英漢對(duì)比研究-替換與重復(fù)

第十章

替換與重復(fù)(Substitutive

vs．Repetitive)葛

星白

陽(yáng)李彥麗替換

(Substitutive)

Commercials

seldom

make

for

entertainingand

relaxing

listening.

We

listened

to

an

account

of

the

customs

ofthe

inhabitants

of

the

village.

The

bachelor’s

degree

is

a

necessary

formatriculation．

“It

was

the

best

of

times,

and

it

was

the

worof

times.

It

was

the

age

of

wisdom,

and

it

wasthe

age

of

foolishness.

It

was

the

epoch

ofbelief,

and

it

was

the

epoch

of

incredulity.was

the

season

of

light,

and

it

was

the

seasonof

darkness.

It

was

the

spring

of

hope,

and

itwas

the

winter

of

despair.

We

had

everythingbefore

us,

and

we

had

nothing

before

us.

Wewere

all

going

direct

to

Heaven,

and

we

wereall

going

direct

the

other

way.

這是最好的時(shí)期，這是最壞的時(shí)期；這是智慧的歲月，這是愚昧的歲月；這是堅(jiān)定信仰的時(shí)代，這是懷疑一切的時(shí)代；這是光明的季節(jié)，這是黑暗的季節(jié)；這是希望之春，這是絕望之冬；人們應(yīng)有盡有，人們一無(wú)所有；人們直登天堂，人們徑墮地獄。替代省略變換替換{一、替代(Substitution)

用替代的形式(pro-form)來(lái)代替句中或上文已出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)或內(nèi)容(shared

words

andcontent)，這是用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)話(huà)或?qū)懽鞯囊豁?xiàng)重要原則。

英語(yǔ)中主要有三種替代現(xiàn)象：名詞性替代，動(dòng)詞性替代和分句性替代1．名詞性替代(nominal

substitution)名詞性替代是以名詞性替代詞替代一個(gè)名詞詞組或它的中心詞，這種替代現(xiàn)象叫做名詞性替代。

這類(lèi)詞如：第三（非）人稱(chēng)代詞、指示代詞(this,that,these,those)、關(guān)系代詞(who，whom，whose，that，which)、連接代詞(who，where,what，which)、不定代詞(both，either，one／ones，much，other，another，some，any)以及名詞enough，the

same，the

kind，theformer，the

latter等。英語(yǔ)常用這類(lèi)替代詞來(lái)避免重復(fù)，漢語(yǔ)則較常重復(fù)其所代替的名詞(詞組)。1.1第三（非）人稱(chēng)代詞：she,he,it,theyThe

more

we

practice

a

foreign

language,

the

easier

itis.我們練習(xí)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)越多，這門(mén)外語(yǔ)就變得越容易。The

country

needs

new

leadership

if

she(he)

is

to

playrole

in

future

development

.如果該國(guó)要在未來(lái)的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮作用的話(huà)，該國(guó)就需要新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子。1.2指示代詞(that，those)The

language

of

a

child

differs

from

that

of

hisparents.孩子的語(yǔ)言不同于家長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)言。Men"s

work

histories

differ

in

most

respects

fromthose

of

their

female

colleagues.男性的工作經(jīng)歷在很多方面都和女性同事的工作經(jīng)歷不同。1.3關(guān)系代詞(whom,where，that，which)He,

a

typical

Kaifenger,

grew

up

in

Kf

where

he

was

born.他生在開(kāi)封，長(zhǎng)在開(kāi)封，是個(gè)典型的開(kāi)封人。

In

Berlin,

he

first

met

the

woman

whom

he

would

one

daymarry.

在柏林，他第一次遇見(jiàn)那個(gè)女人，后來(lái)他終于跟那個(gè)女人結(jié)了婚?；瘜W(xué)變化是改變粒子結(jié)構(gòu)、形成新物質(zhì)的一種變化。

A

chemical

change

is

one

in

which

the

structure

of

particlechanged

and

a

new

substance

is

formed．英譯漢不如英譯法容易。

Translation

from

English

into

Chinese

is

not

so

easy

as

thatfrom

English

into

French．

1.4不定代詞(both，either，one／ones，much，other，another，some，any)The

gray

horse

is

stronger

than

the

black

one.灰色的馬比黑色的馬強(qiáng)壯The

new

design

is

much

better

than

the

old

ones.新的設(shè)計(jì)方案比舊的方案好。Can

you

give

me

a

few

nails?I

need

some.你能給我?guī)讉€(gè)釘子嗎？我需要一些釘子。We

offered

the

old

begger

some

food,but

he

didn"t

want

any.我們給老乞丐一些食物，但是他一點(diǎn)食物都不想要。比爾心里早有計(jì)劃，所以當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€(gè)計(jì)劃失敗后。他就試了另一個(gè)計(jì)劃。Bill

had

a

card

up

his

sleeve,

so

when

his

first

plan

failed

he

tanother.他在香港和澳門(mén)都住過(guò)，但他對(duì)這兩個(gè)地方都不喜歡。He

has

lived

in

Hongkong

and

Macao,but

he

doesn"t

like

either.7）看發(fā)展有兩種基本方式：一個(gè)方式是看結(jié)果，另一個(gè)方式是看過(guò)程。There

are

2

basic

ways

to

see

growth

:

one

as

a

product,

theother

as

a

process.8）我不會(huì)花20美元買(mǎi)這件上衣，她不值20美元I

won"t

pay＄20

for

the

coat;it"s

not

worth

all

that

much.9）英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)是加拿大的官方語(yǔ)言，聯(lián)邦發(fā)布的文件都是使用這兩種語(yǔ)言。English

and

French

are

the

official

languages

in

Canada

andfederal

documents

are

published

in

both

languages.

1.5名詞enough，the

same，the

kind，theformer，the

latterI

don"t

want

any

more

coffee.

I

"ve

had

enough.我不想再要咖啡了。我的咖啡夠了。I

wish

to

have

a

cup

of

milk

with

sugar

.Won"t

you

have

the

same？我想要一杯加糖的牛奶。你不想要一樣的嗎？American

food

is

not

the

same

as

theEnglishkind.美國(guó)的食物和英國(guó)的食物不完全一樣。一定的文化是一定社會(huì)的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的反映，又給予一定社會(huì)的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)以巨大的作用和影響。Any

given

culture

is

a

reflection

of

the

politics

and

economics

of

a

givensociety，and

the

former

in

turn

has

a

tremendous

effect

and

influence

onthe

latter．2、動(dòng)詞性替代(verbal

substitution)

替代詞主要有：代動(dòng)詞do，復(fù)合代動(dòng)詞doso，do

it，do

that，do

this，do

the

same，以及替代句型so+do+主語(yǔ)，so+主語(yǔ)+do，so+be+主語(yǔ)，so+主語(yǔ)+be等。漢語(yǔ)也有替代的方式，但也常常重復(fù)其所代替的動(dòng)詞

(詞組)。

1）However,

we

actually

learn

a

foreign

language

much

faster

than

we

do

ourmother

tongue.然而，事實(shí)上我們學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)比學(xué)習(xí)母語(yǔ)快得多。

2）…in

other

words,

you

were

studying

the

language

all

day

long!

You

did

this

fofive

years,…換句話(huà)說(shuō)，你整天在學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言，你這樣學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)五年了。3）You

should

help

him

since

you

have

promised

to

do

so.你答應(yīng)了要幫助他就應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助他4）你晚上不想去電影院，我也不想去。You

don`t

want

to

go

to

the

cinema

tonight,

neither

do

I.5）我喜歡讀小說(shuō)，他也喜歡讀小說(shuō)。I

like

reading

novels,

so

does

he.6）---狗正在抓門(mén)。---是的，總是抓門(mén)。---The

dog

is

scratching

the

door.---Yes,he

always

does

it

/does

that.7）---瑪麗要去參加競(jìng)賽。---簡(jiǎn)也要參加競(jìng)賽。---Mary

will

enter

the

competition.

---So

will

Joan

.8）你要求我離開(kāi)我就離開(kāi)了。You

ask

me

to

leave

,

and

so

I

did.

3、分句性替代(clausal

substitution)。用替代詞so或not來(lái)取代充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的that從句，用if

so或if

not來(lái)取代條件從句等等。漢語(yǔ)也有替代的方式，但為了使表達(dá)正確、清

楚，也常常重復(fù)其所代替的詞語(yǔ)，如：

1）People

believe

that

the

American

team

will

win

thefootball

game．Peter

thinks

so，but

I

believe

not．

人們認(rèn)為美國(guó)隊(duì)將贏得這場(chǎng)足球賽，彼得也是這樣想的，我卻認(rèn)為并非如此。2）I`ll

probably

see

you

on

Sunday;

if

not,

it

will

be

Monda我可能周日見(jiàn)你，如果周日見(jiàn)不了，那就周一見(jiàn)面。3）總理打算去莫斯科嗎？如果去的話(huà)，那是在什么時(shí)候。Does

the

President

intend

to

go

to

Moscow?

And

if

so,

when?

英語(yǔ)的代詞在漢譯時(shí)常常采用還原、復(fù)說(shuō)或省略的辦法加以處理，如：

Exchange

of

ideas

is

necessary.

For

without

it,

it

is

possibachieve

mutual

understanding.思想交流是必要的，沒(méi)有思想交流，便不可能達(dá)成互相理解。

There

were

once

3000

people

in

our

village.

In

the

old

days,some

died,

some

fled.我們村過(guò)去有3000人口。舊社會(huì)里死的死，逃的逃。哈利德放下煙斗，兩手交叉著放在脖子后面，轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭去看窗子。Halliday

put

his

pipe

down，crossed

his

hands

behind

his

neckand

turned

his

face

towards

the

window．(“The

Apple

Tree”二、省略(Ellipsis)

省略和替代一樣，也是避免重復(fù)的一種常用手段。兩者常?；ハ嗵鎿Q使用，有的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家甚至把省

略稱(chēng)為“零位替代”(zero-substitution)。英語(yǔ)省略的類(lèi)型很多，有名詞性省略、動(dòng)詞性省略、分

句性省略；有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的

省略。在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，英語(yǔ)常常省略前面已出現(xiàn)

過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)，而漢語(yǔ)則往往重復(fù)這些詞語(yǔ)，如：1.名詞性省略1）Old(men)and

young

men

were

invited.老人和年輕人都被邀請(qǐng)了。He

has

workers

from

Ireland

and

(workers)from

France

in

his

factory.在他的工廠(chǎng)里，有來(lái)自愛(ài)爾蘭的工人，也有來(lái)自法國(guó)的工人。這是他最新的書(shū)，我這希望不是他最后一本。This

is

his

latest

book;

I

hope

it

is

not

his

last

(book2.動(dòng)詞性省略The

picture

was

not

finished.

If

it

hadbeen

(finished)

,

I

would

have

brought

it.這幅畫(huà)還沒(méi)有完成。一旦（完成），我將會(huì)把它買(mǎi)下?？赡芟掠辏艺J(rèn)為它不會(huì)（下雨）。It

might

rain,

but

I

don"t

think

it

will

(rain)3.分句性省略---Do

you

think

it

will

rain?---No,

I

think

not.(I

don"t

think

it

will

rain.)---你認(rèn)為會(huì)下雨嗎？---不，我認(rèn)為不會(huì)下雨。I

don"t

know

when

(to

meet

him)

and

where

to

meethim.我不知道什么時(shí)候去見(jiàn)他，在哪兒見(jiàn)他。他走了，但是沒(méi)人知道他去哪了。He

has

gone,

but

no

one

knows

where

(he

has

gone).4.句法方面的省略：英語(yǔ)中的由when、while、until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、if、unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句、although、though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中都有大量的省略句。如：1）When

(he

was)

at

college,

he

often

went

to

the

library.（他)在大學(xué)的時(shí)候,他經(jīng)常去圖書(shū)館。2）

While

(you

are)

crossing

the

street,

look

out

for

cars.（你）過(guò)馬路時(shí)，注意車(chē)輛。3）

Don`t

leave

unless\until(you

are)told

to.不要離開(kāi),除非\直到有人告訴(你)。4）The

prospects

for

cure,

though

(they"re

)

still

distant,

are

brighter.治愈的前景盡管仍然遙遠(yuǎn)，但已經(jīng)明朗些了。5）雖然他懂法語(yǔ),但是他還是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)他的論文。

Although

knowing

French,

he

wrote

his

essay

in

English.

(Although

he

knewFrench,...)6）每個(gè)貢獻(xiàn)——無(wú)論(它是)多么小——可以有助于產(chǎn)生影響?！璭ach

contribution----no

matter

how

(it

is)

small----can

help

make

a

difference5.情景方面的省略1）(I"m)

Sorry

I"ve

kept

you

waiting

so

long.（我）對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。2）(I)Hope

you

like

it.（我）希望你喜歡它。并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略John

should

clean

the

shed

and

Peter

（should）wash

thedishes.約翰應(yīng)該打掃小屋，比特應(yīng)該洗盤(pán)子。She

will

work

today,and(she)may(work)tomorrow.她今天要工作，明天也要工作。

漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于重復(fù)詞語(yǔ)，有時(shí)是為了保持語(yǔ)法的正確，有時(shí)是為了促成結(jié)構(gòu)的整齊、勻稱(chēng)；有時(shí)既是語(yǔ)法的要求，也是修辭的需要。近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Association

with

the

good

can

only

produce

good，withthe

wicked,

evil．一個(gè)和尚挑水吃，兩個(gè)和尚抬水吃，三個(gè)和尚沒(méi)水吃。

One

boy

is

a

boy，two

boys

half

a

boy，three

boys

noboy．三、變換(Variation)

上述的替代和省略也是變換的手段，此外，英語(yǔ)還常用同義詞替代、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)和句

式變化等方法來(lái)避免重復(fù)。漢語(yǔ)也講究用

詞造句形式的多樣化，以避免單調(diào)、枯燥，但英漢表現(xiàn)方法不盡相同。1.同義詞替代

英語(yǔ)同義詞替代的現(xiàn)象常見(jiàn)于用不同的名稱(chēng)來(lái)表示同一人或事物，即所謂“同名異稱(chēng)法”。例如：有很多不同種類(lèi)的蜜蜂。1）There

are

many

different

varieties

of

bee.2）There

are

many

different

kinds

of

bee.2.近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)常常是概括詞(generic

term)和下屬詞(specific

word)之間的互相替換(hyponymy)，如用the

furniture來(lái)代替table，用the

animal來(lái)代替horse，用the

planet來(lái)代替Mars，以回避重復(fù)。John’s

bought

himself

a

new

Ford．He

practically

lives

in

t car．約翰給自己買(mǎi)了一部新的福特牌汽車(chē)，他幾乎就住在這部汽車(chē)?yán)?。I

don’t

know

where

to

stay

when

I

arrive

in

New

York．I

have never

been

to

that

place．我不知道到了紐約要住在哪里，我從來(lái)就沒(méi)有去過(guò)那個(gè)地方。

漢語(yǔ)一般較少采用英語(yǔ)的這類(lèi)變稱(chēng)，而較多重復(fù)同一名稱(chēng)，以下各例也可以說(shuō)明這種情況：讀書(shū)吧。書(shū)能給你知識(shí)和力量。Read

books.

They

will

give

you

knowledgeand

power.無(wú)知是恐懼的根源，也是崇拜的根源。Ignorance

is

the

mother

of

fear

as

well

as

ofadmiration.3.句式變化

Shakespear’s

plays

are

notable

for

their

moralneutrality．For

example，in

Julius

Caesar,

Shakespeareis

not

wholly

sympathetic

to

Caesar．Shakespear

does

not

sympathize

with

Brutus,

Antony,

or

Octavius.

Caesaris

killed

in

the

middle

of

Julius

Caesar．ThenShakespear

directs

the

audience’s

attention

to

Brutus，Antony,

and

Octavius.

As

a

result，Shakespear

givesJulius

Caesar

no

single

hero.

Shakespear

gives

anobjective

view

of

the

charaeters

throughout

JuliusCaesar

by

alternating

between

favorable

andunfavorable

assessments．Shakespeare

does

not

givefinal

approval

to

the

favorable

assessment

orunfavorable

assessment．

Shakespeare’s

plays

are

notable

for

theirmoral

neutrality．For

example，in

Julius

CaesarShakespeare

is

not

wholly

sympathetic

toCaesar，Brutus，Antony，or

Octavius．Caesaris

killed

in

the

middle

of

the

play

and

theaudience’s

attention

is

then

directed

to

theother

main

characters．As

a

result．JuliusCaesar

has

no

single

hero．Throughout

the

playShakespeare

maintains

an

objective

view

of

thecharacters

by

alternating

between

favorable

andunfavorable

assessments，without

giving

finalapproval

to

either．

Shakespeare’s

plays

are

notable

for

theirmoral

neutrality．For

example，in

JuliusCaesar，the

playwright

is

not

whollysympathetic

to

Caesar．The

great

bard

does

not

sympathize

with

Brutus，Antony，or

Octavius．Caesar

is

killed

in

the

middleof

the

play．Then

the

“swan

of

Avon”directs

the

audience"s

attention

to

theother

main

characters．As

a

result，themaster

of

dramatic

poetry

gives

JuliusCaesar

no

single

hero．琵琶琴瑟，八大王王王在上魑魅魍魎，四小鬼鬼鬼犯邊漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)廣義上把重復(fù)分為兩大類(lèi)：有意運(yùn)用相同、相似或相對(duì)的詞語(yǔ)句式，以突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)所要表達(dá)的意思，增添文采，是積極的修辭方式。（重疊、反復(fù)、對(duì)偶和排比）使語(yǔ)言啰嗦，疊床架屋現(xiàn)象，是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的大忌，應(yīng)極力避免。一.重疊

重疊構(gòu)詞不僅使得詞語(yǔ)音節(jié)對(duì)稱(chēng)、形式整齊，而且賦予詞語(yǔ)以新的意義和感情色彩。1）名詞重疊（每個(gè)、所有、許多、小、雜）AA：人人，年年，歲歲AABB:世世代代，生生世世，風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨2）數(shù)量詞重疊（每個(gè)，逐個(gè)，許多）AA：本本，件件，層層一BB：一朵朵，一輛輛，一片片ABAB：一步一步，一條一條AABB：七七八八，千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)3）動(dòng)詞重疊（動(dòng)作輕微，反復(fù)，完成，連續(xù)，輕松，隨便） AA：想想，談?wù)?，?tīng)聽(tīng)A一（了）A：看一看，試一試，聞了聞，踩了踩ABAB：搖搖晃晃，勾勾搭搭A(yù)著A著：看著看著，想著想著形容詞重疊（程度的加深，加強(qiáng)，減輕或喜愛(ài)，厭惡）

AA:細(xì)細(xì)，小小，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)AABB：干干凈凈，明明亮亮，奇奇怪怪ABAB：雪白雪白，嶄新嶄新附加式重疊（使表達(dá)形象，生動(dòng)）

AAX：呱呱叫，步步高，團(tuán)團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)

XAA：亮晶晶，水汪汪，明閃閃

AAXY：心心相印，歷歷在目

XYAA：含情脈脈，衣冠楚楚A里AB：流里流氣，糊里糊涂偏正并列式，動(dòng)賓并列式，主謂并列式以及其他形式的重疊：

ABAC：假情假意，難兄難弟，有聲有色ABCB：以毒攻毒，愛(ài)理不理，大鬧特鬧ABA：心連心，肩并肩，手拉手象聲詞重疊嗚嗚，呱呱，突突，叮叮當(dāng)當(dāng)，噼噼啪啪，咕嚕咕嚕

在英漢轉(zhuǎn)換中，適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)用漢語(yǔ)的重疊形式何以加強(qiáng)譯文的表現(xiàn)力，也更符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣The

road

was

packed

with

a

noisy

crowd

of

men

and

women,

who

were

selling

and

buying

all

kinds

of

things.路上擠滿(mǎn)了一群吵鬧的男人和女人,他們買(mǎi)賣(mài)著各種東西。路上擠滿(mǎn)了男男女女，他們熙熙攘攘，正在買(mǎi)賣(mài)各種各樣的東西。Walking

up

and

down

the

empty

room,

he

stopped

hereand

there

to

touch

or

look.房間里空空蕩蕩，他走來(lái)走去，這兒停停，那兒停停，東摸摸，西瞧瞧。二.重復(fù)連續(xù)反復(fù)和間隔反復(fù)

反復(fù)、聯(lián)珠、回環(huán)、對(duì)照、部分對(duì)偶和排比1.反復(fù)（連續(xù)反復(fù)和間隔反復(fù)）盼望著，盼望著，東風(fēng)來(lái)了，春天的腳步近了。周總理，我們的好總理，你在哪里啊，你在哪里？2.聯(lián)珠天時(shí)不如地利，地利不如人和。你站在橋上看風(fēng)景，看風(fēng)景的人在樓上看你。3.回環(huán)總理愛(ài)人民，人民愛(ài)總理。有的人活著，他已經(jīng)死了；有的人死了，他還活著。4.對(duì)照大處著眼，小處著手。5.部分對(duì)偶感時(shí)花濺淚，恨別鳥(niǎo)驚心。抽刀斷水水更流，舉杯消愁愁更愁。6.排比自私是一面鏡子，鏡子里永遠(yuǎn)只看得到自己；自私是一塊布匹，蒙住了自己的眼睛，看不見(jiàn)別人的痛楚；自私是一層玻璃，看上去透明，卻始終隔開(kāi)了彼此的距離。連續(xù)反復(fù)和間隔反復(fù)反復(fù)、聯(lián)珠、回環(huán)、對(duì)照、部分對(duì)偶和排比沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默中滅亡。Silence,

silence!

Unless

we

burst

out,

we

shallperish

in

this

silence!我為人人，人人為我。One

for

all

and

all

for

one.國(guó)王脾氣很壞因?yàn)樗?jīng)常生病，他經(jīng)常生病是因?yàn)樗缘奶唷he

King

was

bad

tempered

because

he

was

oftenill.

He

was

often

ill

because

he

ate

too

much.漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)分為兩大類(lèi):詞語(yǔ)的重復(fù)（詞復(fù)）

&意義的重復(fù)（意復(fù)）↓主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)重復(fù)你是你，我是我。主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)重復(fù)你寫(xiě)你的，我看我的。主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)重復(fù)教室里看書(shū)的看書(shū)，寫(xiě)字的寫(xiě)字。主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)重復(fù)他也有他的難處。重復(fù)謂語(yǔ)※①②③重復(fù)帶賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞他喝酒喝醉了。重復(fù)賓語(yǔ)人家要模樣有模樣，要學(xué)歷有學(xué)歷，你還有啥不滿(mǎn)意的？重復(fù)“也好”、“也罷”吸煙也罷，喝酒也罷，傷的不都是你自己的身體？重復(fù)“各”、“自己”他自己打自己。He

beat

himself.↓成語(yǔ)的意復(fù)稱(chēng)心如意、深仇大恨唉聲嘆氣諺語(yǔ)的意復(fù)物以類(lèi)聚，人以群分。c.連詞或副詞的連用問(wèn)題雖小，但很典型?！簟貜?fù)謂語(yǔ)含“雖，雖然”的意思，重復(fù)謂語(yǔ)之間插入“是、就”等 字：這西瓜甜是甜，可就是有點(diǎn)貴了。說(shuō)就說(shuō)，可只能代表我自己的立場(chǎng)。含“即使，甚至”的意思，重復(fù)的謂語(yǔ)之間插如“也、都” 等字：她連看都不看一眼，我有什么辦法？他能作出這樣的事，我是想也沒(méi)想過(guò)。含“容忍，無(wú)所謂”的意思，重復(fù)的謂語(yǔ)之間插入“就” 字：不給就不給，我還不稀罕呢。想吃就吃，想喝就喝，不要拘束?！镆鈴?fù)會(huì)產(chǎn)生贅言現(xiàn)象（把包含在詞語(yǔ)里的意思用另外的詞語(yǔ)重復(fù)說(shuō)一遍）疊床架屋：床上疊床；屋上架屋。比喻重復(fù)累贅。（北齊·顏之推《顏氏家訓(xùn)》：“魏晉以來(lái)；所著諸子；理重事復(fù)；遞相模；猶屋上架屋；床上施床耳。”）漢語(yǔ)：親眼目睹

十分酷愛(ài)過(guò)高的奢望加強(qiáng)德育教育閱讀報(bào)刊雜志加強(qiáng)國(guó)際間交流英語(yǔ)：past

historycompletely

finishedfinal

conclusionmay

possibly

go三.對(duì)偶與排比1.對(duì)偶（用字?jǐn)?shù)相等、句法相似的語(yǔ)句表現(xiàn)相反或相關(guān)的意思，用對(duì)稱(chēng)的字句加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言效果）對(duì)偶的種類(lèi)第一，正對(duì)：從事物的兩個(gè)角度、兩個(gè)側(cè)面說(shuō)明同一事理，在內(nèi)容上相互補(bǔ)充。上句和下句在意

思上相似、相近、或相補(bǔ)或相襯的對(duì)偶叫做正對(duì)。例如：良藥苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。Bitter

medicine

cures

sickness,

unpalatableadvice

benefits

conduct.第二，反對(duì)：上下文的意義相反或者相對(duì)。例如：滿(mǎn)招損，謙受益。Complacency

spells,

while

modesty

brings

benefits.天作孽，猶可違;自作孽，不可活。When

trouble

befalls

you

from

Heaven,

there

is

still

hopeof

avoidance;

but

when

you

ask

for

it,there

is

no

hope

ofescape.2.排比（把三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上結(jié)構(gòu)相似、意思相關(guān)、語(yǔ)氣一致的詞組、句子或段落排列成串，形成一個(gè)整體）例：啊，我思念那洞庭湖，我思念那長(zhǎng)江，我思念那東海，那浩浩蕩蕩的無(wú)邊無(wú)際的波瀾呀！那浩浩蕩蕩的無(wú)邊無(wú)際的偉大的力呀！那是自由，是跳舞，是音樂(lè)，是詩(shī)。Ah,

I

long

for

the

Dongting

Lake,

I

long

for

the

YangtzeRiver,

I

long

for

the

Eastern

Sea,

that

mighty

andboundless

expanse

of

waves,

that

mighty

and

boundlessexpanse

of

strength!

That

is

liberty,

dancing,

music,poetry!Conclusion替換名詞性替代替代substitution

動(dòng)詞性替代分句性替代名詞性省略、動(dòng)詞性省略、分句性省略省略ellipsis

句法方面的省略情景方面的省略同義詞、近義詞替換變換variation

上義詞替代下義詞抽象詞指代具體詞北京的天氣比廣州的天氣冷。The

weather

of

Beijing

is

colder

than

that

of

Guangzhou.這臺(tái)機(jī)器工作正常，但那個(gè)工作不正常。

This

machine

works

well，but

that

one

doesn’t

(workwell).

封建社會(huì)代替奴隸社會(huì)，資本主義社會(huì)代替封建主義，社會(huì)主義經(jīng)歷一個(gè)過(guò)程后代替資本主義。

Feudal

society

replaced

slave

society,

capitalismsupplanted

feudalism,

and,

after

a

long

time,

socialismwill

necessarily

supersede

capitalism.世界各地正在為世界的和平、進(jìn)步、繁榮而不懈努力。Nations

of

the

world

are

doing

their

best

to

realize

peace, progress

and

prosperity

on

the

globe.肺炎伴隨著寒冷和潮濕來(lái)了。三分之一的人感染上了肺炎。

Pneumonia

has

arrived

with

the

cold

and

wet

conditions.Third

of

people

catched

the

illness.為了推動(dòng)中美關(guān)系的發(fā)展，中國(guó)需要進(jìn)一步了解美國(guó)， 美國(guó)也需要進(jìn)一步了解中國(guó)。

To

promote

the

development

of

Sino-U.S

relations,China

needs

to

know

the

United

States

better

and

viceversa.重復(fù)

重疊reduplication：名詞重疊、數(shù)量詞重疊、動(dòng)詞重疊、形容詞重疊、附加式重疊、象聲詞重疊、偏正并列式、動(dòng)賓并列式、主謂并列式及其他形式的重疊重復(fù)repetition：反復(fù)、聯(lián)珠、回環(huán)、對(duì)照、部分對(duì)偶和排比詞語(yǔ)的重復(fù)（主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)重復(fù)、主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)重復(fù)、主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)重復(fù)、主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)重復(fù)、重復(fù)謂語(yǔ)、重復(fù)帶賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞、重復(fù)賓語(yǔ)、重復(fù)“也好”“也罷”之類(lèi)、重復(fù)“各”或“自己”）意義的重復(fù)（成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)、合成詞）對(duì)偶antithesis、排比parallelism：In

spite

of

difficulties,

he

succeed

in

finishing

the

task.盡管困難重重，他成功地完成了任務(wù)。

Problems

are

like

washing

machines.

They

twist

us,

spinus

and

knock

us

around.

But,

in

the

end,

we

come

outcleaner,

brighter

and

better

than

before.

麻煩就像洗衣機(jī)，讓我們?cè)诶锩鏀嚁嚁嚕D(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)，碰來(lái)碰去，但最終我們還是會(huì)從中解脫，并且比以前更干凈，更明亮，更好。

We

should

be

loyal

to

our

party,

to

our

people

and

to

ourmotherland.我們要忠于黨，忠于人民，忠于祖國(guó)。

The

People"s

Daily

guides,

educates

and

encourages

themasses.《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》指導(dǎo)群眾，教育群眾，鼓舞群眾。