2024年全球資源展望（英）

Bendthetrend

Pathwaystoaliveableplanetas

resourceusespikes

GlobalResourcesOutlook

2024

?2024UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

ISBN: 978-92-807-4128-5

Jobnumber: DTI/2618/NA

DOI:

/20.500.11822/44901

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Suggestedcitation:

UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2024):GlobalResourcesOutlook2024:BendtheTrend–Pathwaystoaliveableplanetasresourceusespikes.InternationalResourcePanel.Nairobi.

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GlobalResourcesOutlook

2024

Bendthetrend

Pathwaystoaliveableplanetas

resourceusespikes

Acknowledgements

DevelopedundertheguidanceoftheInternationalResourcePanelCo-ChairsJanezPoto?nikandIzabellaTeixeira.

LeadCoordinatingAuthor:HansBruyninckx

LeadChapterAuthors:HansBruyninckx,SteveHatfield-Dodds,StefanieHellweg,HeinzSchandl.

ContributingAuthorsbyChapter:

Chapter1:HansBruyninckx,BeatrizVidal,HalaRazian,RebeccaNohl.

Chapter2:HeinzSchandl,RaymundoMarcos-Martinez,JimWest,YingyingLu,AlessioMiatto,StephanLutter,StefanGiljum,ManfredLenzen,MengyuLi,LiviaCabernard,MarinaFischer-Kowalski.

Chapter3:StefanieHellweg,LiviaCabernard,ViktorasKulionis,ChristopherOberschelp,StephanPfister.

Chapter4:SteveHatfield-Dodds,YingyingLu,RayMarcos-Martinez,HeinzSchandl,EsterVanderVoet,DetlefvanVuuren,LiviaCabernard,SebastiaanDeetman,VassilisDaioglou,OreaneEdelenbosch,StefanFrank,PetrHavlik,StefanieHellweg,ManfredLenzen,MengyuLi,AmandaPalazzo,GeorgeVerikios,KajvanderWijst.

Chapter5:HansBruyninckx,BeatrizVidal,RebeccaNohl,HalaRazian,PaulEkins,JuliusGatune,SteveHatfield-Dodds,StefanieHellweg,JeffHerrick,PederJensen,JoannaKulczycka,IrisLassus,ReidLifset,EevaPrimmer,JeannetteSanchez,HeinzSchandl,NamitaSharma,MarkSwilling,AndersWijkman,BingZhu,MikeAsquith,EliasAyuk,VeredBlass,ShaoFengChen,AkshayJain,AnaJesusandDiogoAparecidoLopesSilva.

i |UNEP|GlobalResourcesOutlook2024

ThisreportwaswrittenundertheauspicesoftheInternationalResourcePanel(IRP)oftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP).ThanksareextendedtoJanezPoto?nikandIzabellaTeixeira,co-chairsoftheIRP,andthemembersoftheIRPanditsSteeringCommittee.

TheauthorsarethankfultotheWorkingGroupMembers,especially:AnthonyChiu,PaulEkins,JeffHerrick,JoannaKulczycka,MichaelObersteiner,EevaPrimmer,AnuRamaswami,MarkSwilling,EstervanderVoet,HelgaWeiszandAndersWijkman.

TheauthorslikewiseexpresstheirgratitudefortheguidancereceivedbythePolicyResponseDraftingGroupconvenedtosupportdevelopmentofChapter5,including:EliasAyuk,JuliusGatune,MaartenHajer,ReidLifset,LourdesJeannetteSanchezZuritaandBingZhu,aswellastheGROWorkingGroupmembersEevaPrimmer,MarkSwillingandAndersWijkman.

Theauthorsarealsothankfultothecontributorsofcountryprofiles(availableat

):Kwabena

O.Asubonteng,EliasAyuk,ChikaAoki-Suzuki,JoannaKulczycka,ViktorasKulionis,PhilipNuss,CássiaUgayaandRanYagasa.

TheauthorswouldliketothankRaymondBrandes,GarreteClark,SofieClausen,AndrewFanning,AndreaHinwood,PaoloMarengo,GiulioMattioli,MonaMohammed,JuliaOkatz,FabiennePierre,RulaQalyoubi,JuliaSteinberger,GinaTorregrozaandJinhuaZhangfortheirinputs.

TheauthorsarethankfultotheReviewEditor,IRPmember,KeisukeNansaiforhisleadershipandsupportintheexternalreviewprocess.TheyarealsogratefulfortheExternalExpertReviewprovidedbyMeganCole,IchirDaigo,DamienGiurco,RyuKoide,DiagoAparecidoLopesSilva,PaulLucas,KateMeyer,ShinsukeMurakami,RüdigerSchaldach,JyriSepp?l?,TomohiroTasaki,CarlosAndresTrujilloValencia,FrancescaVerones,HongxiaWang,RanranWangandYutaoWang,andotheranonymousexpertreviewers.

TheauthorsalsowishtothanktheCentreforEnvironmentandDevelopmentfortheArabRegionandEurope(CEDARE)andUNEPEarlyWarningandAssessmentDivisionfortheircontributioninfacilitatingtheuseoftheonlineReviewEditingAnalyticalDatabaseoftheGlobalEnvironmentOutlook(GEO-READ)systemfortheGlobalResourcesOutlookexternalexpertreviewprocess.

TheauthorsaregratefultotheSecretariatoftheInternationalResourcePanelhostedbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,andtoHalaRazianinparticular,forthecoordinationandtechnicalsupportprovidedforthepreparationofthisreport.TheauthorswouldalsoliketothankBeatrizVidal,PederJensenandRebeccaNohlfortheirsupportinthecoordinationofthereport.

Production:UNESCO

Designandlayout:KatharineMugridge

ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo101018010.

GlobalResourcesOutlook2024|UNEP| ii

Listofabbreviations

BAT

bestavailabletechnology

BECCS

Bio-energywithcarboncaptureandstorage

CBD

ConventiononBiologicalDiversity

CCS

carboncaptureandstorage

CTU

comparativetoxicunits

DALYs

DisabilityAdjustedLifeYears

DE

domesticextraction

DMC

domesticmaterialconsumption

DPSIR

Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response

EECCA

EasternEurope,CaucasusandCentralAsia

region

FAO

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationofthe

UnitedNations

G7

GroupofSeven

G20

GroupofTwenty

GDP

grossdomesticproduct

GHG

greenhousegases

GRO

GlobalResourcesOutlook

Gt

gigaton

GWP

GlobalWarmingPotentials

HDI

HumanDevelopmentIndex

IHDI

inequality-adjustedhumandevelopmentindex

IEA

InternationalEnergyAgency

IPAT

Impact=PopulationxAffluencexTechnology

IPCC

IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

IPBES

IntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformon

BiodiversityandEcosystemServices

IRP

InternationalResourcePanel

LCA

lifecycleassessment

MF

materialfootprint

MFA materialflowsanalysis

MI materialintensity

MJ megajoule

Mt milliontons

OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationand

Development

PDF potentiallydisappearedfractionofspecies

PM particulatematter

PTB physicaltradebalance

R&D researchanddevelopment

RTB rawmaterialtradebalance

SBTs Science-basedTargets

SCP sustainableconsumptionandproduction

SDG SustainableDevelopmentGoals

SSP SharedSocioeconomicPathways

TWh TeraWatthours

UN UnitedNations

UNCCD UnitedNationsConventiontoCombat

Desertification

UNCHE UnitedNationsConferenceontheHuman

Environment

UNCTAD UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeand

Development

UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon

ClimateChange

UNICEF UnitedNationsChildren’sFund

UNIDO UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopment

Organization

USA UnitedStatesofAmerica

WHO WorldHealthOrganization

iii |UNEP|GlobalResourcesOutlook2024

Glossary1

Absolutedecoupling:Absolutedecouplingisashorthanddescriptionofasituationinwhichresourceproductivitygrowsfasterthaneconomicactivity(GDP)andresourceuseisabsolutelydeclining.Seealso:decoupling,relativedecouplingandimpactdecoupling.

Bioeconomy:Thisreferstoallsectorsandsystemsthatrelyonbiomassincludingbiologicalresources(animals,plants,micro-organismsandderivedbiomass,includingorganicwaste),theirfunctionsandprinciples.Itincludesandinterlinks:landandmarineecosystemsandtheservicestheyprovide;allprimaryproductionsectorsthatuseandproducebiologicalresources(agriculture,forestry,fisheriesandaquaculture);andalleconomicandindustrialsectorsthatusebiologicalresourcesandprocessestoproducefood,feed,bio-basedproducts,energyandservices(adaptedfromtheEuropeanUnion(EU)BioeconomyStrategy(COM/2018/673)).Italsoreferstoconservationandregenerationofbiologicalresources,includingrelatedknowledge,science,technologyandinnovationtoprovidesolutions(seeFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations[FAO],2basedonGlobalBioeconomySummitCommuniqué2020).3ThisGROreportconsidersthatthesustainableuseofbiomassmustbebasedonprioritizingtheuseofbiomassformaximumwell-beingandminimalimpact.

Biomass:Crops,grazedbiomass,foddercrops,wood,wildcatchandharvest.

Capitalformation:Capitalformationreferstoadditionsofcapitalstock,suchasthebuild-upofinfrastructure,equipmentandtransportationassets.Inmulti-regionalinput-outputassessments,thisisreportedaspartofthefinaldemandpersectorandregion.

Circulareconomy:Thecirculareconomyisonewherethevalueofproducts,materialsandresourcesismaintainedforaslongaspossibleintheeconomy,andthegenerationofwasteisminimized.Thisisincontrasttoalineareconomy,whichisbasedonthe“extract,makeanddispose”modelofproductionandconsumption.

Consumption:Theuseofproductsandservicesfor(domestic)finaldemand,namelyforhouseholds,governmentandinvestments.Theconsumptionofresourcescanbecalculatedbyattributingthelife-cycle-wideresourcerequirementstothoseproductsandservices(forexamplebyinput-outputcalculation).

Consumptionperspective:Itallocatestheuseofnaturalresourcesortherelatedimpactsthroughoutthesupplychaintotheregionwheretheseresources,incorporatedinvariouscommodities,arefinallyconsumedbyindustries,governmentsandhouseholds.

Cradle-to-grave:Denotesthesystemboundariesofafulllife-cycleassessmentstudy,consideringalllife-cyclestages,includingrawmaterialextraction,production,transport,useandfinaldisposal.Alsotermed“l(fā)ife-cycleperspective”.

DisabilityAdjustedLifeYears(DALYs):Measureforhealthimpacts(referringtoparticulatematterhealthimpacts

inthisreport).Itquantifiestheamountoflifeyearslostorlivedwithhealthimpairment.BasedonWorldHealthOrganization[WHO]2019.

Decoupling:Decouplingiswhenresourceuseorsomeenvironmentalpressureorimpactgrowsataslowerratethantheeconomicactivitycausingit(relativedecoupling)ordeclineswhiletheeconomicactivitycontinuestogrow(absolutedecoupling).

Demand-sidemeasures:Policiesandprogrammestoinfluencethedemandforgoodsand/orservices.Intheenergysector,demand-sidemanagementaimstoreducedemandforelectricityandotherformsofenergyrequiredtodeliverenergyservices.Source:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[IPCC]2018a.

Drivers-pressures-state-impacts-response(DPSIR)framework:TheDPSIRframeworkaimstoprovideastep-wisedescriptionofthecausalchainlinkingeconomicactivity(drivers),pressures(suchasemissionsofpollutants),changesinthestateoftheenvironment(includinglandcoverchange)andimpacts(diminishedhumanhealth,biodiversitylossandothers).Thisthenleads

ThisbuildsontheIRPglossary

,/glossary.

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utilization%2C%20conservation%2C%20and,a%20sustainable%20economy%20%28Global%20Bioeconomy%20Summit%20

Communiqu%C3%A9%2C%202020%29

/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GBS2020_IACGB-Communique.pdf

GlobalResourcesOutlook2024|UNEP| iv

toasocietalresponseaimedatadaptingthosedrivingforcestoreduceimpacts.Itshouldnotbeunderstoodasareactivegovernanceapproachthatwaitsforirreversiblechangestotheenvironmentbeforeresponding,butratheranapproachthatsupportspreventativeactionandthatcanbeusedasananalyticaltoolforlinkinghuman-naturesystemsinfuturemodellingtohelpsteeratransition.

Employment:Thistermdenotesthenumberoffull-timeequivalentpositions(usedinChapter3).

Environmentalimpacts:Harmfuleffectsofhumanactivitiesonecosystemsandhumanhealth.Thepresentreportincludesthefollowingmethodsandimpactcategories(seeTable3.1forafulllist):

Climatechangeimpacts:Emissionscontributingtoclimatechange(suchasCO2,CH4,N2O)areweighedaccordingtotheconcentrationchangetheyproduceintheatmospheremultipliedwiththeradiativeforcingoftherespectivegas,asubstancepropertydescribinghowmuchenergythesubstancecanabsorb.Thiseffectofalteringtheenergybalanceoftheearthisaccumulatedoveradefinedtimehorizon(typically100years)andpublishedbyIPCCas“GlobalWarmingPotentials,GWPs”(IPCC2013).Impactsarecalledclimatechangeimpacts,butarealsoknownas

acarbonfootprintorgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions.AllemissionsareexpressedaskgCO2-equivalents.

Ecotoxicity:Emissionsoftoxicsubstancesaretransported,degradedandtransferredbetweenvariousenvironmentalcompartments(air,waterandsoil),wheretheymayleadtodirectexposure(includinginhalationofairwithpollutants)orindirectexposure(suchascropuptakeofpollutantsfromsoilandingestionofcropasfood).Toxiceffectsmayoccurafterexposure.

Biodiversityloss:Landuseoreutrophicationreducesnaturalhabitatsizeoraltersthenutrientsupply,therebydegradingecosystemsandleadingtospeciesextinctions.

Waterstress:Waterstressreferstotheimpactsofwaterconsumptiononwaterasaflowresource.Additionally,absolutewaterscarcity(availabilityperarea)isconsideredtocombinenaturalandhuman-inducedwaterstressinasingleindicator.BasedonBoulayetal.(2018).

Extraction:amountofmaterialextractedfromthenaturalenvironmentforuseintheeconomy.Itincludesextractiveactivitiessuchasmining,aswellasagriculturalandwoodharvest.

Fairconsumptionspace:Theneedtocurboverconsumptionwhileensuringconsumptionopportunitiesneededforfulfillingbasicneeds,decentlivingstandardsandhumandignity.Source:UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme[UNEP]2022b.

Footprints:Footprintscanmeasuredifferenttypesofpressureandimpactincludingresourceuse(suchasmaterialsandwater),pollutionemissionsandenvironmentalimpacts(climatechange,waterscarcity,biodiversitylossesandsoforth).InthecontextoftheInternationalResourcePanel(IRP)flagshipreport,GlobalResourcesOutlook2019,thetermfootprintsisusedtorepresentthewholesystemofenvironmentalpressuresandimpactsexertedbyhumanactivity,includingdirectpressuresandimpactsoccurringwithinthegeographicalboundarywheretheactivityoccursandindirect/orsupplychainpressuresandimpactsinsideandoutside(transboundaryones).

Fossilfuels:Coal,anthracite,lignite,peat,gas,oilandtarsands.

Healthimpacts:Harmfuleffectsofhumanactivitiesonthehealthofapopulation.Inthepresentreport,theenvironmentalhealthimpactsofparticulatematter(PM)

wereassessed(asthelatteristhemaincauseoftheformer).Thisincludescardiovascularandrespiratorydiseasescausedbyfineprimaryparticulatematteremissionsorsecondaryparticulatematter,whichisformedfromprecursorgasestransformedtoparticulatematterintheatmosphere(SOx,NOxandammonia).

Impactassessment:Thisisusedinterchangeablywiththetermlife-cycleimpactassessment.Itdenotesa“phaseoflifecycleassessmentaimedatunderstandingandevaluatingthemagnitudeandsignificanceofthepotentialenvironmentalimpacts”ofasystem(accordingtotheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO14040)).Itlinksenvironmentalimpactstoemissionsandprimaryresourceuse.Life-cycleimpactassessmentisdefinedasthephaseoflife-cycleassessment(seebelow)aimedatunderstandingandevaluatingthemagnitudeandsignificanceofthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsofaproductsystem.BasedonISO14044(2006).

Impactdecoupling:Impactdecouplingreferstoaslowerrateofgrowthinenvironmentalimpactsthanintheeconomicactivitycausingit(relativedecoupling)oranabsolutedeclineinimpactswhiletheeconomicactivitycontinuestogrow(absolutedecoupling).Impactdecouplingfromresource-usegrowthreferstoaslowerrateofgrowthinenvironmentalimpactsthanresourceuse(relativedecoupling)oranabsolutedeclineinimpactswhileresourceusecontinuestogrow(absolutedecoupling).

Incomegroups:Thisreportprovidesanalysisbasedonincomegroups.TheincomegroupclassificationcomesfromtheUnitedNations,whichisbasedonthresholdsestablishedbytheWorldBanktoensurecompatibilitywithclassificationsusedinotherinternationalorganizations.Therearefourincomegroupcategories:high-income,upper

v |UNEP|GlobalResourcesOutlook2024

middle-income,lowermiddle-incomeandlow-income(seeAnnex1).Thesecategoriesareusedinallassessmentsofthereport.However,forChapter4,incomegroupingreliesonthecountryandregionalgroupsoftheunderlyingmodels(seesection8.4intheannex).

Input-output(I-O)method:Input-outputtablesdescribetheinterdependenceofallproductionandconsumptionactivitiesinaneconomy.Inaninput-outputmodel,theeconomyisrepresentedbyindustrysectors(includingresourceextraction,processing,manufacturingandservicesectors)andfinaldemandcategories(includinghouseholds,government,investment,exportandstockchanges).IntegratinginformationonemissionsandresourceusecausedbysectorsandfinaldemandallowsenvironmentallyextendedIOtables(eeIOT)tobeprovided.Thesecanbeusedtocalculateenvironmentalpressuresinducedbyproductionsectorsorfinaldemandcategoriesinawayasimilartovalue-addedorlabour.

Justtransition:Whiledefinitionsvaryacrossthematicandgeographiccontexts,ajusttransitionmeansgreeningtheeconomyinawaythatisasfairandinclusiveaspossibletoeveryoneconcerned,creatingdecentworkopportunitiesandleavingnoonebehind(InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)).4AccordingtothisGROreport,addressingthestructurallyunequaldistributionofcostsandbenefitsofourcurrentmodelsofresourceuseiskeytoajusttransitiontowardssustainableresourceuse.Ajusttransitionalsorelatestotheprinciplesofsufficiency(seebelow),whichcallforanincreaseofresourceuseinlow-developmentcontextstopromotedignifiedlivingstandards,andthereductionofresourceuseinthecontextofhigherconsumptionfootprint.Ajusttransitionrequirescompensationfortheactorsandcommunitiesthatwillbenegativelyaffectedbytheactionsdeployedforthetransition.

Life-CycleAssessment:Life-CycleAssessment(LCA)istheassessmentofimpactsassociatedwithalllifestagesofaproductorservicefromcradletograve(seedefinitionabove).

Life-cycleperspective:Alifecycleperspectiveincludesconsiderationoftheenvironmentalaspectsofanorganization’sactivities,productsandservicesthatitcancontrolorinfluence.Stagesinalifecycleincludeacquisitionofrawmaterials,design,production,transportation/delivery,use,endoflifetreatmentandfinaldisposal(ISOn.d.).Alsotermed“cradle-to-grave”.

Materials:Materialsaresubstancesorcompounds.Theyareusedasinputsforproductionormanufacturingbecauseoftheirproperties.Amaterialcanbedefinedatdifferentstagesofitslifecycle:unprocessed(orraw)materials,intermediatematerialsandfinishedmaterials.Forexample,

ironoreisminedandprocessedintocrudeiron,whichinturnisrefinedandprocessedintosteel.Eachofthesecanbecalledmaterials.Steelisthenusedasaninputinmanyotherindustriestomakefinishedproducts.Throughoutthereport,assessmentsrefertomaterialresources(biomass,fossilfuels,metalsandnon-metallicminerals,seebelow),withthetermoftenshortenedto“materials”.

Materialresources:Biomass,fossilfuels,metalsandnon-metallicminerals.Throughoutthereport,assessmentsrefertomaterialresourcesas“materials”(seeabove).

Materialflowanalysis:Materialflowanalysis(MFA)comprisesagroupofmethodstoanalysethephysicalflowsofmaterialsinto,throughandoutofagivensystem.Thiscanbeappliedatdifferentlevelsofscaleincludingproducts,firms,sectors,regionsandwholeeconomies.Theanalysismayfocusonindividualsubstanceormaterialflows,oraggregatedflowssuchasresourcegroups(fossilfuels,metalsorminerals).Economy-wideMFA(ewMFA)isappliedtoentireeconomiesandprovidesthebasisforproducingindicatorsonthemetabolicperformanceofcountriesintermsofmaterialinputsandconsumption(suchasDirectMaterialInput(DMI),DomesticMaterialConsumption(DMC),TotalMaterialRequirement(TMR)andTotalMaterialConsumption(TMC)).

Metals:Metalsareelements(ormixturesofelements)characterizedbyspecificpropertiessuchasconductivityofelectricity.Majorengineeringmetalsincludealuminium,copper,iron,lead,steelandzinc.Preciousmetalsincludegold,palladium,platinum,rhodiumandsilver,whilespecialtymetalsincludeantimony,cadmium,chromium,cobalt,magnesium,manganese,mercury,molybdenum,nickel,tin,titaniumandtungsten.Becausemetalsareelements,theyarenotdegradableandcannotbedepletedinanabsolutesense:onceintheenvironmenttheydonotdisappear.However,some,likeheavymetals,mayaccumulateinsoils,sedimentsandorganisms–withimpactsonhumanandecosystemhealth.

MultilateralEnvironmentalAgreement(MEA):LegallybindinginstrumentsbetweentwoormorenationStates,dealingwithenvironmentalaspects.MostMEAshavebeenadoptedafterthe1972UnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironment(UNCHE).TheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC),ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)andtheConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD)aresomeofthemostsignificantexamplesofMEAsatgloballevel,formingtheinternationallegalbasisforglobaleffortstoaddresstheseenvironmentalissues.

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GlobalResourcesOutlook2024|UNEP| vi

Non-metallicminerals:Materialssuchassand,gravel,limestone,gypsumandclaythataremostlyusedforconstructionbutalsoforindustrialapplications.

Planetaryboundaries:EstimateofasafeoperatingspaceforhumanitywithrespecttothefunctioningofkeyEarthSystemprocesses,referringtobiophysicalprocesses

oftheEarthSystemthatdeterminetheself-regulatingcapacityoftheplanet.Accordingtothisconcept,theboundarylevelshouldnotbetransgressedifunacceptableglobalenvironmentalchangeistoavoided(intermsoftheriskshumanityfacesinthetransitionoftheplanetfromtheHolocenetotheAnthropocene).TheoriginalworkbyRockstr?metal.(2009)referstonineplanetaryboundaries.

Productionperspective:Itallocatestheuseofnaturalresourcesortheimpactsrelatedtonaturalresourceextractionandprocessingtothelocationwheretheyphysicallyoccur(Woodetal.2018).

Provisioningsystem:Recentlyemergedandincreasinglyrelevantconceptthatgroupstogetherrelatedecological,technological,institutionalandsocialelementsthatinteracttotransformnaturalresourcestosatisfyforeseenhumanneeds.Usingthisapproachmeansthatresourceuseandrelatedimpactsareallocatedtothesystemswherefinalconsumptiontakesplace.Source:Fanningetal.(2020)

Relativedecoupling:Inrelativedecouplingthegrowthrateoftheenvironmentallyrelevantparameter(suchasresourcesusedorenvironmentalimpact)islowerthanthegrowthrateoftherelevanteconomicindicator(forexampleGDP).

Resourceefficiency:Ingeneralterms,resourceefficiencydescribestheoverarchinggoalsofdecoupling—increasinghumanwell-beingandeconomicgrowthwhileloweringtheamountofresourcesrequiredandnegativeenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwithresourceuse.Inotherwords,thismeansdoingbetterwithless.Intechnicalterms,resourceefficiencymeansachievinghigheroutputswithlowerinputsandcanbereflectedbyindicatorssuchasresourceproductivity(includingGDP/resourceconsumption).Ambitionstoachievearesource-efficienteconomythereforerefertosystemsofproductionandconsumptionthathavebeenoptimizedwithregardtoresourceuse.Thisincludesstrategiesofdematerialization(savings,reductionofmaterialandenergyuse)andre-materialization(reuse,remanufacturingandrecycling)inasystems-wideapproachtoacirculareconomy,aswellasinfrastructuretransitionswithinsustainableurbanization.

Resourceproductivity:Asanindicatoronthemacro-economiclevel,totalresourceproductivityiscalculatedasGDP/TMR(OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment[OECD]2008).Itmaybepresentedtogetherwithindicatorsoflabourorcapitalproductivity.Resourceproductivityistheinverseofresourceintensity.

Resources:Resources—includingland,waterandmaterials—areseenaspartsofthenaturalworldthatcanbeusedineconomicactivitiestoproducegoodsandservices.Materialresourc