神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)總論、脊髓

DivisionsCentralnervoussystem(CNS)Peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)Centralnervoussystem(CNS)Brain腦Telencephalon端腦Diencephalon

間腦Cerebellum小腦Brainstem腦干

Midbrain中腦Pons腦橋Medullaoblongata延髓Spinalcord脊髓Peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)Cranialn.(12pairs)腦神經(jīng)Spinaln.(31pairs)脊神經(jīng)Visceraln.

內(nèi)臟神經(jīng)Visceralsensoryn.VisceralmotornSympatheticpart交感神經(jīng)

Parasympatheticpart副交感神經(jīng)CellularorganizationNeurons神經(jīng)元

Cellbody胞體Axon軸突Dendrites樹突

Neuroglia－glialcell膠質(zhì)細胞

StructuralclassificationBipolarneuron

雙極神經(jīng)元

hasanaxonandadendritePseudounipolarneuron

假單極神經(jīng)元

hasacentralbranchandaperipheralbranchMultipolarneuron多極神經(jīng)元hasanaxonandtwoormoredendritesFunctionalclassificationSensory(efferent)neuron感覺神經(jīng)元Motor(afferent)neuron運動神經(jīng)元Associationneuron聯(lián)絡(luò)神經(jīng)元

Reflex:areactionoftheorganismbythenervoussysteminresponsetoastimulusReflexarc:has5basiccomponents

Receptor

↓Sensoryneurons

↓CNS

↓Moterneurons

↓EffectorReflexandreflexarcBasicterminologyinnervoussystem

IntheCNSGraymatter灰質(zhì):collectionofnervecellbodiesandtheirdendrites,graycolorduringfreshconditionCortex皮質(zhì):theoutermostlayerofgraymatterincerebrumandcerebellumWhitematter白質(zhì):collectionofnervefibers,whitecolorduringfreshconditionMedulla髓質(zhì):acentralcoreofwhitematterbeneathcortexofcerebrumandcerebellumNucleus神經(jīng)核:acollection(group)ofcellbodieswhichhavethesameshapeandfunctionFasciculus

纖維束(tract):abundleofnervefiberswhichhavethesameorigin,termination,pathwayandfunctionReticularformation網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu):anadmixtureofcross-crossingfiberswithlargerorsmallergroupsofnervecellsoccupyingthemeshesInthePNSGanglion神經(jīng)節(jié):acollectionofneuronalcellbodiesoutsidetheCNSNerve神經(jīng):abundleofnervefibersheldtogetherbyconnectivetissuesheathTheSpinalCord脊髓

PositionLiesinvertebralcanalContinuousabovewithmedullaoblongataatlevelofforamenmagnumEndsbelowatlowerborderofL1inadult;atbirthatlevelofL3ExternalfeaturesAlongcylindricalstructureandslightlyflattenedanteroposteriorly,Conusmedullaris（脊髓圓錐）Filumterminale（終絲）Caudaequina（馬尾）Twoenlargements

Cervicalenlargement（頸膨大）:correspondstotheC4totheT1segments

Lumbosacralenlargement（腰骶膨大）:correspondstotheL2totheS3segmentsFissureandsulciAnteriormedianfissure前正中裂Posteriormediansulcus后正中溝Anterolateralsulcus前外側(cè)溝－anterior(motor)rootsemergeseriallyPosterolateralsulcus后外側(cè)溝－posterior(sensory)rootsenterspinalcord,eachbearaspinalganglionwhichconstitutesthefirstcell-stationofthesensorynervesRelationshipofsegments

ofspinalcordtovertebrae

Aportionofthecordthatgivesrisetoapairofspinalnerveconstitutesasegment.Thereare31segments8cervical12thoracic5lumbar5sacral1coccygealRelationshipofsegmentsofspinalcordtovertebraeSpinalsegmentsVertebrallevels(spines)Uppercervicalregion(C1~C4)=C1~C4Lowercervicalandupperthoracicregion(C5~T4)—1=C4~T3Middlethoracicregion(T5~T8)—2=T3~T6Lowerthoracicregion(T9~T12)—3=T6~T9Lumbersegments=T10~T12Sacralandcoccygealsegments=L1

Internalstructures

Centralcanal中央管GraymatterAnteriorhorn(column)前角（柱）Posteriorhorn(column)后角（柱）Intermediatezone中間帶Lateralhorn(column)側(cè)角（柱）Anteriorgraycommissures灰質(zhì)前連合Posteriorgraycommissures灰質(zhì)后連合WhitematterAnteriorfuniculus前索lateralfuniculus外側(cè)索Posteriorfuniculus后索Anteriorwhitecommisure白質(zhì)前連合

Posteriorhorn(column):Marginallayer

（緣層）Substantiagelatinosa（膠狀質(zhì)）Nucleusproprius（后角固有核）Nucleusthoracicus（胸核）

insegmentsC8~L3

IntermediatezoneIntermediaolateralnucleus

（中間外側(cè)核）(lateralhornorcolumn):liesinsegmentsT1~L3,containingsympatheticpreganglionicneuronsSacralparasympatheticnucleus（骶副交感核）:liesinsegmentsS2~S4,containingparasympatheticpreganglionicneuronsIntermediomedialnucleus（中間內(nèi)側(cè)核）

:forsensationofviscera

Anteriorhorn

(column):containmotorneuronsThreekindsofneuronα-motorneuron:largermultipolarneuron,innervatesextrafusalfibersofskeletalm.,producingcontractionofm.γ-motorneuron:smallerneuron,innervatesintrafusalfibersregulatingmusculartonusRenshaw’scell:negativefeedbackmechanismTwogroupsofnucleiMedialnucleargroup:presentinmostsegmentsofspinalcord,innervatingaxialmusclesLateralnucleargroup:presentonlyincervicalandlumbosacralenlargements,innervatinglimbmuscles

Rexed’slamina板層posteriorhornisformedbylaminaⅠtoⅥ；IntermediatezonecorrespondingtolaminaⅦ；AnteriorhorniscomposedlaminaeⅧandⅨ；laminaⅩisthegraymattersurroundingthecentralcanal.ImportantSubdivisionofSpinalCordGrayMatterRegionLaminaNucleusPosteriorhornⅠMarginallayerⅡSubstantiagelatinosaⅢ,ⅣNucleuspropriusIntermediatezoneⅦNucleusthoracicus(C8~L3)ⅦIntermediolateralnucleus(T1~L3)ⅦSacralparasympatheticnucleus(S2~S4)ⅦIntermediomedialnucleusAnteriorhornⅨMotorneuronⅢ)WhitematterWhitemattercontainsthreekindsoffibers:ascending,descending,andfasciculuspropriusAscendingtractsFasciculusgracilis（薄束）Fasciculuscuneatus（楔束）

Posteriorspinocerebellartract（脊髓小腦后束）Anteriorspinocerebellartract（脊髓小腦前束）Spinothalamic

tract（脊髓丘腦束）AscendingtractsTractSiteoforiginFuniculusTerminationFunctionFasciculusgracilisSpinalgangliabelowsegmentT5PosteriorGracilenucleusConveyproprioceptiveandfinetouchsensationoftrunkandlimbsFasciculuscuneatusSpinalgangliaabovesegmentT4CuneatenucleusPosteriorspinocerebellarHomolateralnucleusthoracicusLateralCerebellumUnconsciousproprioceptionfromlowerlimbandlowerportionoftrunkAnteriorspinocerebellarContralateralLaminaeⅤ~ⅦSpinothalamicLaminaeⅠ,Ⅳ~ⅦLateralandanteriorDorsalthalamusPain,temperatureandsimpletouchsensationoftrunkandlimbs

Descendingtracts

Lateralcorticospinaltract（皮質(zhì)脊髓側(cè)束）Anteriorcorticospinal

tract（皮質(zhì)脊髓前束）Rubrospinaltract（紅核脊髓束）Vestibulospinaltract（前庭脊髓束）Reticulospinaltract（網(wǎng)狀脊髓束）Mediallongitudinalfasciculus（內(nèi)側(cè)縱束）Tectospinaltract（頂蓋脊髓束）Fasciculusproprius

（固有束）

DescendingtractsTractSiteoforiginFuniculus