適用于老高考舊教材廣西專(zhuān)版2023屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪總復(fù)習(xí)第二部分閱讀理解專(zhuān)題一主旨大意課件

第二部分專(zhuān)題一主旨大意英語(yǔ)內(nèi)容索引基礎(chǔ)自診?夯基固本高頻考點(diǎn)?探究突破新題演練?能力遷移基礎(chǔ)自診?夯基固本Ⅰ.詞匯復(fù)習(xí)13(根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示填入以g開(kāi)頭的單詞的適當(dāng)形式,然后背誦情景,熟記以g開(kāi)頭的課標(biāo)高頻詞匯。)【情景】Togaina15%discountofsome1.________________(商品),suchasgas,grainandothergroceries,manypeople2.________________(抓住)thechanceand3.______________(聚集)atthegateofthesupermarket.Agentleman4.______________(掃視)overthecrowd,makingagenerous

gesturetothepeopleandtoldthemthegoalofthegovernmentwasto5.______________(確保)thateveryonecouldbegiven

gifts

gradually.

goodsgrasped

gatheredglancedguaranteeⅡ.高考范文必背(2020·全國(guó)Ⅲ卷)假定你是李華,你和同學(xué)根據(jù)英語(yǔ)課文改編了一個(gè)短劇。給外教MissEvans寫(xiě)封郵件,請(qǐng)她幫忙指導(dǎo)。郵件內(nèi)容包括:1.劇情簡(jiǎn)介;2.指導(dǎo)內(nèi)容;3.商定時(shí)間地點(diǎn)。注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.結(jié)束語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好。Yourssincerely,LiHua

[范文]DearMissEvans,I’mwritingtoaskyoutodomeafavor.Asyouknow,myclassmatesandIhaveadaptedtheshortplayHamletwrittenbyWilliamShakespeare.It’soneofthemostclassicalthingsinourtextbook.Wouldyougiveussomeadviceaboutoneoftheplots?That’saboutHamlet’scomplexmentalmindwhenhisfatherdiedandhismotherimmediatelymarriedhisuncle.Weareinurgentneedofyourhelpandguidance.WouldyoubeavailableonSundayafternoon?MyclassmatesandIwillbestudyingintheclassroomthen.I’dappreciateitifyoucansparesometimeandgiveussomespecificguidance.Yourssincerely,LiHua高頻考點(diǎn)?探究突破主旨大意題,主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。這類(lèi)題通常以概括中心大意、選擇最佳標(biāo)題等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題的選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):正確的選項(xiàng)通常不包含細(xì)節(jié)信息和絕對(duì)意義的詞,能概括文章全部?jī)?nèi)容。干擾項(xiàng)通常是以下列方式設(shè)置:以偏概全,選項(xiàng)過(guò)于籠統(tǒng),選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是命題者杜撰的或選項(xiàng)為無(wú)關(guān)信息等。一、標(biāo)題概括類(lèi)主旨大意題考生在做標(biāo)題概括類(lèi)試題時(shí)要注意標(biāo)題的三個(gè)特性,即醒目性、概括性和針對(duì)性。解題時(shí)要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,要注意那些貫穿文章始終的詞語(yǔ)。其主要設(shè)題形式有:Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis

.

Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis

.

Whatwouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?Thesuitableheadlineofthepassagemaybe

.

方法突破1.領(lǐng)悟主旨要義,避免以偏概全標(biāo)題概括類(lèi)主旨大意題考查考生對(duì)文章的領(lǐng)悟和概括能力。所選文章標(biāo)題必須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容,即標(biāo)題涵蓋性強(qiáng),能覆蓋全文;標(biāo)題要體現(xiàn)主題,既不能太大,也不能過(guò)于片面,即標(biāo)題所指的范圍要恰當(dāng);標(biāo)題準(zhǔn)確性要強(qiáng),表意準(zhǔn)確,與文章的感情色彩相同?？傊?考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真揣摩作者的寫(xiě)作意圖,弄清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),避免以下三種錯(cuò)誤:概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分代替整體);過(guò)度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍);以事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)代替抽象概念的主旨大意。2.逆向思維,避重就輕采用逆向思維法解題,先設(shè)定某一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確的文章標(biāo)題,然后假設(shè)按照這個(gè)標(biāo)題,文章通常應(yīng)該怎么寫(xiě)、寫(xiě)什么;再根據(jù)其核心詞,考生就可以大致確定文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容了。如果二者與短文基本相同,就可以判斷該項(xiàng)正確;如果與短文大相徑庭,就可以判斷該項(xiàng)不正確。例1(2020·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷,D)Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurther—changingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.“We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)—suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway—alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?解析:C

標(biāo)題概括題。文章開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,指出人類(lèi)與植物的聯(lián)系一直是科研的主題;然后講述麻省理工學(xué)院開(kāi)展的研究,力求用植物代替日常用品的功能;接下來(lái)進(jìn)一步闡述用普通蔬菜來(lái)發(fā)出光照亮房間,甚至將樹(shù)木變成自供電的街燈。由此可知,文章最佳標(biāo)題為C項(xiàng)。例2(2019·全國(guó)Ⅲ卷,B)ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative.“It’snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(來(lái)源)ofinspirationfordesigners,”saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(時(shí)尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChina

Through

A

Looking

GlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美學(xué))onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.“Chinaisimpossibletooverlook,”saysHill.“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.”O(jiān)fcourse,notonlyaretoday’stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina—someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.“VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs—andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,”addsHill.

ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion.“ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,”shesays.“Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina—itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways.”27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB.AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC.DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD.ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrends解析:D

標(biāo)題概括題。通讀全文尤其是第三段和最后一段的最后一句可知,本文主要講述了中國(guó)文化及中國(guó)美學(xué)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚的影響,展現(xiàn)了中國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展的引領(lǐng)作用。故D項(xiàng)“中國(guó)文化推動(dòng)國(guó)際時(shí)尚潮流”最適合作為本文的標(biāo)題。演練1(2021·浙江卷,B)Weliveinatownwiththreebeaches.Therearetwoparkslessthan10minutes’walkfromhomewhereneighbourhoodchildrengathertoplay.However,whatmychildrenwanttodoafterschoolispickupascreen—anyscreen—andstareatitforhours.Theyarenotalone.Today’schildrenspendanaverageoffourandahalfhoursadaylookingatscreens,splitbetweenwatchingtelevisionandusingtheInternet.Inthepastfewyears,anincreasingnumberofpeopleandorganisationshavebeguncomingupwithplanstocounterthistrend.Acoupleofyearsago,film-makerDavidBondrealisedthathischildren,thenagedfiveandthree,wereattachedtoscreenstothepointwherehewasabletosay“chocolate”intohisthree-year-oldson’searwithoutgettingaresponse.Herealisedthatsomethingneededtochange,and,beingaLondonmediatype,appointedhimself“marketingdirectorforNature”.Hedocumentedhisjourneyashesetabouttreatingnatureasabrandtobemarketedtoyoungpeople.TheresultwasProject

Wild

Thing,afilmwhichchartsthebirthoftheWildNetwork,agroupoforganisationswiththecommongoalofgettingchildrenoutintonature.“Justfivemoreminutesoutdoorscanmakeadifference,”DavidBondsays.“Thereisalotofreallyinterestingevidencewhichseemstobesuggestingthatifchildrenareinspireduptotheageofseven,thenbeingoutdoorswillbeahabitforlife.”Hisownchildrenhavegotintothehabitofplayingoutsidenow:“Wejustsendthemoutintothegardenandtellthemnottocomebackinforawhile.”Summerisuponus.Thereisanamazingworldoutthere,anditneedsourchildrenasmuchastheyneedit.Letusgetthemoutandletthemplay.Q:Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.LetChildrenHaveFunB.YoungChildrenNeedMoreFreeTimeC.MarketNaturetoChildrenD.DavidBond:ARoleModelforChildrenC解析:標(biāo)題概括題。作者自己小時(shí)候在外面玩,而現(xiàn)在自己的孩子花費(fèi)在屏幕上的時(shí)間太多,不再出去玩了,并敘述了很多人已意識(shí)到了這個(gè)問(wèn)題,并且以電影導(dǎo)演

David

Bond為例,拍攝紀(jì)錄片,倡導(dǎo)孩子們到戶(hù)外,到大自然中去等。因此C項(xiàng)符合題意。二、文章大意類(lèi)主旨大意題一篇文章總是有中心思想的,獲取文章中心思想的方法就是找出主題句。主題句通常在開(kāi)頭段或結(jié)尾段,但有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章的中間段落。因此,在閱讀時(shí)要對(duì)文章的開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)尾段及各個(gè)段落的主題句給予特別的關(guān)注。其主要設(shè)題形式有:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Thewriterofthepassagewantstotellusthat

.

Thepassageismainlyabout

.

Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage?Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainlydealwith?方法突破選項(xiàng)、文章雙結(jié)合,避免看懂文章卻出錯(cuò)有的文章主旨貫穿于全文,這就需要考生通讀全文,抓住每段或每個(gè)層次的主要含義,對(duì)獲取的信息進(jìn)行加工、提煉,通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的分析把握文章內(nèi)部各層次間的邏輯關(guān)系,將每段的主題綜合起來(lái),找出文章的中心。但是考生在解答文章主旨大意類(lèi)試題時(shí),常會(huì)出現(xiàn)看懂文章卻做錯(cuò)題這一現(xiàn)象。因?yàn)榭忌谶x擇文章主旨大意時(shí),常會(huì)犯以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。要避免出現(xiàn)這種錯(cuò)誤,考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想還是細(xì)節(jié),懂的是詞匯的字面意思還是其蘊(yùn)含的意義;然后以“三主一問(wèn)”作為解題思路?！叭鳌敝肝恼碌闹黝}思想、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)主線和關(guān)鍵句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。“一問(wèn)”指根據(jù)文章后面所設(shè)的問(wèn)題來(lái)發(fā)問(wèn):此題的考查點(diǎn)是什么?考生一定要讀懂題干,這樣在閱讀文章時(shí)才能站得高,看得遠(yuǎn),從而知全局。例(2020·全國(guó)Ⅱ卷,B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofthechildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmental

Science.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist.D.Ateachingprogram.解析:B

主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了有關(guān)玩拼圖的科學(xué)研究,再結(jié)合最后一段內(nèi)容不難推斷出文章主旨。故選B項(xiàng)。演練2AsanauthorwithadegreeinEnglish,33-year-oldTomWilliamshasachievedmorethanmanypeoplewillinalifetime.Whatmakesthoseachievementsmoreimpressiveisthathe’sdyslexic(誦讀困難的)....Itwasn’tuntiltheageof17thathewasgivenatestfordyslexiathatshowedwhyhe’dstruggledforsolong.Noteveryoneunderstandsdyslexiasowell.“Ifteachersaren’ttrainedtorecognizesignsofdyslexia,theywillthinkchildrenarelessableandmaythinkit’scarelessness.”hesays.Q:Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.TomWilliams’schoollife.B.Howtoovercomedyslexia.C.TomWilliamsbecameawriterwithhisteacher’shelp.D.TomWilliamsovercamedyslexiaandbecameanauthor.D解析:主旨大意題。根據(jù)文中的As

an

author和“What

makes

those

achievements

more

impressive

is

that

he’s

dyslexic.”可知,文章主要講述了誦讀困難癥患者Tom

Williams克服困難,最終成了一位作家的故事。三、段落大意類(lèi)主旨大意題每個(gè)段落通常都有一個(gè)中心,通常中心思想會(huì)在該段首句或末句體現(xiàn)出來(lái),即常說(shuō)的段落主題句。一般說(shuō)來(lái),采用歸納法的段落,細(xì)節(jié)表述在前,歸納概括在后。若主題句出現(xiàn)在段首,則文章多為說(shuō)明文和議論文。主題句也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)作者沒(méi)有寫(xiě)出明顯的主題句,考生要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句。其主要設(shè)題形式有:Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat

.

Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?Whatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinparagraph...?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeparagraph...?Whatisthemainideadiscussedinparagraph...?方法突破如何找準(zhǔn)主題句找準(zhǔn)主題句是確定文章主旨大意的主要方法。主題句在文中的位置:開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山:提出主題——細(xì)節(jié)支撐——闡明主題;段末點(diǎn)睛:細(xì)節(jié)描述——?dú)w納要點(diǎn)——概括主題;段中點(diǎn)旨:細(xì)節(jié)描述——?dú)w納主題——進(jìn)一步解釋。在閱讀非故事性文章如科普類(lèi)說(shuō)明文時(shí),主題句尤其明顯。有的文章的主題句不明顯,隱含在段落之中,考生要注意辨別。例(2019·浙江卷,C)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(資源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.解析:A

段落大意題。通讀第二段可知,在加利福尼亞的不同地區(qū),大樹(shù)減少的程度都非常嚴(yán)重。由此可知,本段主要講述加利福尼亞大樹(shù)減少的嚴(yán)峻性。故選A項(xiàng)。演練3(2020·全國(guó)Ⅲ卷,B)Thecreativeteambehind“Apes”usedmotion-capture(動(dòng)作捕捉)technologytocreatedigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnologythatrecordsanactor’sperformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage(圖像).Inthiscase,oneofarealistic-lookingape.25.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A.Thecostofmaking“Apes.” B.Thecreationofdigitalizedapes.C.Thepublicityabout“Apes.” D.Theperformanceofrealapes.B解析:段落大意題。給出的段落即是第二段,此段主要講述《猩球崛起》在拍攝過(guò)程中是如何借助計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)創(chuàng)造出“數(shù)字化人猿”的。故選B項(xiàng)。新題演練?能力遷移A(2022·全國(guó)乙卷,C)Canasmallgroupofdrones(無(wú)人機(jī))guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.

【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了無(wú)人機(jī)的各種優(yōu)勢(shì)、對(duì)鐵路系統(tǒng)做出的諸多貢獻(xiàn)以及未來(lái)的應(yīng)用方向。1.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.A解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知,無(wú)人機(jī)目前正在被用來(lái)檢查高壓電線,這使得它將被應(yīng)用于鐵路系統(tǒng)成為可能。故選A項(xiàng)。2.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.C解析:詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段中的“to

inspect

and

repair

the

rail

infrastructure”可以推斷出,畫(huà)線單詞指的就是“維修,維護(hù)”。故選C項(xiàng)。3.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A.Toprovideearlywarning.B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D.Toacceleratetransportation.A解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的第一句和最后一句可知,人們期盼鐵路無(wú)人機(jī)在未來(lái)能夠提供預(yù)先警報(bào),確保列車(chē)能及時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)問(wèn)題,從而提高安全系數(shù)。故選A項(xiàng)。4.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD.HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailwaysD解析:主旨大意題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知,文章主要介紹了無(wú)人機(jī)目前的應(yīng)用范圍以及未來(lái)在鐵路方面的應(yīng)用方向,因此“無(wú)人機(jī)將如何改變鐵路的未來(lái)”最能概括文章內(nèi)容。故選D項(xiàng)。B(2020·全國(guó)Ⅲ卷,C)Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨(dú)),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law:shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol—oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.“Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse,”saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:“WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit’sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother-in-law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit?Yes,IthinkIwould.”It’shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2001to419,000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparents;manymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome,iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband’sfamilywhentheygetmarried.

【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。在英國(guó),人們的生活方式逐漸發(fā)生著改變:越來(lái)越多的家庭選擇合住。1.WhomainlyusesthegroundfloorintheVictorianhouseinBristol?A.Nick.B.Rita.C.Kathryn. D.Thedaughters.B解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“...but

Rita

Whitehead

has

her

own

kitchen,bathroom,bedroom

and

living

room

on

the

ground

floor.”可知,麗塔在一樓有她自己的廚房、浴室、臥室和客廳。所以麗塔居住在一樓。故選B項(xiàng)。2.WhatisNick’sattitudetowardssharingthehousewithhismother-in-law?A.Positive. B.Carefree.C.Tolerant. D.Unwilling.A解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中尼克說(shuō)的話“From

my

standpoint,it

all

seems

to

work

very

well.Would

I

recommend

it?Yes,I

think

I

would.”可知,尼克覺(jué)得和岳母合住在一起挺好的。由此推測(cè),尼克對(duì)于與岳母合住持積極的態(tài)度。故選A項(xiàng)。3.Whatistheauthor’sstatementaboutmultigenerationalfamilybasedon?A.Familytraditions.B.Financialreports.C.Publishedstatistics.D.Publicopinions.C解析:推理判斷題。結(jié)合第六段中的“Official

reports

suggest

that

the

number

of

households

with

three

generations

living

together

had

risen

from

325,000

in

2001

to

419,000

in

2013.”可知,官方報(bào)告顯示三代同堂的家庭數(shù)量從2001年的32.5萬(wàn)戶(hù)增加到了2013年的41.9萬(wàn)戶(hù)。第七段也用了相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)家庭幾代人合住的情況進(jìn)行了介紹。文中作者是在引用官方的具體數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)幾代人合住的家庭進(jìn)行分析和說(shuō)明。故選C項(xiàng)。4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain.D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.D解析:主旨大意題。文章重點(diǎn)講述了在英國(guó)越來(lái)越多的家庭選擇合住這一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。故選D項(xiàng)。C(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷,C)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.

【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了鴨票產(chǎn)生的背景及其社會(huì)影響。1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.A解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知,北美水禽數(shù)量減少的一個(gè)原因是它們賴(lài)以生存的濕地大量流失。故選A項(xiàng)。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire. B.Export.C.Destroy. D.Distribute.C解析:詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)句首的Unfortunately一詞以及下文出現(xiàn)的were

killed和were

dried等信息可推斷,該詞的大意為“毀壞,破壞”。故選C項(xiàng)。3.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.D解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句可知,1934年通過(guò)的這項(xiàng)法案讓政府籌集到了大量的資金,可以用于購(gòu)買(mǎi)水禽的棲息地。故選D項(xiàng)。4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHuntingA解析:標(biāo)題概括題。通讀全文可知,為了保護(hù)北美的水禽,美國(guó)在1934年發(fā)行了鴨票。出售鴨票的收入被用來(lái)購(gòu)買(mǎi)水禽的棲息地,并取得重大成效。A項(xiàng)最具概括性。故選A項(xiàng)。D(2022·全國(guó)甲卷,D)Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,th