2015年9月上海高級口譯真題解析

2015年9月上海高級口譯真題聽力部分解析I.Note-takingGapfilling(NTGF)從聽力的音帶文字來看，這次考試的NTGF話題不難，脈絡(luò)清晰，但詞匯難度較大，因此做筆記應(yīng)該按照“綱目條”的技巧來記錄。文章一開始就提出了主題，即對婦女而言，家務(wù)活是一種被迫接受的工作(imposedoccupation)，而社會對這份“工作”也有不同的兩種觀點，演講者對兩種觀點分別做闡述，值得一提的是，這種“兩分法”(dichotomy)也是NTGF部分常見思路，考生需要注意。演講者首先提出了做全職主婦的負(fù)面看法。很多女性并不是心甘情愿的(notcongenial)做“家庭主婦”的，這是一份“奴仆的工作”meniallabor,但是婦女的工作非常重要，因為對于任何社會來講，男人承擔(dān)了很多重要的工作，比如造船、伐木和軍隊，他們在家需要婦女來提供服務(wù)，否則社會無法正常運作，但是這些工作沒有酬勞、沒有晉升的機(jī)會，一眼望得到頭(dead-endjob,nochanceofpromotion,nodetailednature)，而這些工作因為沒有“詳細(xì)的工作描述”(detailedjobdescription),工作不需要與他人競爭,婦女感覺自己的能力退化了，被社會邊緣化了,人生也就覺得沒有成就感(deteriorating,alienating,inadequate)而因為我們的社會被分成了很多不同的單元(Oursocietyisorganizedinunits)，因此，婦女感覺到了“孤獨”(isolation),而這份孤獨感對人有負(fù)面心理作用(negativepsychologicaleffects)。而對于這份工作的正面看法是，在西方社會，這份工作也并不是那么單調(diào)沉悶(fullofdrudgery)、也并非讓人感覺是“奴仆的工作”，難度也不高，如果從home-builder這個角度看，這份工作也能有成就感。全職主婦的工作沒有壓力，可以比較自由地安排工作時間，而她們得工作為社會提供實際效益(tangiblebenefits),因此她們的工作讓家庭成員和社會受益匪淺。II.ListeningTranslation:句子聽譯部分文字及參考翻譯1.Americanswatchtelevisionalmosteverynightandattendmoviesregularly.SonaturallyTVshowsandlatestmoviesbecometopicsofdiscussions.ReadingmagazinessuchasTimeandNewsweekwillalsokeepyouuptodateonwhatispopularinAmerica.美國人幾乎每天晚上看電視，并且經(jīng)?？措娪?。因此，電視節(jié)目和最新的電影就成為了熱門話題。閱讀包括《時代》和《新聞周刊》在內(nèi)的雜志也能更新美國最新時尚潮流。2.Whatarethesimilarities,ifany,betweengreatsalesrepsandgreatleaders?Theybothhavesolidlisteningskillsandaverypositiveattitude.Inaddition,theynevergiveupandgetpassmistakes.優(yōu)秀銷售和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的共同之處是什么?他們都具備良好的聽力技能和積極的態(tài)度。此外，他們從不放棄，從不放過錯誤。3.Inthelate20thcentury,peoplewhowereconcernedwiththeprotectionofourenvironmentlaunchedanewformoftraveling,namelytheecology-basedtourism.Eco-tourismisresponsibletravelinnaturalandusuallyprotectedarea.在20世紀(jì)末，關(guān)心生活環(huán)境的人們發(fā)起了一種新型的旅游形式，也就是基于生態(tài)的旅游。生態(tài)旅游是指在自然以及通常被保護(hù)的區(qū)域進(jìn)行負(fù)責(zé)任的旅游。4.Theuniversehasnolimits.Sofar,wehaveprobedonlyafractionofit.Yettotraveltothefrontiersofthatfraction,evenat186300milespersecond,whichisthespeedoflight,willtake6000millionyears.宇宙廣無邊際。至今為止我們只探索到了它很小的一部分。然而要去到我們已探索到的邊緣，即使以每秒186300英里的光速行駛，也需要60億年的時間。5.Atthisremarkablemomentinhistory,theglobaleconomyisgivingmoreofourownpeopleandbillionsaroundtheworldthechancetoworkandliveandraisetheirfamilieswithdignity.在這個特殊的歷史時刻，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)正為越來越多的國民和幾十億世界人民提供機(jī)會，讓他們能夠有尊嚴(yán)地工作，生活，養(yǎng)家糊口。Passage1Inmanywesternsocieties,includingtheUnitedStates,apersonwhodoesnotmaintaingoodeyecontactisregardedasbeingslightlysuspicious.Americansunconsciouslyassociatepeoplewhoavoideyecontactasunfriendly,insecure,untrustworthy,inattentiveandimpersonal.However,Incontrast,Japanesechildrenaretaughtinschoolstodirecttheirgazeattheregionoftheirteachers’neckortie-knot.Andasadults,Japaneselowertheireyeswhenspeakingtoasuperior,whichisagestureofrespect.LatinAmericancultures,aswellassomeAfricancultures,havelongerlookingtime.Butprolongedeyecontactfromanindividualoflowerstatusisconsidereddisrespectful.在包括美國在內(nèi)的很多西方國家，避免與人直視會被認(rèn)為有些可疑。在潛意識中，美國人認(rèn)為那些避免直視的人不友好、缺乏安全感、不值得信賴、不專心及不近人情。然而，相比之下，日本的孩子從小在學(xué)校接受的教育是要求他們將視線落在老師的頸部或領(lǐng)結(jié)的位置。因此，當(dāng)與上級交流的時候，日本人會把目光降低一些，以示禮貌。在一些拉丁美洲和非洲國家，人們注視的時間會稍長些。但，社會底層人士如果長時間的注視則被認(rèn)為不敬。Passage2

IntheUnitedStatestoday,manycollegegraduatesclaimbankruptcysothattheycanavoidrepayingmoneytheyborrowedfromthefederalgovernmenttofinancetheireducation.Infact,morethan300,000studentborrowersnowowethegovernmentover500milliondollars.Statisticsshowthatstudentsarenotgoodrisks,whereasthestudentdefaultratenowstandsatover12%.Banksreportthatstudentloandeliquencyseldomexceeds3%.Apparentlythelackofmoneyisnottheonlyreasonfornonpayment.AUSgovernmentdepartmentfoundthat300ofitsemployees,somecurrentlyearningupto63,000dollars,havedefaultedonstudentloans.如今在美國，很多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生申請破產(chǎn)，這樣他們就不再需要償還聯(lián)邦政府的助學(xué)貸款。實際上，超過30萬學(xué)生借款人現(xiàn)在欠美國政府超過5億美元的貸款。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，學(xué)生貸款人是很有風(fēng)險的，不償還率現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)超過12%。銀行報告顯示，非學(xué)生貸款的的不償還率是很少超過3%的。很明顯，缺錢并不是不償還貸款的唯一原因。一個美國政府部分發(fā)現(xiàn)，它有300名員工依然拖欠學(xué)生貸款，而其中一些人現(xiàn)在的收入已經(jīng)超過6萬美元。2015年9月上海高級口譯真題閱讀部分解析第一篇：醫(yī)療檢查Ispenttheusuallongafternoonatworkdoinglittlebutorderingtests,farmorethanIhonestlythoughtanypatientneeded,butthat’swhatwedothesedays.Guidelinesmandatetests,andpatientsexpectthem;abnormaltestsmeanmedication,andmedicationmeansmoretests.Mytallyfortheday:fivehours,14reasonablyhealthypatients,299separatetestsofbodyfunctionorbloodcomposition,threescansandahandfulofreferralstospecialistsforyetmoretests.本文作者是一名醫(yī)生，開篇即陳述了一個醫(yī)療行業(yè)的問題：醫(yī)生開太多檢查了，而且是Guideline(醫(yī)療指南)要求的，病人所期望的。Teacherscomplainthatprimaryeducationthreatenstobecomeaprocessofteachingtothetest.Theywinceasthecontentofstandardizedtestsincreasinglydrivestheirlessonplans,andtheresultsofthesetestsdefinetheiraccomplishments.Wesharetheirpain:Doctoringtothetestsiseverybitasdispiriting.本段講述了老師們遇到的類似問題，進(jìn)行了一個類比：在教育行業(yè)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試也變的越來越重要。兩種情況都非常dispiriting(使人氣餒)。Somemedicaltests,likebloodpressurechecks,arecheapandsimple.Somearepricierandmorecomplicated,likemammogramsorassaysforvariousmoleculesinthebloodthatcorrelatewithvariousdiseases.Weorderthemallatprescribedintervals,andifwehappentoforgetone,eitherbyaccidentordesign,electronicmedicalrecordsnagusmercilesslyuntilwecapitulate.Asineducation,ourtest-orderingbehaviorandourpatients’resultsincreasinglydefineourachievements,andinthenearfutureourremunerationislikelytofollow.Still,likealltest-basedqualitycontrolsystems,ourscanbegamed.Ourtestscanalsoinflictunnecessarypsychicdamage,andoccasionalphysicaldamageaswell.Mostdistressing:Orderingtests,chasingdownandinterpretingresults,anddealingwiththeendlesscycleofrepeattestingtoconfirmandclarifyproblemsabsorbprettymuchallourtime.本段進(jìn)一步說明大量檢查給醫(yī)生帶來壓力：它作為評價醫(yī)療質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，今后還可能與remuneration(薪酬)掛鉤。不過檢查可能給患者帶來損傷，同時也耗費很多時間。Itisallinthenameofgoodandequitablehealthcare,alaudablegoal.Butifyoureachage50andIcannotpersuadeyoutoundergothecolonoscopyormammogramyoureallydon’twant,amIabaddoctor?Ifyoureachage85andIpersuadeyoutotakeenoughmedicationtonormalizeyourbloodpressure,amIagoodone?本段討論：究竟什么樣的醫(yī)生才是好醫(yī)生呢?Iamnottheonlyonewhowonders.AcadreoftestskepticsatDartmouthMedicalSchoolspecializeincriticallyexaminingourtest-basedapproachtowelladultcare.Ifyouareconfusedaboutmammography,colonoscopyorthePSAtestforprostatecancer,thesefolksdeservemuchoftheblame:Theyhaverepeatedlydemonstratedthatthesetestsandmanyothersdonotnecessarilymakehealthypeopleanyhealthier,anymorethanstandardizedtestingingradeschoolimprovesachild’sintellect.Dr.H.GilbertWelch,aVermontphysicianwhoispartoftheDartmouthgroup,hasanewbookthatmightserveasthetestskeptic’smanifestoandbible.Itstitle,“LessMedicine,MoreHealth,”sumsuphistrenchant,point-by-pointcritiqueoftest-basedhealthcareandqualitycontrol.有研究表明，利用開檢查的數(shù)量來進(jìn)行醫(yī)療質(zhì)控是行不通的，算照指南做這些檢查并不能使人們更加健康。Inmedicine,“truequalityisextremelyhardtomeasure,”Dr.Welchwrites.“Whatiseasytomeasureiswhetherdoctorsdothings.”O(jiān)nlydoingthingslikeorderingtestsgeneratesdata.Decidingnottodothingsandletwellenoughalonegeneratesnothingtangible,nonumbersordollaramountstomeasureortrackovertime.Dr.Welchpointsoutthatdoctorsgettobecomedoctorsbecausetheyaregoodwithtests,andknowinstinctivelyhowtobehaveinatest-focuseduniverse.Ratethembyhowmanyteststheyorder,andtheywillorderinprofusion,oftenmorethantheguidelinessuggest.Theywilldofineonassessmentsoftheirquality,butpatientsmaynotdosowell.Evenperfectlysafeteststhatareincapableofdoingtheirowndamagemay,givenenoughweight,triggercatastrophe.本段Dr.Welch進(jìn)一步闡明，開許多檢查是為了有效地保障醫(yī)療質(zhì)量，但實際上這樣做會使病人們過度檢查，甚至造成傷害。Yes,littlebloodpressurecuffoverthereinthecorner,thatmeansyou.Thelinkbetweenveryhighbloodpressureanddiseaseisincontrovertible,andthedrugsusedtocontrolbloodpressureareamongthecheapestandsafestaround.Evenso,asDr.Welchpointedoutinarecentconversation,systemsthatratedoctorsbyhowwelltheirpatients’bloodpressureismanagedarelikelytoinvitetrouble.Doctorsrewardedfortreatingaggressivelyarelikelytokeepdoingsoevenwhenthebenefitsbegintomorphintoharm.Thatappearstohappeninolderadults,atleastinthosewhoavoidthecommoncomplicationsofhighbloodpressureandcontinueonmedication.Onestudyfoundthatnursinghomeresidentstakingtwoormoreeffectivebloodpressuredrugsdidremarkablybadly,withdeathratesmorethantwicethatoftheirpeers.Inanother,dementiapatientstakingbloodpressuremedicationwithoptimalresultsnonethelessdeterioratedmentallyconsiderablyfaster.其他的醫(yī)療質(zhì)控方法，比如檢測血壓并且使用藥物進(jìn)行調(diào)控也不很有效。研究顯示血壓控制得好的老年人反而死亡率更高YetnoqualitycontrolsystemthatIknowofgivesadoctoranapprovingpatontheheadfortakingafragileolderpatientoffmeds.Notyet,atleast.Someday,perhaps,notorderingandnotprescribingwillmarkqualitycareassurelyasorderingandprescribingdotoday.Childrengotoschooltolearn.Adultsgotothedoctor…why?Iftheyaresick,togetbetter,certainly.Butfortheaveragehealthy,happyadult,let’sbehonest:Wereallyhaven’tcompletelyfiguredoutwhyyouareinthewaitingroom.Andsoweofferaluxuriantprofusionoftests.

本文的結(jié)論是，目前并沒有有效的醫(yī)療質(zhì)控手段。而且很多時候，病人來醫(yī)院除了接受檢查也沒什么可做的。2015年9月上海高級口譯真題閱讀部分解析

第二篇：LosAngelesTimes標(biāo)題：Gatsby,literature’spartyanimal,turns90(文學(xué))IwasinhighschoolwhenIfirstfellforGatsby,whoturns90today—an“oldsport”byanymeasure.Hewas50eventhen,butheappearedtomeasRobertRedfordinapinkRalphLaurensuitandthose“shirtsofsheerlinenandthicksilkandfineflannel”thatsetDaisysobbinginChapter5.Howcouldafreckle-faced,Catholic-raisedvirginresistthatkindofbadboy:richandhandsome,withthebestpartyhouseintown,evenifheneverdidmingle?本文涉及英美文學(xué)內(nèi)容，開篇第一句提及“蓋茨比”。第一段采取“故事開篇”結(jié)構(gòu)，從作者青少年時期的感受做切入點，簡要回顧蓋茨比的故事情節(jié)。考生需對“蓋茨比”、“黛西”等《了不起的蓋茨比》信息有簡單的了解。Gatsbyseemsthekindofguywhowouldalwayshavebeenpopular.Butthetruthismorecomplicated.“TheGreatGatsby”waspublishedonApril10,1925.MaxPerkins,F.ScottFitzgerald'seditor,thoughtitamasterpiece.Thethen-29-year-oldFitzgeraldwroteofthenovelbeforeitwaspublished,“Itrepresentsaboutayear'sworkandIthinkit'sabouttenyearsbetterthananythingI'vedone.”第二段深入介紹小說與作者信息，作為背景知識補(bǔ)充，可快速閱讀。Anditdidreceivesomepraiseinitsearlydays,forsure.TheNewYorkTimescalledit“acuriousbook,amystical,glamorousstoryoftoday.”Butothersweren'tenamored.TheNewYorkWorldranareviewundertheheadline“F.ScottFitzgerald'sLatestaDud”(ouch!),andPerkinswroteatthetimethatsomanypeopleattackedhimoverthebookthathefelt“bruised.”第三段展示媒體對小說的評論。注意文中“But”一詞，轉(zhuǎn)折詞“but,yet,still,however,nevertheless”的出現(xiàn)意味著文意的轉(zhuǎn)變?！癆nd”句是對小說的贊賞，“But”句提出反面觀點，認(rèn)為小說乏善可陳，受到廣泛攻擊。Saleswerelacklustertoo.ThefirstprintingofFitzgerald'sdebutnovel,“ThisSideofParadise,”hadsoldoutindays,andCharlesScribner'sSonswentbacktopress11moretimesintwoyearstosellalmost50,000copies.Fitzgerald'sfollow-up,“TheBeautifulandtheDamned,”alsosoldwellenoughtoput50,000copiesintoprint.Butthe20,000-copyfirstrunof“TheGreatGatsby”wasfollowedbyamere3,000secondprintrun,andnothird.“Gatsby”wasneveroutofprintintheyearsbeforeFitzgeralddied—atage44,15yearsafteritspublication—onlybecauseScribner'sstillhadunsoldcopiesfromthosefirsttwoprintings.第四段關(guān)注小說銷售業(yè)績。第一句中的“too”是個提示詞，表示該段的觀點與上一段相仿。“debut”首秀,“press”出版社,“firstrun”第一版等專業(yè)術(shù)語可做了解。Infall1940,Fitzgerald,writingtohiswife,Zelda,ofanewnovelhewasworkingon,lamented,“Idon'tsupposeanyonewillbemuchinterestedinwhatIhavetosaythistimeanditmaybethelastnovelI'lleverwrite.”ThelastScribner'sroyaltycheckbeforehediedthatDecemberwasfor$13.13.本段介紹小說作者菲茲杰拉德寫給妻子的最后一本小說。Fitzgerald'sfriend,theliteraryandsocialcriticEdmundWilson—whosaidofFitzgerald'sdeaththathe“feltrobbedofsomepartofmyownpersonality”—helpedwiththeposthumouspublicationofFitzgerald'sunfinished“TheLastTycoon.”HeandPerkins,togetherwithotherFitzgeraldfriendsandfans,workedtokeepcriticalattentiononFitzgerald'swork.Withoutthem,“Gatsby”mighthavedisappearedaltogetherfromtheAmericanliterarycanon.本段介紹菲茲杰拉德的朋友對他小說出版的幫助。段落中出現(xiàn)“雙破折”，考察標(biāo)點符號的閱讀方式，“雙破折”起解釋說明、重復(fù)介紹的作用，可以省略。ItwasWorldWarII,though,thatgave“TheGreatGatsby”arealboostinreadership.Asthewarcametoaclose,150,000pocket-sized“ArmedServiceEdition”paperbacksweresenttosoldiers,menwhowereperhapsleftdreamingofswappingtheiruniformsforallthosemonogrammedshirts,andalmostcertainlyofDaisy.本段介紹二戰(zhàn)對小說出版的推動力。第一句為主題句，“arealboost”,高頻詞“boost”再次出現(xiàn)，同義詞“promote”,“thrust”,“hoist”等均為促進(jìn)的含義。Howthealmost-forgottennovelendedupbeingchosenforthisdistributionisn'tclear.MaureenCorrigan,inherbookabout“Gatsby,”“SoWeReadOn,”speculatesthatNicholasWreden,amemberofthebookindustry'sCouncilonBooksinWartimewhoalsohappenedtobethemanagerofScribner'sbookstore,mayhavehadahandinit,ahandperhapsguidedbyPerkins.Thecoverofthesoldiers'edition,insellingGatsbyas“thegreatestofthe‘racketeers'inAmericanfiction,”mayhaveledsometoopenitexpectingDashiellHammett.Thatideawasperpetuatedbythemovietie-ineditionreleasedbyBantamafewyearslater;onitscover,HowardDaSilva,asthecharacterGeorgeWilson,pointsagunatabare-chestedandverybuffAlanLaddasGatsby—apaperbackthatwasreprintedfivetimesby1954.TheBantamsuccessinfluencedScribner'sreissueofthenovel,firstincollected-workvolumes,thenina1957studentpaperback.Salesofthelatter—designedforbabyboomersneedingsomethingbeyondtextbookexcerptstotesttheirliterarymettle—rosefrom12,000initsfirstyearto36,000in1958,100,000eachyearby1960,andthreetimesthatbeforeRobertRedforddonnedthatpinkLaurensuit.多段落評講《了不起的蓋茨比》小說獲得成功的原因。段落內(nèi)結(jié)合部分金融知識，如“babyboomers”出自美國二戰(zhàn)后著名的“babyboom”嬰兒潮一詞，大量的數(shù)字作證小說的銷售進(jìn)步。Werestudentsreading“Gatsby”becauseofitsliteraryheftorbecauseitwasteachable?Likelyboth,butinanyeventtheresultwasanexplosionofscholarlyanalysisparallelingthegrowthinsalesandthedawningrecognitionofanAmericanclassic.Thisweek,90yearsafteritspublication,“TheGreatGatsby”isaphenomenon,havingspent476weeks—morethannineyearsintotal—ononenationalbestsellerlist,and“timedout”ofmostoftheothers.Internationallyithassoldmorethan25millioncopies.It'simpossibletosayhowmanyscholarlyarticlesithasgivenriseto,butaGooglesearchof“Gatsby”returns34millionhits.Happy90th,OldSport.Andmanymore.

末尾總結(jié)升華，強(qiáng)調(diào)《了不起的蓋茨比》的成功經(jīng)歷了時間的考驗，展示出全文的“積極正面”態(tài)度，與對該小說的肯定觀點。第三篇：《貧困、犯罪、教育、貧民窟的悖論》來源：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人標(biāo)題：Poverty,crimeandeducation.Theparadoxoftheghetto.THEpoorestpeopleinLeicesterbyawidemarginaretheSomaliswholiveintheStMatthewshousingestate.Refugeesfromcivilwar,whooftenpassedthroughSwedenortheNetherlandsbeforefetchingupintheEnglishMidlands,theyendurepeelingsurroundingsandappallingjoblessness.Atthelastcensusthelocalunemploymentratewasthreetimesthenationalaverage.ButAbdikayfFarah,whorunsalocalcharity,isoddlyupbeat.Justlookatthechildren,hesays.第一段開篇點題，介紹文章主題為窮苦的難民在英國面臨的艱難處境。出現(xiàn)的詞匯多為當(dāng)下國際熱門詞匯，如“refugee,joblessness,civilwar,unemployment”。ClosetoMrFarah'sofficeisTaylorRoadPrimarySchool—which,itturnsout,trumpsalmosteveryschoolinLeicesterinstandardizedtests.Itsheadmaster,ChrisHassall,creditstheSomaliimmigrants,whoinsistthattheirchildrenturnupforextralessonsatweekendsandharryhimwhentheyseemtofallbehind.Educationistheirticketoutofpoverty.Poordistrict,wonderfulschool,well-orderedchildren:inBritain,thecombinationisnotasunusualasonemightsuppose.第二段將話題導(dǎo)向教育層面，以一所小學(xué)為例，介紹難民兒童在英國的新生活，提出教育對孩童的影響。Britainhasprizedtheidealofeconomicallymixedneighbourhoodssincethe19thcentury.Povertyanddisadvantageareintensifiedwhenpoorpeoplecluster,runstheargument;conversely,therichareunfairlyhelpedwhentheyaresurroundedbyotherrichpeople.Socialmixingoughttohelpthepoor.Itsoundsself-evident—andcolorsplanningregulationsthatensuremuchsocialandaffordablehousingisdottedamongmoreexpensiveprivatehomes.Yet“thereisabsolutelynoseriousevidencetosupportthis,”saysPaulCheshire,aprofessorofeconomicgeographyattheLondonSchoolofEconomics(LSE).第三段為觀點議論，不同經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的人比鄰而居，利大于弊。對于這一觀點，作者在簡單介紹后，提出了質(zhì)疑?！癥et”這一轉(zhuǎn)折詞，需引起大家的注意。Andthereisnewevidencetosuggestitiswrong.ResearchersatDukeUniversityinAmericafollowedover1,600childrenfromagefivetoage12inEnglandandWales.Theyfoundthatpoorboyslivinginlargelywell-to-doneighbourhoodswerethemostlikelytoengageinanti-socialbehavior,fromlyingandswearingtosuchpettymisdemeanorsasfighting,shopliftingandvandalism,accordingtoacommonlyusedmeasureofproblembehavior.Misbehaviorstartsveryyoung(seechart1)andintensifiesastheygrowolder.Poorboysinthepoorestneighbourhoodsweretheleastlikelytorunintotrouble.Forrichkids,theoppositeistrue:thoselivinginpoorareasaremorelikelytomisbehave.第四段佐證了第三段作者的質(zhì)疑?！癆nd”這一連接詞的作用，表明前后觀點一致。前文質(zhì)疑比鄰而居的好處，該段則用實際數(shù)字和案例證明，貧富相互依靠而住，有高概率引起不良行為與少年犯罪。段落中出現(xiàn)了如“anti-socialbehavior,”“vandalism”,“misbehave”等社會、法律詞匯。Theresearcherssuggestseveralreasonsforthis.Poorerareasareoftenheavilypoliced,deterringwould-bemiscreants;itmaybethatpeopleinwealthyplacesarelesslikelytospotmisbehavior,too.Livingalongsidetherichmayalsomakethepoormorekeenlyawareoftheirowndeprivation,suggestsTimNewburn,acriminologistwhoisalsoattheLSE.That,inturn,increasesthefeelingsofalienationthatareassociatedwithanti-socialconductandcriminalbehavior.本段分析前一段結(jié)論誕生的原因。ResearchonEngland'sschoolsturnsupaslightlydifferentpattern.Childrenentitledtofreeschoolmeals—aproxyforpoverty—dobestinschoolscontainingveryfewotherpoorchildren,perhapsbecauseteacherscangivethemplentyofattention.But,revealingly,poorchildrenalsofareunusuallywellinschoolswherethereareahugenumberofotherpoorchildren.Thatmaybebecauseschoolshavenochoicebuttofocusonthem.ThusinTowerHamlets,adeprivedeastLondonborough,60%ofpoorpupilsgotfivegoodGCSEs(theexamstakenat16)in2013;thenationalaveragewas38%.Worstservedarepupilswhofallinbetween,attendingschoolswheretheyareinsufficientlynumeroustomeritattentionbuttoomanytosucceedalone(seechart2).第六段提出新觀點，從英格蘭學(xué)校中貧困學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)指出，當(dāng)貧困學(xué)生有足夠多關(guān)愛和照顧的時候，他們往往表現(xiàn)良好?！癎CSE”這一詞匯為高頻詞，指英國中學(xué)考試，多次在教育話題中出現(xiàn)。MrCheshirereckonsthatAmerica,too,providesevidenceofthelimitedbenefitsofsocialmixing.Look,hesays,attheMovingtoOpportunityprogram,startedinthe1990s,throughwhichsomepoorpeoplereceivedbothcounselingandvoucherstomovetoricherneighbourhoods.Othersgotfinancialhelptomoveastheywished,butnocounselling.Athirdgroupreceivednothing.Studiesafter10-15yearssuggestedthattheincomesandemploymentprospectsofthosewhomovedtoricherareashadnotimproved.Boyswhomovedshowedworsebehaviorandweremorelikelytobearrestedforpropertycrime.第七段跳出英國，從美國角度證明混合社會有局限性。InBritain,thispatternmightbepartlyexplainedbytheexistenceofpoorimmigrantneighbourhoodssuchasStMatthewsinLeicester.Thepeoplewholiveinsuchghettosarepoorinmeans,becausetheycannotspeakEnglishandlackthekindofsocialnetworksthatleadtojobs,butnotpoorinaspiration.Theychanneltheirambitionsthroughtheirchildren.AnotherprobableexplanationliesinthewaythattheBritishgovernmenthandsoutmoney.Educationfundingisdoledoutcentrally,andchildreninthemostindigentpartstendtogetthemostcash.SchoolsinTowerHamletsreceive7,014($10,610)ayearforeachchild,forexample,comparedwiththeEnglishaverageof4,675.Secondaryschoolsalsoget935foreachpoorchildthankstothe“pupilpremium”introducedbythecoalitiongovernment.MeanwhileTeachFirstsendstopgraduatesintopoorschools.InAmerica,bycontrast,muchschoolfundingcomesfromlocalpropertytaxes,sothoseinimpoverishedareasloseout.“InBritain”,“Another”,屬并列結(jié)構(gòu)，兩段為并列段落，主題句皆為第一句話。AstheDukeUniversityresearchersarekeentopointout,allthisdoesnotinitselfprovethateconomicallymixedneighbourhoodsareabadthing.Theymaybegoodinotherways—makingpoliticiansmoremoderate,forexample.Buttheresearchdoessuggestthatthebenefitsofsuchdistrictsarefarfromstraightforward.Patternsofsocialsegregationreflectbroadersocialinequality,arguesMrCheshire,whohaswrittenabookabouturbaneconomicsandpolicy.Wheremixedneighborhoodsflourish,housepricesrise,overwhelminglybenefitingtherich.Spendingmoremoneyonschoolsindeprivedareasanddispatchingthebestteacherstherewoulddomoretohelppoorchildren.Assumingthatalifeamongwealthyneighborswillimprovetheirlotistoocomplacent.最后一段反向分析，杜克大學(xué)研究者指出，上述論述并不能證明，經(jīng)濟(jì)混合社區(qū)必然帶來害處。全文為正反論述，提出多項數(shù)據(jù)與案例進(jìn)行辨析，作者的態(tài)度ambivalent，模棱兩可。第二部分questionandanswer的三篇文章，前兩篇為美國社會問題的探討。第一篇為美國孩童在沒有父母監(jiān)控下單獨玩耍，美國警方未通知孩子家長的情況下，就將孩子逮捕入獄，揭示了美國警方的冷漠強(qiáng)硬。第二篇介紹一名美國人意圖自殺，遭到大量圍觀，且沒有人上前制止，文章批判現(xiàn)代美國人缺乏同情心，為人處世過于冷漠無情的現(xiàn)實。最后一篇文章為經(jīng)濟(jì)話題，介紹沃爾瑪對員工進(jìn)行漲薪這一話題，并且將沃爾瑪與多年前的美國福特汽車漲薪事件進(jìn)行對比，指出兩家公司都沒有能解決目前美國面臨的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。2008年后美國經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速滑坡，失業(yè)率飆升，各大公司深陷經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，至今仍受到極大影響，因此經(jīng)濟(jì)金融的話題經(jīng)久不衰。2015年9月上海高級口譯真題英譯中部分解析高級口譯英譯中參考譯文Oftenmistaken,neverindoubt.”Thatwryphrasedescribesusallmorethanwe'dliketoadmit.Thepsychologicalstudyofmisconceptionsshowsthatallofuspossessmanybeliefsthatareflawedorflat-outwrong---andalsothatweclingtothesefallacieswithremarkabletenacity.Asaresult,justhearingthecorrectexplanationisn'tenough.Mostmethodsofinstructionandtrainingassumethatifyouprovidepeoplewiththerightinformation,itwillreplaceanymistakeninformationlistenersmayalreadypossess.Butespeciallywhenourpreviousbeliefs(eventhoughfaulty)haveprovedusefultous,andwhentheyappeartobeconfirmedbyeverydayexperience,wearereluctanttoletthemgo.“經(jīng)常出錯，卻從不質(zhì)疑”。這句俗話說的是我們都不愿承認(rèn)的一件事。心理學(xué)家對人類的錯誤觀念做了研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管人類對很多事物的認(rèn)知或多或少存在缺陷，有些甚至是完全錯誤的，但對于這些錯誤，人類通常卻固執(zhí)己見。結(jié)果是，僅聽正確概念的解釋是不夠的。多數(shù)指導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)理論認(rèn)為，如果給人類灌輸正確的觀念，這將取代他們原有的錯誤。但只要我們原有的觀念(哪怕是錯誤的)對我們有幫助，尤其是那些通過日常經(jīng)驗所得，我們并不愿意放手。DonnaAlvermann,alanguageandliteracyresearcherattheUniversityofGeorgia,notesthatinstudyafterstudy,"studentsignoredcorrecttextualinformationwhenitconflictedwiththeirpreviouslyheldconcepts.Onmeasuresoffreerecallandrecognition,thestudentsconsistentlylettheirincorrectpriorknowledgeoverrideincomingcorrectinformation."It'swhatourmotherscalled"inoneearandouttheother."Wehavetoactivelydisabuseourselvesorothersoferroneousconceptions,andresearchfromcognitivescienceandpsychologypointstheway.Althoughmuchofthisresearchconcernsmisguidednotionsofhowthephysicalworldworks,thetechniquesithasproducedcanbeusedtocorrectanysortofdeficientunderstanding.

喬治亞大學(xué)的語言和識字研究學(xué)者DonnaAlvermann指出，一次次的研究調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，“對于正確的文字信息，學(xué)生通常視而不見，因為這些信息和他們原有的觀點有沖突。記憶和認(rèn)知調(diào)查顯示，學(xué)生始終如一地堅持原有的觀點”。這就是媽媽們經(jīng)常嘮叨的“一個耳朵進(jìn)一個耳朵出”。很多研究人類認(rèn)知科學(xué)的心理調(diào)查證實了一個觀點，即我們不得不經(jīng)常去說服自己和他人的錯誤觀點。該項目研究的是人類對物質(zhì)世界的認(rèn)知錯誤，而作為研究產(chǎn)物的一些方法可被用來如何糾正人類的認(rèn)知方面的錯誤。2015年9月上海高級口譯真題中譯英部分真題中文是世界上最古老的文字之一。傳說中的倉頡造字讓中國人有了共同的根。從甲骨文到簡體漢字，中文伴隨著中華民族綿延至今。中文鑄造類中華民族的精神品格。比如說，中文書寫各筆每畫都要伸縮有度，相互映襯，取長補(bǔ)短，以使整個字渾然一體。這體現(xiàn)了中國人謙讓包容、合作共贏的處事風(fēng)格。中文富有哲理，很多字由意生字，寓意豐富。中文的“信”字由“人”和“言”組成，意思就是“人要言而有信”。這是中國人的做人原則，也是中國與世界各國的相處之道。中文的優(yōu)美、簡練舉世公認(rèn)。中文是從象形字演變而來，逐步發(fā)