考研考博-考博英語-燕山大學(xué)模擬考試題含答案37

考研考博-考博英語-燕山大學(xué)模擬考試題含答案1.單選題

Alanisagoodfootballplayerandneverbreaks______.

問題1選項

A.legal

B.regulations

C.limitation

D.agreement

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項legal“法律的；合法的”；B選項regulations“規(guī)則，法規(guī)”；C選項limitation“起限制作用的規(guī)則（limitationsonimports進(jìn)口限制）”；D選項agreement“協(xié)定，協(xié)議”。句意：艾倫是一個優(yōu)秀的足球運動員，從不違反______。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是艾倫從不違反足球比賽的規(guī)則，B選項regulations“規(guī)則”符合題意。C選項limitation強調(diào)的是限制，不符合語境。因此B選項正確。

2.單選題

Hisguesswas______ofthemark.

問題1選項

A.distant

B.far

C.broad

D.wide

【答案】D

【解析】8.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查固定搭配。A選項distant“遙遠(yuǎn)的；不同的”；B選項far“遠(yuǎn)方的”；C選項broad“寬的；廣泛的”；D選項wide“寬闊的；寬度為……的”。D選項bewideofthemark“離題萬里，文不對題”，其余選項非固定搭配，用法錯誤。句意：他猜得太離譜了。因此D選項正確。

3.單選題

Severalrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomly(隨機(jī)地)assignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihood(可能性)ofconflict.

Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithastudentofadifferentracemaydecreaseprejudiceandcompelstudentstoengageinmoreethnicallydiversefriendships.

AnOhioStateUniversitystudyalsofoundthatblackstudentslivingwithawhiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheircollegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedbysocialpressure.

InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamBoakye—theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor—saidthat“ifyou’resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove.”

Researchersalsoobservedproblemsresultingfrompairinginterracialstudentsinresidences.Accordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassignedroommatesofdifferentracesaremorelikelytoexperienceconflictssostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.

AnIndianaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogetherbytheendofthesemester.

GraceKao,aprofessoratPennsaidshewasnotsurprisedbythefindings.“Thismaybethefirsttimethatsomeofthesestudentshaveinteracted,andlived,withsomeoneofadifferentrace,”shesaid.

AtPenn,studentsarenotaskedtoindicateracewhenapplyingtorhousing.

“Oneofthegreatthingsaboutfreshmanhousingisthat,withsomeexceptions,theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly,”saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley.“Thisisthedefinitionofintegration.”

“I’veexperiencedroommateconflictsbetweeninterracialstudentsthathavebothbrokendownstereotypesandreinforcedstereotypes,”saidonePennresidentadvisorRA.TheRAoftwoyearsaddedthatwhilesomeconflicts“providedmoremulticulturalacceptanceandmelding(融合)”,therewerealso“jarringculturalconfrontations”.

TheRAsaidthattheseconflictshavealsooccurredamongroommatesofthesamerace.Kaosaidshecautionsagainstforminganygeneralizationsbasedonanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackgroundcharacteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiedandexplained.

1.Whatcanwelearnfromsomerecentstudies?

2.WhatdoesSamBoakye’sremarkmean?

3.WhatdoestheIndianaUniversitystudyshow?

4.WhatdoesAlecWebleyconsidertobethe“definitionofintegration”?

5.WhatdoesGraceKaosayaboutinterraciallodging?

問題1選項

A.Conflictsbetweenstudentsofdifferentracesareunavoidable.

B.Studentsofdifferentracesareprejudicedagainsteachother.

C.Interraciallodgingdoesmoreharmthangood.

D.Interraciallodgingmayhavediverseoutcomes.

問題2選項

A.Whitestudentstendtolookdownupontheirblackpeers.

B.Blackstudentscancompetewiththeirwhitepeersacademically.

C.Blackstudentsfeelsomewhatembarrassedamongwhitepeersduringthefreshmanyear.

D.Beingsurroundedbywhitepeersmotivatesablackstudenttoworkhardertosucceed.

問題3選項

A.Interracialroommatesaremorelikelytofallout.

B.Fewwhitestudentslikesharingaroomwithablackpeer.

C.Roommatesofdifferentracesjustdon’tgetalong.

D.Assigningstudents’lodgingrandomlyisnotagoodpolicy.

問題4選項

A.Studentsofdifferentracesarerequiredtosharearoom.

B.Interraciallodgingisarrangedbytheschoolforfreshmen.

C.Lodgingisassignedtostudentsofdifferentraceswithoutexception.

D.Theschoolrandomlyassignsroommateswithoutregardtorace.

問題5選項

A.Itisunscientifictomakegeneralizationsaboutitwithoutfurtherstudy.

B.Schoolsshouldbecautiouswhenmakingdecisionsaboutstudentlodging.

C.Students’racialbackgroundshouldbeconsideredbeforelodgingisassigned.

D.Experiencedresidentadvisorsshouldbeassignedtohandletheproblems.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段Severalrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomlyassignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihoodofconflict.（最近的一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，讓不同種族的學(xué)生住在一起可能會增強包容性，但也可能會增加沖突的幾率。），可知不同種族的學(xué)生住在一起可能會有好的結(jié)果和不好的結(jié)果，并且沒有強調(diào)更有可能是好的還是不好的結(jié)果，D選項“讓不同種族的學(xué)生住在一起可能有不同的結(jié)果”正確，A選項“不同種族的學(xué)生之間的沖突不可避免”和C選項“讓不同種族的學(xué)生住在一起弊大于利”錯誤。B選項“不同種族的學(xué)生互相有偏見”：根據(jù)第二段Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithastudentofadifferentracemaydecreaseprejudice（最近的報告發(fā)現(xiàn)，與不同種族的學(xué)生住在一起可能會減少偏見），可知文章表達(dá)的重點是偏見可能會減少，而不是強調(diào)偏見的存在。因此D選項正確。

2.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段blackstudentslivingwithawhiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheircollegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedbysocialpressure.（與白人室友同住的黑人學(xué)生在整個大學(xué)生涯中獲得了更高的學(xué)術(shù)成就。研究人員認(rèn)為這可能是社會壓力造成的。）和第四段InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamBoakye—theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor—saidthat“ifyou’resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove.”（在《紐約時報》的一篇文章中，大學(xué)一年級唯一的黑人學(xué)生Samboakye說：“如果你周圍都是白人，你就得證明自己?！保?，可知與白人室友同住的黑人學(xué)生更加努力，因此獲得了更高的學(xué)術(shù)成就，D選項“周圍是白人同學(xué)的環(huán)境激勵黑人學(xué)生更加努力地工作以獲得成功”正確。B選項“黑人學(xué)生可以在學(xué)業(yè)上與白人同齡人競爭”：不是表達(dá)的重點，故錯誤。A選項“白人學(xué)生往往看不起他們的黑人同學(xué)”和C選項“在大學(xué)一年級期間，黑人學(xué)生在白人同齡人中有些尷尬”：文中沒有提到。因此D選項正確。

3.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段第二句Accordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassignedroommatesofdifferentracesaremorelikelytoexperienceconflictssostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.（根據(jù)最近的兩項研究，隨機(jī)分配的不同種族的室友更有可能經(jīng)歷緊張的沖突，以至于其中一個室友會搬出去。）和第六段AnIndianaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogetherbytheendofthesemester.（印第安納大學(xué)的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，到學(xué)期結(jié)束時，不同種族室友不住在一起的可能性是兩個白人室友的三倍。），可知不同種族的學(xué)生住在一起比同種族的學(xué)生住在一起更容易鬧矛盾，但不是一定會鬧矛盾，A選項“不同種族的室友更容易爭吵”正確，C選項“不同種族的室友相處不好”錯誤。B選項“很少有白人學(xué)生喜歡和黑人同學(xué)合住一個房間”：沒有具體提到白人學(xué)生對住宿對象的意向。D選項“隨機(jī)分配學(xué)生住宿不是一個好政策”：這里討論的是不同種族的學(xué)生住在一起的相關(guān)情況，而非隨機(jī)分配學(xué)生住宿不是一個好政策是否合理。因此A選項正確。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第九段“theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly,”saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley.“Thisisthedefinitionofintegration.”（“這個過程會隨意地把你們聚在一起?！北究粕髸飨疉lecWebley說，“這就是整合的定義?！保芍@里的“整合”指的是把不同種族的學(xué)生隨機(jī)聚在一起，D選項“學(xué)校隨機(jī)分配室友，不考慮種族”正確。A選項“不同種族的學(xué)生被要求共享一個房間”和B選項“學(xué)校為新生安排不同種族的室友”：學(xué)校沒有特意規(guī)定和硬性要求，室友都是隨機(jī)分配，故錯誤。C選項“對不同種族的學(xué)生一視同仁”：這里的重點不是平等對待所有學(xué)生，給所有學(xué)生同樣的福利或待遇，而是強調(diào)隨機(jī)分配室友，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章最后一句Kaosaidshecautionsagainstforminganygeneralizationsbasedonanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackgroundcharacteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiedandexplained.（Kao說，她告誡不要基于任何一項研究得出一般性結(jié)論，指出需要研究和解釋更多學(xué)生的背景特征。），可知Kao認(rèn)為需要進(jìn)行足夠的研究才能給出結(jié)論，A選項“沒有進(jìn)一步研究就對其進(jìn)行概括是不科學(xué)的”正確。B選項“學(xué)校在安排學(xué)生住宿時應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎”，C選項“在分配住宿之前，應(yīng)該考慮學(xué)生的種族背景”和D選項“應(yīng)該指派有經(jīng)驗的室長來處理這些問題”：文中沒有提到，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

4.單選題

Calculationswhichareastronomicallyexacthavebeenmade______withtheuseofcomputers.

問題1選項

A.possible

B.itpossible

C.possibly

D.tobepossible

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查句子成分。句意：計算機(jī)的使用使天文學(xué)上精確的計算成為可能。句子主干是Calculationshavebeenmade______，根據(jù)短語makesth.+adj.還原短語為madecalculations+adj.，確定橫線處填形容詞作calculations的賓補，A選項possible符合題意。B選項itpossible中it多余，C選項possibly是副詞，D選項tobepossible是不定式。因此A選項正確。

5.單選題

Theirroomwasonthethirdfloor,itswindow______thesportsground.

問題1選項

A.overlooks

B.overlooking

C.overlooked

D.tooverlook

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：他們的房間在三樓，從窗戶可以俯瞰運動場。逗號前句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，逗號后闡述的對象換成itswindow并且和overlook構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，但是沒有引導(dǎo)詞來構(gòu)成從句，確定考查獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)itswindow和overlook構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系，確定用現(xiàn)在分詞形式，B選項overlooking符合題意。A選項overlooks是一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)，C選項overlooked是過去分詞，表示被動，D選項tooverlook是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，表示目的。因此B選項正確。

6.單選題

Alltheinformationwehavecollectedinrelationtothatcase______verylittle.

問題1選項

A.makesupfor

B.addsupto

C.comesupwith

D.putsupwith

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項makesupfor“彌補”；B選項addsupto“總計為；累計起來”；C選項comesupwith“想出；趕上”；D選項putsupwith“忍受，容忍”。句意：我們收集到的有關(guān)那個案件的所有資料______毫無價值。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是這些資料沒有價值，B選項addsupto“總計為；累計起來”符合題意。因此B選項正確。

7.單選題

Hisdebtshadtobe______afterhecommittedsuicidewithhisrifle.

問題1選項

A.laidoff

B.writtenoff

C.turnedoff

D.putoff

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查短語辨析。A選項laidoff“下崗，解雇”；B選項writtenoff“一筆勾銷；注銷”；C選項turnedoff“關(guān)閉”；D選項putoff“推遲”。句意：他用步槍自殺后，他欠下的債務(wù)不得不______。根據(jù)語境，這里指他自殺后債務(wù)就不存在了，B選項writtenoff“一筆勾銷；注銷”符合題意。因此B選項正確。

8.單選題

TheBritishconstitutionis______alargeextentaproductofthehistoricaleventsdescribedabove.

問題1選項

A.by

B.at

C.which

D.to

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查固定搭配。句意：英國憲法在很大程度上是上述歷史事件的產(chǎn)物。D選項toalargeextent“在很大程度上”，A選項byalargeextent和B選項atalargeextent非固定搭配，C選項which引導(dǎo)從句。因此D選項正確。

9.單選題

Livinginthewesternpartofthecountryhasitsproblems,______obtainingfreshwaterisnottheleast.

問題1選項

A.ofwhich

B.which

C.withwhich

D.forwhich

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查定語從句。句意：生活在這個國家的西部有很多問題，其中獲取淡水還不是小問題。橫線到句尾是修飾problems的非限制性定語從句，語序還原為obtainingfreshwaterisnottheleastofproblems，A選項ofwhich符合題意。B選項which缺介詞；C選項withwhich和D選項forwhich介詞錯誤。因此A選項正確。

10.單選題

Getupearlyandruneveryday.Youwill______alotfromit.

問題1選項

A.receive

B.make

C.benefit

D.win

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項receive“收到”；B選項make“制造，做，組裝”；C選項benefit“對（某人）有用，使受益”；D選項win“（在比賽、賽跑、戰(zhàn)斗等中）獲勝，贏”。句意：每天早起跑步。你會從中______良多。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是早起跑步會帶來很多好處，C選項benefit“使受益”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

11.單選題

Hisproposalis______toallofusandyoudonotneedtotellusmoreaboutit.

問題1選項

A.apparent

B.appearing

C.approaching

D.apart

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項apparent“明白易懂的；未必真實的”；B選項appearing“表現(xiàn)得；似乎”；C選項approaching“（在距離或時間上）靠近”；D選項apart“（指空間或時間）相隔”。句意：他的建議我們大家都______，你不需要進(jìn)一步說明。根據(jù)語境，這里指大家都明白了他的建議是怎么回事，A選項apparent“明白易懂的”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

12.單選題

Sheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshe______toolong.

問題1選項

A.hasbeenreading

B.hadread

C.isreading

D.read

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查時態(tài)。句意：她應(yīng)該停止工作；她因為看書太久而頭痛?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示動作從某一時間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能仍然要繼續(xù)下去，或者剛剛終止。根據(jù)前半句她應(yīng)該停止工作可知看書的動作從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能要繼續(xù)下去，確定用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，A選項hasbeenreading符合題意。B選項hadread是過去完成時，動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，側(cè)重事情的結(jié)果；C選項isreading是正在進(jìn)行時，動作正在發(fā)生；D選項read是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。因此A選項正確。

13.單選題

Hehasabadimpressionofhis______intheoffice.

問題1選項

A.barbers

B.audience

C.colleagues

D.bullets

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查定語從句。A選項barbers“理發(fā)師；理發(fā)店”；B選項audience“觀眾；聽眾；讀者”；C選項colleagues“同事”；D選項bullets“子彈”。句意：他對辦公室里的______印象很差。根據(jù)語境，辦公室里的是同事，C選項colleagues“同事”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

14.單選題

Whatarethe______farmproductsinthisregion?

問題1選項

A.principle

B.princess

C.principal

D.prince

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項principle“原則，原理”；B選項princess“（除女王或王后外的）王室女成員”；C選項principal“最重要的，主要的”；D選項prince“王子，王孫”。句意：這個地區(qū)的______農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是什么？根據(jù)語境，這里在問這里有什么農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，橫線處修飾farmproducts，C選項principal“最重要的，主要的”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

15.單選題

Alotofantsarealwaysinvadingmykitchen.Theyareathorough______.

問題1選項

A.nuisance

B.trouble

C.worry

D.anxiety

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項nuisance“麻煩事，討厭的人（或東西）”；B選項trouble“困難”；C選項worry“令人擔(dān)憂的事”；D選項anxiety“焦慮”。句意：我的廚房里總是有很多螞蟻。它們就是十足的______。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是這些螞蟻非常讓人心煩，A選項nuisance“麻煩事，討厭的人（或東西）”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

16.單選題

Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.Wewanttoknowwhethercigarettesreallydocauselungcancer.Whatcausesmalnutrition,thedecayofcities,orthedecayofteeth?Weareequallyinterestedineffects:whatistheeffectofleadintheatmosphere,ofstayinguplateonthenightbeforeanexamination.

Causalreasoningmaygofromcausetoeffectorfromeffecttocause.Eitherway,wereasonfromwhatweknowtowhatwewanttofindout.Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.Thus,ifwereasonthatbecausethelightshavegoneout,therefrigeratorwon’twork,wefirstrelatetheeffect(lightsout)tothecause(poweroff)andthenrelatethatcausetoanothereffect(refrigeratornotworking).Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,inshort,effecttoeffect.Itisquitecommontoreasonthroughanextensivechainofcausalrelations.Whenthelightsgooutwemightreasoninthefollowingcausalchain:lightsout—poweroff—refrigeratornotworking—temperaturewillrise—milkwillsour.Inotherwords,wediagnoseasuccessionofeffectsfromthepowerfailure,eachbecomingthecauseofthenext.

Causesareclassifiedasnecessary,sufficient,orcontributory.Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustion(燃燒)isnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceaneffectunaided(asanemptygastankisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting),thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause.Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactorsmustalsobepresent.

1.Whattheauthordiscussedintheprevioussectionismostprobablyabout________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,todothe“effecttoeffect”reasoningistoreason________.

3.Anecessarycauseis________.

4.Yourrefrigeratorisnotworkingandyouhavefoundthattheelectricpowerhasbeencutoff.Thepowerfailureisa________.

5.Thispassagemainlydiscusses________.

問題1選項

A.someothercommontypesofreasoning

B.somespecialtypeofreasoning

C.relationshipsbetweencausesandresults

D.classificationofreasoning

問題2選項

A.fromeffecttoeffectandontocause

B.fromeffecttocauseandontoanothereffect

C.fromcausetoeffect

D.fromeffecttocause

問題3選項

A.onethatisenoughtomaketheeffectoccur

B.oneofthecausethatcanproducetheeffect

C.onewithoutwhichitisimpossiblefortheeffecttooccur

D.noneofthem

問題4選項

A.contributorycause

B.sufficientcause

C.necessarycause

D.noneofthem

問題5選項

A.classificationofcauses

B.thecausalprocess

C.causalreasoning

D.varioustypesofreasoning

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.（另一種常見的推理方式是尋找原因和結(jié)果。），可知前面的內(nèi)容和這一部分的內(nèi)容屬于同一個層面和分類，都是常見的推理方式，A選項“一些其他的常見推理類型”正確。B選項“某種特殊類型的推理”，C選項“原因和結(jié)果的關(guān)系”和D選項“推理的分類”不符合題意。因此A選項正確。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第三句Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.（有時我們從一個結(jié)果推理到一個原因，然后再推理到另一個結(jié)果。）和第五句Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,inshort,effecttoeffect.（這種推理，簡而言之，叫做效果對效果。），可知效果對效果指的是B選項“從結(jié)果到原因，再到另一個結(jié)果”。A選項“從結(jié)果到結(jié)果，再到原因”，C選項“從原因到結(jié)果”和D選項“從結(jié)果到原因”錯誤。因此B選項正確。

3.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第二句Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.（必要原因是為將要導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果而存在，就像燃燒對于啟動汽油發(fā)動機(jī)很必要。），可知C選項“沒有它就不可能產(chǎn)生解結(jié)果”正確。A選項“足以產(chǎn)生結(jié)果”，B選項“能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的原因之一”和D選項“都不是”不符合題意。因此C選項正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二句Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceaneffectunaided(asanemptygastankisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting),thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause.（充分原因是一個可以在沒有幫助的情況下產(chǎn)生效果的原因，就像一個空的油箱足以阻止汽車發(fā)動一樣，盡管可能有不止一個充分的原因。），可知充分原因會導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的發(fā)生，但不是唯一的原因，電源被切斷會導(dǎo)致冰箱停止運轉(zhuǎn)，但其他原因也會讓冰箱停止運轉(zhuǎn)，B選項“充分原因”正確。A選項“附帶原因，原因之一”：根據(jù)文章最后一句Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactorsmustalsobepresent.（附帶原因有助于導(dǎo)致結(jié)果，但單獨出現(xiàn)不能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果，就像闖紅燈可能會導(dǎo)致事故，盡管其他因素也必須存在。），可知附帶原因是原因之一，需要其他因素才能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的發(fā)生，電源被切斷這一個因素會導(dǎo)致冰箱停止運轉(zhuǎn)的結(jié)果，故錯誤。C選項“必要原因”：根據(jù)第三段第二句Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.（必要原因是為將要導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果而存在，就像燃燒對于啟動汽油發(fā)動機(jī)很必要。），可知必要原因是一定需要的因素，電源沒有被切斷冰箱依然有可能停止運轉(zhuǎn)，故錯誤。D選項“都不是”：B選項符合題意，故非正確答案。因此B選項正確。

5.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.（另一種常見的推理方式是尋找原因和結(jié)果。），隨后文章圍繞這一句話展開討論，所以本文主要在講因果的推理，C選項“因果推理”正確。A選項“原因的分類”，B選項“因果過程”和D選項“各種類型的推理”不符合題意。因此C選項正確。

17.單選題

Didhetellyouwhat______ifhehadchance?

問題1選項

A.washegoingtodo

B.hewoulddo

C.hehaddone

D.hehadtodo

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查時態(tài)。句意：他有沒有告訴你如果有機(jī)會他會怎么做？What到句尾是賓語從句，其中if引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。根據(jù)if引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句采用一般過去時態(tài)，確定do的動作有過去的含義；根據(jù)語境可知是在將來做do的動作，確定do的動作有將來的含義，所以用過去將來時，B選項hewoulddo符合題意。A選項washegoingtodo語序錯誤，was應(yīng)該在he后面。C選項hehaddone和D選項hehadtodo時態(tài)錯誤。因此B選項正確。

18.單選題

Itwasawonderfulplaywitha______ofoverfiftyactorsandactresses.

問題1選項

A.list

B.group

C.bunch

D.herd

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查固定搭配。A選項alistof“一系列”；B選項agroupof“一群（人）”；C選項abunchof“一束；一堆”；D選項aherdof“一群（牛、鹿等）”。句意：這是一出精彩的話劇，由______超過五十名男女演員參演。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是一群人參演了話劇，B選項agroupof“一群（人）”符合題意。因此B選項正確。

19.翻譯題

(1)ThedevelopingcountriesofCentralandSouthAmerica,Africa,andAsiaoncemerelyexportedrawmaterialsandcashcropsinreturnformanufacturedgoods.Peopleinthesecountriesprovidedformostoftheirownneedsthroughsubsistenceagricultureandsmall-scalecrafts.Intime,though,peopleinthesecountriesgrewincreasinglydependentontheglobaleconomy,becauselocalcraftscouldnotcompetewiththecheap,factory-madeexportsofthedevelopedcountries,suchasEuropeannations,theUnitedStates,andJapan.Todecreasetheirdependence,manydevelopingcountriessoughttostrengthentheireconomiesbybuildingfactories,moderndams,androadsduringthe1960and1970s.Governmentfrequentlymadepoorfinancialchoices.However,infrastructureprojectssuchasdamsandhighwayswereoftentoomassiveforlocalneeds.Choicesaboutindustryweresometimesnotbasedonthebestinterestsofthecountry,andprotectionfromcompetitionfrequentlyresultedininferiorgoods.(2)Asresult,productscouldnotcompeteontheglobalmarketwiththehigher-qualitygoodsfromtheindustrializedcountries.Manydevelopingcountriesthenhadlittleincometopayoffdebtsincurred(招致)duringtheirexpansion.

Afewdevelopingeconomiessucceededinbuildingprosperitythroughindustrializationduringthe20thcentury.ThemostnotableofthesewereSouthKorea,Singapore,andHongKongS.A.R.LikeJapanduringthe19thcentury,theyestablishedtariffsandotherbarrierstoprotectlocalproductsfromforeigncompetitionandinvestedlocalwealthinindustrialdevelopment.(3)AlsolikeJapan,theyfocusedonsellingtheproductstheymanufacturedtoforeignconsumersinordertobringwealthintothecountry.Bytheendofthe20thcenturysomeexpertsconsideredtheseeconomiestobedeveloped,ratherthandeveloping,althoughmanyofSouthKorea’seconomicsuccesseswerereversedinthefinancialcrisisof1997.(4)Followingasimilarpath,Chinaadvancedeconomicallythrougharapidexpansionofmanufacturedexportsduringthelate20thcentury.

Meanwhile,multinationalsbasedintheeconomicallydevelopedworldsetuplow-wagemanufacturingfacilitiesinsomedevelopingcountries,particularlyinSoutheastAsiaandinCentralandSouthAmerica.Thesefactoriestypicallygeneratedfewlong-termbenefitsforthelocaleconomy.Theprofitsflowedoutsidethecountrytotheshareholdersoftheforeignmultinationals.Also,thedevelopingcountrieswereforcedtoparticipateina“racetothebottom”toattractmultinationalinvestment.(5)Ifadevelopingcountryoritspeoplesoughthigherwagesorenforcedlabororenvironmentalprotections,multinationalsoftensimplyrelocatedproductiontoacountrywithlowercost.

【答案】1.中南美洲、非洲和亞洲的發(fā)展中國家曾經(jīng)僅僅依靠出口原材料和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物換取制成品。

2.因此，產(chǎn)品無法在全球市場上與工業(yè)化國家的高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品競爭。

3.也像日本一樣，他們專注于向外國消費者銷售他們制造的產(chǎn)品，來為國家?guī)碡敻弧?/p>

4.20世紀(jì)末，中國通過制造業(yè)出口的快速擴(kuò)張，實現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展。

5.如果一個發(fā)展中國家或其人民要求更高的工資、實施勞動保護(hù)或環(huán)境保護(hù)，跨國公司通常只需要將生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到成本更低的國家。

20.單選題

Thekeytothesequestionsistheemotionalresponsewecallanxiety.Unlikehungerorthirst,whichbuildanddissipate(驅(qū)散)intheimmediatepresent,anxietyisthesortoffeelingthatsneaksuponyoufromthedayaftertomorrow.It’ssupposedtokeepyoufromfeelingtoosafe.Withoutit,fewofuswouldsurvive.

Allanimals,especiallythesmall,scurryingkind,appeartofeelanxiety.Humanshavefeltitsincethedaystheysharedtheplanetwithsaber-toothedtigers.Butweliveinaparticularlyanxiousage.TheinitialshockofSept.11haswormoff,andthefearhaslifted,butmillionsofAmericanscontinuetoshareakindofgeneralizedmassanxiety.ArecentTIME/CNNpollfoundthateightmonthsaftertheevent,nearlytwo-thirdsofAmericansthinkabouttheterrorattacksatleastseveraltimesaweek.Anditdoesn’ttakemuchforalltheoldfearstocomerushingback.Whatwassurprisingabouttherecentdrumbeatofterrorwarningswashowquicklyittriggeredtheanxietysomanyofusthoughtwehadputbehindus.

Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger-andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere’sadeadlinelooming(或隱或現(xiàn))—anxietybecomesaproblemwhenitpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediatethreat.Sometimesthere’sanobviouscause,aswiththeshell-shockedsoldiersofWorldWarIortheterror-scarredciviliansoftheWorldTradeCentercollapse.Othertimes,wedon’tknowwhywecan’tstopworrying.

Thereiscertainlyalotofanxietygoingaround.Anxietydisorder—whichiswhathealthexpertscallanyanxietythatpersiststothepointthatitinterfereswithone’slife—isthemostcommonmentalillnessintheU.S.Initsvariousforms,rangingfromveryspecificphobias(恐懼癥)togeneralizedanxietydisorder,itafflicts19millionAmericans.

Andyet,accordingtoasurveypublishedlastJanuarybyresearchersfromUCLA,lessthan25%ofAmericanswithanxietydisordersreceiveanykindoftreatmentfortheircondition.“Ifmentalhealthisthestepchildofthehealth-caresystem,”saysJerilynRoss,presidentoftheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmerica.“thenanxietyisthestepchildofthestepchild.”

SigmundFreudwasfascinatedwithanxietyandrecognizedearlyonthatthereismorethanonekind.Heidentifiedtwomajorformsofanxiety:onemorebiologicalinnatureandtheothermoredependentonpsychologicalfactors.Unfortunately,hisfollowersweresoobsessedwithhisideasaboutsexdrivesandunresolvedconflictsthatstudiesofthephysicalbasisofanxietylanguished(減退).

1.Whatcanbethemostsuitabletitleofthispassage?

2.WhydoestheauthorgivetheexampleoftheterroristattackonSept.11?

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

4.WhatdoesJerilynRossmeanby“Ifmentalhealthisthestepchildofthehealth-caresystem...thenanxietyisthestepchildofthestepchild.”inParagraph5?

5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

問題1選項

A.HealingAnxiety.

B.UnderstandingAnxiety.

C.TheOriginofAnxiety.

D.TheHazardsofAnxiety.

問題2選項

A.Toshowthatanxietyseldomreoccurs.

B.Toindicatethatanxietyiseasytoarouse.

C.Toprovethathumanisatrisk.

D.Todemonstratethatmankindismorenervousthananyothertime.

問題3選項

A.Anxietydisorderhasanegativeimpact.

B.Anxietyisoneofthehealthcareissues.

C.Anxietyissupposedtobeavoided.

D.Whatleadstoanxietycanbeambiguous.

問題4選項

A.Theproblemofmentalhealthisneglected.

B.Theproblemofanxietyisneglected.

C.Mentalhealthisahealth-careproblem.

D.Anxietyisamental-healthproblem.

問題5選項

A.SigmundFreud’sideasarewelldevelopedbythef