外文翻譯-rno功能描述及外文翻譯-6數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)傳輸-接口和調(diào)制解調(diào)器

外文譯文：RNO功能描述RNO是操作維護(hù)中心（OSS）里的一種優(yōu)化工具，其中包括FAS（FrequencyAllocationSupport）、FOX（FrequencyOptimizationExpert）、NCS（NeighboringCellSupport）、NOX（NeighboringCellListOptimizationExpert）、MRR（MeasurementResultRecording）、TET（TrafficEstimationTool）等工具。這篇文章主要描述了RNO中的FAS、FOX、NCS、NOX、MRR和TET在無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化中功能以及應(yīng)用。RNO的運(yùn)用提供如下功能：測(cè)量定義、測(cè)量計(jì)劃、測(cè)量停止和結(jié)束的時(shí)間、優(yōu)化處理、測(cè)量報(bào)告生成、打印出測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)果、導(dǎo)出測(cè)量結(jié)果、頻率設(shè)置、小區(qū)設(shè)置、導(dǎo)入ICDMs、把兩個(gè)ICDMs生成一個(gè)ICDMs、提供在線幫助、錯(cuò)誤處理。1FASFAS是RNO里一種無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化工具。通過(guò)FAS可以進(jìn)行頻率優(yōu)化，減少對(duì)無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的干擾，。在GSM無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，為了有效的使用頻譜和增加網(wǎng)絡(luò)容量，GSM網(wǎng)絡(luò)中干擾等級(jí)必須保持在最低限度。頻率干擾直接影響著語(yǔ)音質(zhì)量和掉話率。FAS是一種頻率優(yōu)化工具，可以減輕網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員的對(duì)頻率優(yōu)化的工作負(fù)擔(dān)，可以更好的和更加方便的進(jìn)行頻率優(yōu)化。在無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中，可以通過(guò)FAS監(jiān)測(cè)上下行干擾情況，使網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員更加容易找出其中BCCH和TCH配置不合理的頻點(diǎn)配置，并且用干凈的頻點(diǎn)去代替它們。新的FAS測(cè)量記錄在RNO中創(chuàng)建并開(kāi)始的，并且測(cè)量結(jié)果被收集在RNO中。測(cè)量完成之后，把測(cè)量報(bào)告報(bào)給OSS。在OSS中，再對(duì)測(cè)量報(bào)告進(jìn)行處理，最后以測(cè)量報(bào)告和地圖信息的形式，提交給用戶。測(cè)量報(bào)告包括了上行干擾和下行干擾的百分比，以及ICMD。ICDM是根據(jù)pit-estimate的一個(gè)記錄值。在下行測(cè)量鄰區(qū)對(duì)其干擾影響時(shí)，ICDM的值得出。這些值形成一個(gè)矩陣。這個(gè)矩陣可以按照HTML格式表格形式被導(dǎo)出，主要用于頻率規(guī)劃。頻率規(guī)劃和有效的參數(shù)也可以被導(dǎo)出。假如安裝了應(yīng)用軟件，這測(cè)量報(bào)告也能被傳到RNDBI。從FAS得出的信息可以作為小區(qū)規(guī)劃的依據(jù)。但頻率改變時(shí)，F(xiàn)AS能支持小區(qū)規(guī)劃更新。FAS能幫助網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員找到更好的頻率配置，用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化；FAS為網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化工程師在一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中增加一個(gè)新的小區(qū)提供便利，用于小區(qū)規(guī)劃；FAS可以監(jiān)測(cè)頻率干擾情況，用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)督。網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員可以比較測(cè)量結(jié)果和生成統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)告，例如，頻率分配之前或之后的情況。FAS包括以下功能：在GNIP地圖上呈現(xiàn)；重新分配頻率；FAS將會(huì)執(zhí)行以下操作：上行鏈路記錄；下行鏈路記錄；報(bào)告顯示；；導(dǎo)出測(cè)量結(jié)果；導(dǎo)入ICDMs在計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的FAS軟件需要電信安全服務(wù)、從CNA得到網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息、CANI、從ENIQ或者SDM得到網(wǎng)絡(luò)統(tǒng)計(jì)資料、在小區(qū)中從BSM中取出數(shù)據(jù)、BRF軟件被安裝。2FOXFOX是在FAS的測(cè)量報(bào)告基礎(chǔ)上形成的。FOX測(cè)量始終要使用上下的測(cè)量報(bào)告。FOX測(cè)量結(jié)果不僅可以向FAS一樣顯示出來(lái)，而且在FAS的基礎(chǔ)之上增加了一些附加功能，可以提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)的質(zhì)量。把所有可用的頻點(diǎn)添加在小區(qū)里，根據(jù)一定的算法，就能得到FOX測(cè)量報(bào)告，可以為小區(qū)提供最好的頻點(diǎn)配置方案。FOX測(cè)量有兩種方式，一種是推薦方式，一種是自動(dòng)方式。在推薦模式方式里，根據(jù)上行鏈路和下行鏈路的測(cè)量報(bào)告，F(xiàn)OX建議小區(qū)進(jìn)行頻率重新分配。在這種模式執(zhí)行之前，用戶可以選擇接受或者拒絕。在自動(dòng)模式下，無(wú)需用戶選著，所有的建議將會(huì)被默認(rèn)為選著。干擾測(cè)量和數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)估將會(huì)根據(jù)定義的測(cè)量重復(fù)運(yùn)行。在這段時(shí)間里，用戶將會(huì)得到推薦網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置進(jìn)行修改或者修改已經(jīng)完成的通知。FOX包括以下功能：建議頻率重新分配；可能接受，改變或拒絕的建議；按照建議網(wǎng)絡(luò)自動(dòng)更新；網(wǎng)絡(luò)更新的評(píng)估；重新分配LOG；生成FOX-result。一個(gè)FOXrecording就生成了一個(gè)FOXresult,一個(gè)FASresult和一個(gè)ICDMresult。必須要先安裝FAS，F(xiàn)OX軟件才能用。為了更好的設(shè)置一些功能，請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀關(guān)于上面FAS的知識(shí)。3NCS在無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的切換判決條件是根據(jù)下行鏈路MS的測(cè)量報(bào)告和上行鏈路BTS的測(cè)量報(bào)告來(lái)決定的。測(cè)量報(bào)告的準(zhǔn)確度對(duì)有效的切換是至關(guān)重要的。如果小區(qū)的鄰區(qū)數(shù)太多，測(cè)量精度下降?？梢院芎们袚Q的那些候選領(lǐng)區(qū)，需要被包含在激活的BA-List.NCS是RNO中網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化的一個(gè)工具，在無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境的情況下，可以幫助網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員為每個(gè)小區(qū)指定鄰區(qū)關(guān)系。通過(guò)運(yùn)用NCS，可以使切換更加可靠和正確，并且可以進(jìn)一步提高話音質(zhì)量，減少掉話。在一個(gè)OSS中，用戶可以通過(guò)NCS去測(cè)量服務(wù)小區(qū)以及鄰區(qū)小區(qū)的無(wú)線環(huán)境情況。測(cè)量完成之后，測(cè)量報(bào)告值被發(fā)到OSS。OSS收到測(cè)量報(bào)告之后，對(duì)其進(jìn)行處理。最終以報(bào)告和地圖形式直觀的呈現(xiàn)給網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員。最終的測(cè)量報(bào)告可以被導(dǎo)出到一個(gè)表里或直接導(dǎo)進(jìn)RNDBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中。測(cè)量報(bào)告可以以多種形式導(dǎo)出。從NCS里得到的測(cè)量報(bào)告可以為小區(qū)的鄰區(qū)規(guī)劃提供參考信息。在CAN中當(dāng)有新鄰區(qū)關(guān)系時(shí)，可以進(jìn)行小區(qū)更新。NCS可以刪除已有的鄰區(qū)關(guān)系。在OSS中，把所有的測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)生成一個(gè)總體報(bào)告，它可以幫助網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員分析問(wèn)題。NCS可以從以下幾個(gè)方面幫助網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程師：發(fā)現(xiàn)新小區(qū)的鄰區(qū)關(guān)系，用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化；發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失的鄰區(qū)關(guān)系在激的BA-list中，用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化；發(fā)現(xiàn)鄰區(qū)關(guān)系從激活的BA-list中被刪除，用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化；評(píng)估鄰區(qū)關(guān)系，用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)督；NCS具有如下功能：生成鄰區(qū)關(guān)系測(cè)量報(bào)告；網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員用GNIP地圖更加直觀的反映鄰區(qū)關(guān)系。網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化人員可以在CAN里改變小區(qū)的鄰區(qū)關(guān)系。配置了NCS的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，需要配置電信安全服務(wù)、CNAI、CAN、ENIQ或SDM數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、BRF。CAN是用來(lái)重新分配數(shù)據(jù)和得到網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的信息。從ENIQ或SDM數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中，可以得到表明有效測(cè)量的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息。4NOXNOX的功能基本上與NCS一樣，不過(guò)NOX能更加精確反映鄰區(qū)情況。NOX的測(cè)量報(bào)告是根據(jù)NCS的測(cè)量報(bào)告得來(lái)的。FOX包括兩種測(cè)量方式，一種是推薦方式，一種是自動(dòng)方式。在推薦模式方式里，NOX給服務(wù)小區(qū)提出了建議，是增加鄰區(qū)關(guān)系還是刪除鄰區(qū)關(guān)系，有NCS的測(cè)量報(bào)告決定。在NOX的測(cè)量報(bào)告沒(méi)有生成之前，用戶可以選著接受或者拒絕給出的建議。在自動(dòng)模式下，無(wú)需用戶選者是否接受給出的建議，所有的建議將會(huì)被自動(dòng)選者接受。測(cè)量的鄰區(qū)關(guān)系和評(píng)估數(shù)據(jù)將會(huì)根據(jù)定義的數(shù)據(jù)重復(fù)測(cè)量。在這段時(shí)間里，無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)人員將會(huì)得到網(wǎng)絡(luò)修改建議或者修改已經(jīng)完成的通知。并且其結(jié)果已經(jīng)生成。NOX有如下功能：給出改變鄰區(qū)的建議；實(shí)現(xiàn)鄰區(qū)關(guān)系的改變，是改變鄰區(qū)的一種工具；創(chuàng)建一個(gè)NOX-result從NCS-result在分配LOG；一個(gè)NOXrecording包括一個(gè)NOXresult和一個(gè)NCSresult，這意味著如果需要的話，所有的NCSresult可以打開(kāi)。在使用NOX時(shí)，必須配置NCS。為了更好的設(shè)置某些功能，請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀上面NCS部分。5MRRMRR是一個(gè)測(cè)量無(wú)線電特性的一種工具，對(duì)無(wú)線電特征的測(cè)量包括上行鏈路和下行鏈路的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度、上行鏈路和下行鏈路的信號(hào)質(zhì)量、上行鏈路和下行鏈路的路徑損耗、路徑損耗差、MS的發(fā)射功率、BTS減少的發(fā)射功率、TA和上行鏈路和下行鏈路的FER。用戶可以定義統(tǒng)計(jì)計(jì)算無(wú)線電特性，這些統(tǒng)計(jì)統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為無(wú)線電統(tǒng)計(jì)。以下是通過(guò)對(duì)每個(gè)無(wú)線電特性的統(tǒng)計(jì)，并通過(guò)MRR計(jì)算得出：平均編碼器濾波類(lèi)型濾波、DTM連接濾波器、2個(gè)門(mén)限值—到達(dá)指定閥值的測(cè)量值的百分比MRR可以幫助網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化工程師監(jiān)督網(wǎng)絡(luò)性能、呈現(xiàn)無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題、比較網(wǎng)絡(luò)性能之前和之后在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的變化。MRR的應(yīng)用是一種應(yīng)用在無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的工具，能記錄無(wú)線環(huán)境中的信息，并以報(bào)告的形式呈現(xiàn)出給無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化工程師。MRR有如下功能：產(chǎn)生MRR報(bào)告；使用GNIP地圖呈現(xiàn)測(cè)量信息；配置了MRR的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)需要配置電信安全服務(wù)、CNA、BRF。CNA是為了得到有效的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和關(guān)于小區(qū)級(jí)、BSC級(jí)、信道組的無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息。6TETTET是一種小區(qū)規(guī)劃工具，能夠根據(jù)目前小區(qū)的優(yōu)化工具，NOX能夠根據(jù)測(cè)量結(jié)果，自動(dòng)修改鄰區(qū)關(guān)系。TET這些功能便于擴(kuò)容；例如，高話務(wù)的微蜂窩小區(qū)。因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)好的覆蓋是保證良好通話的先決條件。TET的功能是以激活的MS發(fā)往BSC的一份測(cè)量報(bào)告為基礎(chǔ)的，每秒發(fā)送兩次。這份報(bào)告包括對(duì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度額測(cè)量、頻率和六個(gè)信號(hào)最強(qiáng)的鄰區(qū)。在一個(gè)測(cè)試點(diǎn)通過(guò)一個(gè)測(cè)試機(jī)進(jìn)行測(cè)試，包括服務(wù)小區(qū)在激活的BA-list的情況下，對(duì)周?chē)^(qū)的頻率進(jìn)行測(cè)量，激活狀態(tài)下的MS可以報(bào)告的測(cè)試反射機(jī)以及普通的鄰區(qū)。這份測(cè)量報(bào)告表明了在一個(gè)小區(qū)中有好多個(gè)MS從測(cè)試發(fā)射機(jī)接收到強(qiáng)的信號(hào)和多少流量，如果TET的存在，包含測(cè)試發(fā)射機(jī)的測(cè)量報(bào)告數(shù)從BAR中提取。TET能幫助操作員對(duì)新站位置的優(yōu)化、估計(jì)規(guī)劃站點(diǎn)的傳輸能力、為新小區(qū)選擇合適的鄰區(qū)。TET的功能：生成TET報(bào)告。配置了TET的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)需要配置電信安全服務(wù)、CAN、BRF、NCS。CNA是為了得到有效的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和關(guān)于小區(qū)級(jí)、BSC級(jí)、信道組的無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息。BRF和NCS需要被安裝。外文原文：RNOFunctionDescriptionRNOisapartofOSS-RC，ThisdocumentdescribesthefunctionsoftheRadioNetworkOptimizationapplicationsFrequencyAllocationSupport(FAS),FrequencyOptimizationExpert(FOX),MeasurementResultRecording(MRR),NeighboringCellSupport(NCS),NeighboringCellListOptimizationExpert(NOX),TrafficEstimationTool(TET).RNOprovidesthefollowingfunctionsforallRNOapplicationsthatuserecordings:Recordingdefinition,Recordingscheduling,Stoppingandterminatingrecording,Resulthandling,Reportgeneration,Printingthelistofrecordingsandresults,Exportingresults,Frequencysethandling,Cellsethandling,ImportingICDMs,GeneratinganICDMbyaddingtwoICDMs,OnlineHelp,ErrorHandling.1FASTheFASisatoolintendedtosupportfrequencyoptimizationinordertominimizeinterferenceintheradionetwork.TheinterferencelevelinGSMnetworkshastobekepttoaminimuminordertousethefrequencyspectruminanefficientway,andtoincreasethecapacityofthenetwork.Thespeechqualityandtheamountofdroppedcallsaredirectlyaffectedbytheinterferencelevel.TheFASisanoptionalfeatureandaimsatrelievingtheuserfromtheburdenoffrequencyoptimization.Bymonitoringtheup-anddownlinkinterferenceenvironmentinthenetwork,FAScanfindbadfrequencyallocations,bothforBCCH(BroadcastControlChannel)andTrafficChannel(TCH)carriers,andreplacethemwithbetterones.NewFASrecordingsarecreatedandstartedintheRNOandrecordingresultsarecollectedbyRNO.Aftertherecordingiscompleted,theresultvaluesarereportedtoOSSwheretheyareprocessedandpresentedtotheuserinreportsandingeographicalmaps.Therecordingresultscanbeuplinkinterferencedata,downlinkPercentageInterferedTraffic(PIT)estimateandtheICDM.ICDMisabaseforthePIT-estimateforarecording.TheICDMiscreatedduringdownlinkrecordingandgivestheinterferenceeffectofonecellonanother.ThismatrixcanbeexportedasafileinHTML-formatortab-separatedformat,forthepurposeofmajorfrequencyplanning.Thefrequencyplanandthevaliditycountersforarecordingcanalsobeexported.TheresultcanalsobeexportedtoRNDBIifthatapplicationisinstalled.TheinformationfromFAScanbeusedasabasisforthecellplanningwhereFASalsosupportsupdatingofaplannedareainCellularNetworkAdministration(CNA)withfrequencychanges.FAShelpstheoperatorwiththefollowing:Findbetterfrequencyallocationsinthecells(networkoptimization),Introducinganewcellinthenetwork(cellplanning),Monitortheinterferencelevelsonfrequenciesinuse(networksupervision),Theusercancomparerecordingresultsandstatisticalreportsproduced,forexample,beforeandafterafrequencyreallocation.ThefollowingfunctionsareincludedinFAS:GNIPmappresentations.Frequencychanges(reallocations).FASperformsthefollowingactivities:UplinkrecordingandDownlinkrecording.Reportpresentation.Exportofresults.ImportofICDMsFASsoftwarerequirementswithinthecomputersystemarethefollowing:TelecomSecurityServices(TSS).CNAtogetnetworkinformationCNAI.ENIQorSDMdatabasetogetnetworkstatisticalinformation(Optional).BSMtofetchthetypeofcombinerusedinthecell.(Optional).BRFinstalled.2FOXFOXisbuiltonFASandusestheFASmeasurements.FOXalwaysusesbothuplinkanddownlinkmeasurements.InsteadofjustshowingtheresultslikeFAS,FOXhastheadditionalfunctionalityofproposingchangesthatwillimprovethenetworkquality.Thisisdonewithanalgorithmthattakesallpossiblefrequenciesinallcellsintoaccount,andsuggeststhebestchangesforthecellsincludedintherecording.TherearetwolevelsofFOXrecordings:RecommendationandAutomatic.IntheRecommendationmode,FOXsuggestsanumberoffrequencyreallocationsthatarebasedonuplinkanddownlinkrecordings.Theusercanacceptorrejectthesuggestionsbeforetheyareimplemented.IntheAutomaticmode,allsuggestedchangesareimplementedwithoutuserinteraction.Theinterferencemeasurementsandtheevaluationofdatarunrepeatedlyaccordingtotherecordingdefinition.Duringthetime,theuserwillbenotifiedbyachangeofstatusinthelistwhenmodificationofthenetworkisrecommendedorhasbeenmade.ThefollowingfunctionsareincludedinFOX:Recommendationsonfrequencyreallocations.Possibilitytoaccept,changeorrejecttherecommendationsofAutomaticnetworkupdateinaccordancewiththerecommendations.Evaluationofthenetworkupdate.ReallocationLog.GenerationofFOX-result(basedonFAS-result).AFOXrecordingresultsinoneFOXresult,oneFASresult,andoneICDMresult.AFOXrequiresthatFASisinstalled.PleasereadaboutFAStogetthefullsetofrequirements.3NCSThehandoverdecisioninaradionetworkisbasedonmeasurementsfromthemobilestationonthedownlinkandfromthebasestationontheuplink.Theaccuracyofthemeasurementsiscriticaltomakingreliablehandoverdecisions.Ifthenumberofneighboringcellrelationsistoohigh,measurementaccuracydecreases.AlltherelationsthatcanbegoodhandovercandidatesneedtobeincludedintheactiveBA-List.NCSisatoolthathelpsuserstospecifyadequateneighboringcellrelationsforeachcellintheradionetwork.WithNCS,handoverdecisionsaremorereliableandcorrect,whichimprovesspeechqualityandresultsinfewerdroppedcalls.TheusercanorderNCStoperformrecordingsoncellshandledbyoneOSS.Aftertherecordingiscompleted,theresultvaluesarereportedtotheOSS,wheretheycanbeprocessedandpresentedtotheuserinreportsandinmaps.Theresultcanbeexportedintoatab-separatedformatordirectlyintotheRNDBIdatabaseandthereportscanbeexportedtovariousformats.TheinformationfromNCScanbeusedasabasisforplanningneighboringcellrelations.NCSalsosupportsupdatingofaplannedareainCNAwithnewneighboringcellrelationsandremovalsofneighboringcellrelations.InNCS,alldatarecordedaccordingtotherecordingdefinitionisaccumulatedintooneresult,whichcanbepresentedinreportsandanalyzedbytheuser.NCShelpstheoperatorwiththefollowing:Findneighboringcellrelationstoanewcell(networkplanning),FindmissingneighboringcellrelationsintheactiveBA-List(networkoptimization),FindneighboringcellrelationstoberemovedfromtheactiveBA-List(networkoptimization),Evaluateneighboringcellrelations(networksupervision).NCShasthefollowingfunctions:Generationofreports.Theuserhasalsoaccesstothefollowing:UseGNIPMapPresentations.ProposalofneighboringcellrelationchangesinCAN.NCSsoftwarerequirementsonthecomputersystemareasfollows:TSS,CNAisusedtoretrieveconfigurationdataandinformationaboutthenetworksuchascells,BSCsandchannel-groups,CNAI,ENIQorSDMdatabase,togetstatisticalinformationwhichisusedtoindicatethevalidityofthemeasurement.(Optional),BRFisinstalled.ThenetworkelementsmustbeconfiguredtotransfertherecordingfilesintheBSCstotheOSS.ThisconfigurationistobedonewhenNCSisinstalled.4NOXNOXisbuiltonNCSmeasurements.InordertogetaclearpictureofthemeasurementsitisrecommendedtoreadaboutNCSaswell.TwolevelsofNOXrecordingsexist,recommendationandautomatic.IntheRecommendationmode,NOXsuggestsanumberofneighboringcellrelationstobeaddedorremoved.Theusercanacceptorrejectthesuggestionsbeforetheyareimplemented.IntheAutomaticmode,allsuggestedchangesareimplementedwithoutuserinteraction.Therecordingsandevaluationofdatarunrepeatedlyaccordingtotherecordingdefinition.Duringthetime,theuserwillbenotifiedbyachangeofstatusinthelistwhenmodificationofthenetworkisrecommendedorhasbeenmade.NOXhasthefollowingfunctions:ProposeneighboringcellrelationchangesImplementneighboringcellrelationchangesandcreateaNOX-resultfromanNCS-result.ReallocationLog.AnNOX-recordingresultsinoneNOX-resultandoneNCS-result,whichmeansthatallNCS-reportscanbeopenedifdesired.NOXrequiresthatNCSisinstalled.PleasereadaboutNCStogetthefullsetofrequirement.5MRRMRRisatoolformeasuringradiocharacteristics.ThemeasuredradiocharacteristicsareUplinkanddownlinksignalstrength(RXLEV).Uplinkanddownlinksignalquality(RXQUAL).Uplinkanddownlinkpathloss.Pathlossdifference.Powerlevelusedbymobilestation.Powerreductionusedbybasestation.Timingadvancevalueusedbymobilestation.Uplinkanddownlinkframeerasurerate(FER)Theusercandefinestatisticalcalculationsonthemeasuredradiocharacteristics.Thesecalculatedstatisticsarecalledradiostatistics.Thefollowingstatisticsforeachradiocharacteristic,calculatedbyMRR,areAverageCodecTypefilter.DTMConnectionfilter.Twothresholds-tellshowmanypercentageofthemeasurementvaluesthatmeetthespecifiedthreshold.MRRhelpstheoperatorwiththefollowing:Supervisionofthenetworkperformance.Troubleshootinginthenetwork.Comparisonofnetworkperformancebeforeandafterachangeinthenetwork.TheMRRapplicationisatooltoinitiatetheMRRrecordingfunctioninthenetworkelement,processtherecordedinformationandpresentthedatainreports.MRRhasthefollowingfunctions:GenerationofMRRreportsandUsingGNIPmappresentations.UsingGNIPmappresentations.MRRsoftwarerequirementsonthecomputersystemarethefollowing:TSSCNAtoretrieveconfigurationdataandinformationaboutthenetworksuchascells,BSCs,channelgroups.BasicRecordingFrameworkisinstalled.6TETTETisusedtoestimatehowmuchtrafficanewcellwillcatch,andtoquantifytheoffloadandremainingtrafficinthesurroundingcells,thatis,thecellsincludedinthecellset.Thefeatureisintendedtofacilitatecapacityexpansion;forinstance,byhot-spotmicro-cells,sincegoodcoverageintheareaisaprerequisiteforthemethod.ThefunctionofthetoolisbasedonthemeasurementreportsthatanactivemobilestationsendstotheBSC,approximatelytwiceasecond.Thesereportscontaininformationonmeasuredsignalstrength,frequencyandBSICforthesixstrongestneighboringcells.BysettingoutatesttransmitteratatestsiteandincludingitsfrequencyintheactiveBA-listsofthesurroundingcells,activemobilestationscanreportonthetesttransmitteraswellasonordinaryneighboringcells.Thesemeasurementreportsindicatehowmanymobilestationsreceiveastrongsignalfromthetesttransmitter,andhowmuchtrafficcouldbecarriedbythecellifitexisted.ThenumberofmeasurementreportsthatcontainsarecordofthetesttransmitterisextractedfromBAR.TEThelpstheoperatorwiththefollowing:Optimizethelocationsofnewsites.Estimatethepay-offabilityofplannedsites.Dimensionacell.Selectsuitableneighboringcellsforthenewcell.TheTEThasthefollowingfunctions:GenerationofTETreportsTheTETsoftwarerequirementsonthecomputersystemareasfollows:TSStoadministertheauthorityinTET.CNAisrequiredtoretrieveconfigurationdataandinformationaboutthenetworksuchascells,BSCs,channel-groupsBRFisinstalled.NCSisinstalled.英文資料及中文翻譯6TRANSMISSIONSOFDIGITALDATA:INTERFACESANDMODEMS(FromIntroductiontoDataCommunicationsandNetWorking,BehrouzForouzan)Oncewehaveencoderourinformationintoaformatthatcanbetransmitted,thenextstepistoinvestigatethetransmissionprocessitself.Information-processingequipmentsuchasPCsgenerateencodedsignalsbutordinarilyrequireassistancetotransmitthosesignalsoveracommunicationlink.Forexample,aPCgeneratesadigitalsignalbutneedsanadditionaldevicetomodulateacarrierfrequencybeforeitissentoveratelephoneline.Howdowerelayencodeddatafromthegeneratingdevicetothenextdeviceintheprocess?Theanswerisabundleofwires,asortofminicommunicationlink,calledaninterface.Becauseaninterfacelinkstwodevicesnotnecessarilymadebythesamemanufacturer,itscharacteristicsmustbedefinedandstandardsmustbeestablished.Characteristicsofaninterfaceincludeitsmechanicalspecifications(howmanywiresareusedtotransportthesignal);itselectricalspecifications(thefrequency,amplitude,andphaseoftheexpectedsignal);anditsfunctionalspecifications(ifmultiplewiresareused,whatdoeseachonedo?).ThesecharacteristicsarealldescribedbyseveralpopularstandardsandareincorporatedinthephysicallayeroftheOSImodel.6.1DIGITALDATATRANSMISSIONOfprimaryconcernwhenconsideringthetransmissionofdatafromonedevicetoanotheristhewiring.Andofprimaryconcernwhenconsideringthewiringisthedatastream.Dowesendonebitatatime,ordowegroupbitsintolargergroupsand,ifso,how?Thetransmissionofbinarydataacrossalinkcanbeaccomplishedeitherinparallelmodeorserialmode.Inparallelmode,multiplebitsaresentwitheachclockpulse.Inserialmode,onebitissentwitheachclockpulse.Whilethereisonlyonewaytosendparalleldata,therearetwosubclassesofserialtransmission:synchronousandasynchronous(seeFigure6-1).ParallelTransmissionBinarydata,consistingof1sand0s,maybeorganizedintogroupsofnbitseach.Computersproduceandconsumedataingroupsofbitsmuchasweconceiveofandusespokenlanguageintheformofwordsratherthanletters.Bygrouping,wecansenddatanbitsatatimeinsteadofone.Thisiscalledparalleltransmission.

DatatransmissionParallelDatatransmissionParallelSerialSynchronousAsynchronousFigure6-1DatatransmissionThemechanismforparalleltransmissionisaconceptuallysimpleone:usenwirestosendnbitsatonetime.Thatwayeachbithasitsownwire,andallnbitsofonegroupcanbetransmittedwitheachclockpulsefromonedevicetoanother.Figure6-2showshowparalleltransmissionworksforn=8.Typicallytheeightwiresarebundledinacablewithaconnectorateachend.SenderSenderReceiverWeneedeightliness8bitsynchronously Figure6-2ParalleltransmissionTheadvantageofparalleltransmissionisspeed.Allelsebeingequal,paralleltransmissioncanincreasethetransferspeedbyafactorofnoverserialtransmission.Butthereisasignificantdisadvantage:cost.Paralleltransmissionrequiresncommunicationlines(wiresintheexample)justtotransmitthedatastream.Becausethisisexpensive,paralleltransmissionisusuallylimitedtoshortdistances,uptoamaximumofsay25feet.SerialTransmissionInserialtransmissiononebitfollowsanother,soweneedonlyonecommunicationchannelratherthanntotransmitdatabetweentwocommunicatingdevices.Theadvantageofserialoverparalleltransmissionisthatwithonlyonecommunicationchannel,serialtransmissionreducesthecostoftransmissionoverparallelbyroughlyafactorofn.Sincecommunicationwithindevicesisparallel,conversiondevicesarerequiredattheinterfacebetweenthesenderandtheline(parallel-to-parallel).Serialtransmissionoccursinoneoftwoways:asynchronousorsynchronous.AsynchronousTransmissionAsynchronoustransmissionissonamedbecausethetimingofasignalisunimportant.Instead,informationisreceivedandtranslatedbyagreed-uponpatterns.Aslongasthosepatternsarefollowed,thereceivingdevicecanretrievetheinformationwithoutregardtotherhythminwhichitissent.Patternsarebasedongroupingthebitstreamintobytes.Eachgroup,usuallyeightbits,issentalongthelinkasaunit.Thesendingsystemhandleseachgroupindependently,relayingittothelinkwheneverready,withoutregardtoatimer.Withoutasynchronizingpulse,thereceivercannotusetimingtopredictwhenthenextgroupwillarrive.Toalertthereceivertothearrivalofanewgroup,therefore,anextrabitisaddedtothebeginningofeachbyte.Thisbit,usuallya0,iscalledthestartbit.Toletthereceiverknowthatthebyteisfinished,oneormoreadditionalbitsareappendedtotheendofthebyte.Thesebits,usually1s,arecalledstopbits.Bythismethod,eachbyteisincreasedinsizetoatleast10bits,ofwhich8areinformationand2ormorearesignalstothereceiver.Inaddition,thetransmissionofeachbytemaythenbefollowedbyagapofvaryingduration.Thisgapcanberepresentedeitherbyanidlechannelorbyastreamofadditionalstopbits.Inasynchronoustransmissionwesendonestartbit(0)atthebeginningandoneormorestopbits(1s)attheendofeachbyte.Theremaybeagapbetweeneachbyte.Thestartandstopbitsandthegapalertthereceivertothebeginningandendofeachbyteandallowittosynchronizewiththedatastream.Thismechanismiscalledasynchronousbecause,atthebytelevel,senderandreceiverdonothavetobesynchronized.Butwithineachbyte,thereceivermuststillbesynchronizedwiththeincomingbitstream.Thisis,somesynchronizationisrequired,butonlyforthedurationofasinglebyte.Thereceivingdeviceresynchronizesattheonsetofeachnewbyte.Whenthereceiverdetectsastartbit,itsetsatimerandbeginscountingbitsastheycomein.afternbitsthereceiverlooksforastopbit.Assoonasitdetectsthestopbit,itignoresanyreceivedpulsesuntilitdetectsthenextstartbit.Asynchronousheremeans“asynchronousatthebytelevel,”butthebitsarestillsynchronized;theirdurationsarethesame.Theadditionofstopandstartbitsandtheinsertionofgapsintothebitstreammakeasynchronoustransmissionslowerthanformsoftransmissionthatcanoperatewithouttheadditionofcontrolinformation.Butitischeapandeffective,twoadvantagesthatmakeitanattractivechoiceforsituationslikelow-speedcommunication.Forexample,theconnectionofaterminaltoacomputerisanaturalapplicationforasynchronoustransmission.Ausertypesonlyonecharacteratatime,typesextremelyslowlyindataprocessingterms,andleavesunpredictablegapsoftimebetweeneachcharacter.SynchronousTransmissionInsynchronoustransmission,thebitstreamiscombinedintolonger“frames,”whichmaycontainmultiplebytes.Eachbyte,however,isintroducedontothetransmissionlinkwithoutagapbetweenitandthenextone.Itislefttothereceivertoseparatethebitstreamintobytesfordecodingpurposes.Inotherwords,dataaretransmittedasanunbrokenstringof1sand0s,andthereceiverseparatesthatstringintothebytes,orcharacters,itneedstoreconstructtheinformation.Insynchronoustransmissionwesendbitsoneafteranotherwithoutstart/stopbitsorgaps.Itistheresponsibilityofthereceivertogroupthebits.Withoutgapsandstart/stopbits,thereisnobuilt-inmechanismtohelpthereceivingdeviceadjustitsbitsynchronizationinmidstream.Timingbecomesveryimportant,therefore,becausetheaccuracyofthereceivedinformationiscompletelydependentontheabilityofthereceivingdevicetokeepanaccuratecountofthebitsastheycomein.Theadvantageofsynchronoustransmissionisspeed.Withnoextrabitsorgapstointroduceatthesendingendandremoveatthereceivingendand,byextension,withfewerbitstomoveacrossthelink,synchronoustransmissionisfasterthanasynchronoustransmissionisfasterthanasynchronoustransmission.Forthisreason,itismoreusefulforhigh-speedapplicationslikethetransmissionofdatafromonecomputertoanother.Bytesynchronizationisaccomplishedinthedatalinklayer.6.2DTE-DCEINTERFACAtthispointwemustclarifytwotermsimportanttocomputernetworking:dataterminalequipment(DTE).Thereareusuallyfourbasicfunctionalunitsinvolvedinthecommunicationofdata:aDTEandDCEononeendandaDCEandDTEontheotherend.TheDTEgeneratesthedataandpassesthem,alongwithanynecessarycontrolcharacters,toaDCE.TheDCEdoesthejobofconvertingthesignaltoaformatappropriatetothetransmissionmediumandintroducingitontothenetworklink.Whenthesignalarrivesatthereceivingend,thisprocessisreversed.DataTerminalEquipment(DTE)Dataterminalequipment(DTE)includesanyunitthatfunctionseitherasasourceoforasadestinationforbinarydigitaldata.Atthephysicallayer,ifcanbeaterminal,microcomputer,computer,printer,faxmachine,oranyotherdevicethatgeneratesorconsumesdigitaldata.DTEsdonotoftencommunicatedirectlywithoneanother,theygenerateandconsumeinformationbutneedanintermediarytobeabletocommunicate.ThinkofaDTEasoperatingthewayyourbraindoeswhenyoutalk.Let’ssayyouhaveanideathatyouwanttocommunicatetoafriend.Yourbraincreatestheideabutcannottransmitthatideatoyourfriend’sbrainbyitself.Unfortunatelyorfortunately,wearenotaspeciesofmindreaders.Instead,yourbrainpassestheideatoyourvocalchordsandmouth,whichconvertittosoundwavesthatcantravelthroughtheairoroveratelephonelinetoyourfriend’searandfromtheretohisorherbrain,whereitisconvertedbackintoinformation.Inthismodel,yourbrainandyourfriend’sbrainareDTEs.YourvocalchordsandmouthareyourDCE.HisorherearisalsoaDCE.Theairortelephonewireisyourtransmissionmedium.ADTEisanydevicethatisasourceofordestinationforbinarydigitaldata.DataCircuit-TerminatingEquipment(DCE)Datacircuit-terminatingequipment(DCE)includesanyfunctionalunitthattransmitsorreceivesdataintheformofananalogordigitalsignalthroughanetwork.Atthephysicallayer,aDCEtakesdatageneratedbyaDTE,convertsthemtoanappropriatesignal,andthenintroducesthesignalontothetelecommunicationlink.CommonlyusedDCEsatthislayerincludemodems.Inanynetwork,aDTEgeneratesdigitaldataandpassesittoaDCE;theDCEconvertsthedatatoaformacceptabletothetransmissionmediumandsendstheconvertedsignaltoanotherDCEonthenetwork.ThesecondDCEtakesthesignalofftheline,convertsittoaformusablebyitsDTE,anddeliversit.Tomakethiscommunicationpossible,boththesendingandreceivingDCEsmustusethesameencodingmethod,muchthewaythatifyouwanttocommunicatetosomeonewhounderstandsonlyJapanese,youmustspeakJapanese.ThetwoDTEsdonotneedtobecoordinatedwitheachother,buteachofthemmustbecoordinatedwithitsownDCEandtheDCEsmustbecoordinatedsothatdatatranslationoccurswithoutlossofintegrity.ADCEisanydevicethattransmitsorreceivesdataintheformofananalogordigitalsignalthroughanetwork.

6數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)傳輸：接口和調(diào)制解調(diào)器（選自?數(shù)據(jù)通