義和借詞。Creationreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.Inmoderntimes,thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.創(chuàng)造是指通過(guò)使用現(xiàn)有的材料，即詞根，詞綴和其它形式創(chuàng)造新詞。這是詞匯擴(kuò)展的最重要的形式。Semanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Thisdoesnotincreasethenumberofwordformsbutcreatemanymorenewusagesofthewords,thusenrichingthevocabulary.舊詞新義是指賦予舊有新詞新的含義以滿(mǎn)足新的需要。這一方式不增加詞得數(shù)量，但卻創(chuàng)造了詞的許多新用法，以豐富詞匯。Borrowinghasplayedavitalroleinthedevelopmentofvocabulary,particularlyinearliertimes.Borrowedwordsconstitutemerelysixtosevenpercentofallnewworlds.InearlierstagesofEnglish,French,GreekandScandinavianwerethemajorcontributors.借詞在詞匯的發(fā)展中起了重要的作用，尤其是在早期。借詞在所有新詞中，借詞只占6%。英語(yǔ)在早期階段主要是向法語(yǔ)、拉丁語(yǔ)、希臘語(yǔ)和斯堪的納維亞語(yǔ)借詞。RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.復(fù)活古詞和廢棄詞對(duì)整個(gè)英語(yǔ)詞匯來(lái)說(shuō)雖然影響不大，但卻是是一種發(fā)展方式。名詞解釋1–inflectedlanguageItisalanguageinwhichavariousformsofagivenwordshowitsrelationshiptootherwordsinasentence.2–GermanicGermanicrefersisatermusedtorefertoabranchofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,whichconsistsofEnglish,German,Dutch,etc.3–MiddleEnglishItreferstothelanguageusedfrom1150to1500.4–CreationCreationreferstotheformationsofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixes,andotherelements.Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.5–SemanticchangeSemanticchangemeansanoldformthattakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Thisdoesnotincreasethenumberofthewordforms,butcreatemanymorenewusagesofthewords,thusenrichingthevocabulary.簡(jiǎn)答題1–explainthethreedifferentperiodsoftheEnglishdevelopment.OldEnglish(450-1150),alsoknownasAnglo-Saxon,hasavocabularyofabout50000-60000words.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500),theNormanconqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow),beganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.InmodernEnglish,Englishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.2–leorn->ian->lern->en->learnAboveisthechangeof‘learn’fromoldEnglishthroughmiddleEnglishtomodernEnglish.WhatcanyouconcludefromtheviewpointofthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary?InmodernEnglish,wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptions.ItcanbeconcludedthatEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.3–Asfarasgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisconcerned,whatarethethreemainsourcesofnewwords?therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.4–Enumeratethemajormodesofmodernvocabularydevelopment.(1)creationreferstotheformationsofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.(2)sematicchangesmeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Thisdoesnotincreasethenumberofwordformsbutcreatemanymoreusagesofthewords,thusenrichingthevocabulary.(3)borrowinghasplayedavitalroleinthedevelopmentofvocabulary,particularlyinearliertimes.分析題Hehasbeensicksincethisfall.(1)’sick’means‘ill’and‘fall’means‘a(chǎn)utumn’inpresentAmericanEnglish.(2)thesewordsnolongerhavesuchmeaningsinpresentBritishEnglish.(3)AmericanEnglishhasrevivedtheoldmeaningof‘sick’andthatof‘fall’.Thisistherevivalofarchaicorobsoletewords.Chapter3課文重點(diǎn)1-Thesedifferentformsoccurowingtodifferentsoundenvironment.Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemeis"thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords"1–在不同的發(fā)音環(huán)境下以不同形式出現(xiàn)。這些最小的有意義單位稱(chēng)為詞素。換言之，詞素是“構(gòu)詞中最小功能單位“。2-Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphonemeistoaphone.2-詞素（形位）是抽象的單位，是由分立的形素在話(huà)語(yǔ)中具體實(shí)現(xiàn)的?！靶嗡亍笔菍?shí)際說(shuō)出來(lái)的最小的意義攜帶體形位與形素的關(guān)系同音位與因素的關(guān)系一樣。Discrete=separate3-Thesemorphemescoincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiskindarecalledmonomorphemicwords.3-這些詞素與詞一致，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥又锌梢元?dú)立起作用，這類(lèi)詞叫單語(yǔ)素詞。4-Somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.4-有些詞素根據(jù)它們?cè)谠~中的位置不同可有一個(gè)以上的不同形素實(shí)現(xiàn)，這些不同的形素叫詞素變體。5-Therearecaseswheretheallomorphsofthepluralmorphemearerealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelorbyzeromorph.5–名詞復(fù)數(shù)詞素的變體也有一些特殊情況，可以通過(guò)改變內(nèi)部元音來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。6-FreeMorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot,wemightaswellsaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroots.6-彼此之間相互獨(dú)立的詞素叫自由語(yǔ)素。這些詞素本身具有完整的意義，在句子中用作自由語(yǔ)法單位。自由詞素與根詞一致，因?yàn)楦~就是由單個(gè)的自由詞素構(gòu)成的。因此，我們不妨說(shuō)自由詞素就是自由根詞。7-BoundMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.Boundmorphemesarechieflyfoundinderivedwords.7–不能獨(dú)立成詞的詞素叫做粘附詞素。之所以叫粘附詞素是因?yàn)樗鼈円掣皆趧e的詞素上才能構(gòu)成詞。粘附詞素重要出現(xiàn)在派生詞里。8-Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffix.Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.粘附詞素有兩類(lèi)：粘附詞根和詞綴。粘附詞根。就如自由詞根一樣，是帶有基本意義的詞的組成部分。與自由詞根不同的是，粘附詞根是一種粘附形式，必須與別的詞素結(jié)合在一起才能構(gòu)成詞。InEnglish,boundrootsareeitherLatinorGreek.Althoughtheyarelimitedinnumber,theirproductivepowerisamazing.英語(yǔ)中粘附詞素不是來(lái)源于拉丁語(yǔ)就是來(lái)源于希臘語(yǔ)。粘附詞素雖然數(shù)量不多，但卻有驚人的能產(chǎn)性，構(gòu)成數(shù)以百計(jì)的現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯。Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.詞綴是附著于詞并對(duì)其意義或者功能作修飾的形式。Accordingtothefunctionsofaffixes,wecanputthemintotwogroups;inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.根據(jù)詞綴的功能，可講詞綴分為兩組：內(nèi)部屈折詞綴和派生詞綴。Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Thenumberofinflectionalaffixesissmallandstable.加在詞尾表示語(yǔ)法關(guān)系的詞綴發(fā)生屈折變化，因此稱(chēng)為內(nèi)部屈折詞素。內(nèi)部屈折詞綴數(shù)量很少而且穩(wěn)定。Derivationalaffixes.Asthetermindicates,derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixescomebeforethewordandthesuffixesaftertheword.派生詞綴。是加在其他詞素上創(chuàng)造新詞的詞綴。派生詞綴還可以進(jìn)一步分為前綴和后綴。前綴加在詞的前面和后綴加在詞的后面。9-Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.Rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.9-詞根是一個(gè)詞的基本形式，這個(gè)形式若再分析下去就不再是這個(gè)詞了。不管是自由詞根還是粘附詞根，在詞中都是主要的意義成分。詞根是當(dāng)所有內(nèi)部屈折詞綴和派生詞追都去掉時(shí)剩下的那部分詞形。10-Astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironoroftworootmorphemesasinacompoundlikehandcuff.Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasinmouthful.Astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.10–一個(gè)詞干可能由單個(gè)詞根詞素所組成，如iron（鐵，鐵制品）中：也可以由兩個(gè)詞根詞素所組成，如在復(fù)合詞handcuff（手銬）中，它可能是一個(gè)詞根詞素，外加一個(gè)或者更多的詞綴詞素。如在mouthful(滿(mǎn)口，少量)。因此，詞干可以定義為任何詞綴都可以添加的一個(gè)形式。名詞解釋1–morphemesMorphemesaretheminimalmeaningfulunits.Inotherwords,themorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.2–allomorphsMorphemeswhicharerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninawordareknownasallomorphs.3–freemorphsMorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree.Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Theyareidenticalwithrootword,foreachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot.Therefore,wemightaswellsaythatfreemorphemesarefreeroots.4–boundmorphemesMorphemeswhichcantoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothermorphemestofrom