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解密02名詞和主謂一樣序號(hào)題型真題Part1解密高考考點(diǎn)綜述備考建議Part2對(duì)點(diǎn)解密考點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)說1...真題對(duì)點(diǎn)析1...對(duì)點(diǎn)模擬練1...Part3強(qiáng)化集訓(xùn)真題模測(cè)、典題模測(cè)Part1解密高考【考點(diǎn)綜述】名詞和主謂一樣是歷年高考的重要考點(diǎn),常常出現(xiàn)在完形填空、語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)題型中。語法填空對(duì)名詞的考查仍舊會(huì)成為高考的重點(diǎn),主要集中在給出詞根進(jìn)行此類轉(zhuǎn)化,依據(jù)習(xí)慣用法或固定短語確定名詞,名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,全部格形式的改變。主謂一樣一般會(huì)與名詞、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)放在一起考查。高考關(guān)于主謂一樣的考查主要集中在一下三個(gè)方面:①語法一樣②意義一樣③就近原則對(duì)名詞部分主要考查:①名詞的詞義辨析和習(xí)慣搭配②名詞的數(shù)(可數(shù)與不行數(shù)、單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù))③名詞的全部格④抽象名詞的詳細(xì)化⑤名詞和冠詞的搭配【備考建議】1.整體把握,留意語境 從近年高考試題看,高考語法填空對(duì)名詞的考查離不開詳細(xì)的語境,在語境中考查名詞的相關(guān)學(xué)問。做題時(shí),既要全面、整體地看題干,還要留意分析句子成分,并依據(jù)提示詞來確定名詞的相關(guān)考點(diǎn)。通常,涉及名詞考點(diǎn)的試題包括:(1)依據(jù)語境推斷名詞的單復(fù)數(shù);(2)提示詞是形容詞、動(dòng)詞等此類,依據(jù)句子成分和詞綴學(xué)問加上相應(yīng)的后綴變成名詞;(3)名詞的固定搭配;(4)名詞的全部格及名詞的其他相關(guān)學(xué)問2.確定考點(diǎn),留意搭配 語法填空對(duì)名詞的考查涉及名詞各方面的學(xué)問,解題時(shí)要留意首先依據(jù)提示信息確定考點(diǎn),試題是考查名詞的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,還是考查復(fù)數(shù)名詞、名詞的全部格,還是考查主謂一樣、名詞的固定搭配等,確定了考點(diǎn)之后,再結(jié)合其他相關(guān)學(xué)問來做出正確解答。3.多記單詞,積累詞綴 高考對(duì)名詞的考查留意基礎(chǔ),我們?cè)谄匠5膹?fù)習(xí)中要打好基礎(chǔ),駕馭足夠的考綱詞匯,并熟知其常見搭配和用法,并留意嫻熟駕馭常用的名詞詞綴學(xué)問。4.巧用就近原則 當(dāng)主語是由or,nor,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso連接的并列成分時(shí)以及在therebe句型中,謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)遵循就近原則。Part2對(duì)點(diǎn)解密【考點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)說】1----→名詞的數(shù)1.可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(不規(guī)則改變)(1)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如:means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep。(2)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如:boyfriend→boyfriends,go-between→go-betweens(中間人),grown-up→grown-ups,passer-by→passers-by,looker-on→lookers-on,womandoctor→womendoctors。(3)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。此類名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),表示“衣服”、“工具”等的總稱,不能用詳細(xì)的數(shù)字修飾,也不能加不定冠詞a/an,但可以用apairof/twopairsof,many等修飾。如:clothes,tights,jeans,pajamas,pants,shorts,socks,stockings,trousers,glasses,chopsticks,compasses,pincers,scissors,scales等;另外一類總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但不能用詳細(xì)的數(shù)字修飾,也不能用a/an,apairof等修飾,只能用many,agreatmany,alotof等修飾。如:belongings,congratulations,contents,earnings,fireworks,goods,leavings,pains,spirits,savings,stairs,surroundings,wages,arms等。(4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù),如:people,cattle,police;有些名詞只用作單數(shù),如:machinery,furniture,mankind,jewellery;有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù),單數(shù)看作整體,復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個(gè)成員。如:Thecrewislarge.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。Thecrewarealltired.船員們都累壞了(指?jìng)€(gè)體)。2.不行數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(1)一般說來抽象名詞為不行數(shù)名詞,但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示詳細(xì)的東西時(shí),可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生改變,主要類型如下:①抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情心情的人或事。如:asurprise一件令人驚異的事;asuccess一個(gè)(件)勝利的人(事); anhonour一個(gè)(件)引起敬重的人(事);afailure一個(gè)(件)失敗的人(事);anexperience一次經(jīng)驗(yàn);apleasure一件樂事②抽象名詞與a(n)連用,淡化了抽象概念,轉(zhuǎn)化為好像可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。如:AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.;Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?;Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.;Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.(2)有些物質(zhì)名詞是不行數(shù)名詞,但表示數(shù)量或種類時(shí),可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如:acoffee一杯咖啡,threecoffees三杯咖啡;adrink一杯飲料,threedrinks三杯飲料;afewgreyhairs幾根白發(fā);aglass一只玻璃杯?!菊骖}對(duì)點(diǎn)析】11.(2024新課標(biāo)卷I·語法填空)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014___66(that\which)___showedamerefiveto10minutesAdayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall___67___(cause).【答案】causes【解析】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。一項(xiàng)探討表明,僅僅每天5到10分鐘的跑步,就能削減各種緣由的心臟病和早亡。依據(jù)句意用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填causes。2.(2024·全國新課標(biāo)卷I·短文改錯(cuò))Lastwinterwhen【答案】chicken改為chickens【解析】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。他們擁有一個(gè)大的獨(dú)立住宅,還養(yǎng)了很多只雞。依據(jù)前文的dozensof可知,其后用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.(2024·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ·短文改錯(cuò))Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.【答案】sort改為sorts【解析】sort在此意為“種類”,是可數(shù)名詞,和all搭配時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故將sort改為sorts.4.(2024·浙江卷)FewpeopleIknowseemtohavemuchdesireortimetocook.MakingChinese___56___(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名詞。此處指中國菜,表示泛指應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù),故填dishes。5.(2024·全國新課標(biāo)卷I·語法填空)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside62(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.【答案】effects【解析】考查單復(fù)數(shù)。分析語境可知作者表達(dá)的意思是“一些不為人知的副作用”,依據(jù)前文的some可知“sideeffect”(副作用)有很多,故填effects。【對(duì)點(diǎn)模擬練】11.Your

advise

is

of

little

____.it

doesn't

help

to

improve

our

English. A.useful

B.uselessness

C.importance

D.helpless【答案】C【解析】此題考查的是“beof+(形容詞)+抽象名詞”的用法。useful和helpless為形容詞,故解除A和D,依據(jù)后半句知“建議不能幫助我們提高英語成果”,前半句也應(yīng)當(dāng)表示否定意義,little原來就表否定意義,而uselessness又是否定意義,故解除B.2.Shehasgainedmanyunforgettable_____aboutanimalswhen_____intheforestdoingresearch. A.experiences;stayed B.experiences;staying C.experience;stayed D.experience;staying【答案】B【解析】依據(jù)句意可知,experience在這里表示經(jīng)驗(yàn),因此為可數(shù)名詞,所以解除C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)。When引導(dǎo)的從句其實(shí)是whensheisstayingintheforestdoingresearch.當(dāng)主句主語和從句主語一樣,并且從句中有系動(dòng)詞時(shí),可以把從句中的主語連同系動(dòng)詞一起省略,故用staying。所以B項(xiàng)正確。句意:當(dāng)停留在森林里做探討時(shí),她已經(jīng)獲得了很多關(guān)于動(dòng)物的難忘的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。3.Shehasgainedmanyunforgettable_____aboutanimalswhen_____intheforestdoingresearch.A.experiences;stayed B.experiences;stayingC.experience;stayed D.experience;staying【答案】B【解析】句意:當(dāng)她停留在森林里做探討時(shí),她已經(jīng)獲得了很多關(guān)于動(dòng)物的難忘的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。依據(jù)句意可知,experience在這里表示經(jīng)驗(yàn),因此為可數(shù)名詞,所以解除C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)。When引導(dǎo)的從句其實(shí)是whensheisstayingintheforestdoingresearch.當(dāng)主句主語和從句主語一樣,并且從句中有系動(dòng)詞時(shí),可以把從句中的主語連同系動(dòng)詞一起省略,故用staying。所以B項(xiàng)正確。4.Hefoundalotofwere.A.passers-by;grown-ups B.passer-bys;growns-upC.passer-bys;grown-ups D.passers-by;growns-up【答案】A【解析】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意:他發(fā)覺很多過路人是成年人。passer-by“過路人”的復(fù)數(shù)是passers-by;grown-up“成年人”的復(fù)數(shù)是grown-ups。故選A。【考點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)說】2----→名詞全部格(1)-’s全部格theboy’smother;thechildren’stoys;theteachers’books;LucyandLily’sbedroom(共用的);Lucy’sandLily’sbedrooms(各自的)(2)“of+名詞”全部格theroofofthehouse;thecoverofthebook;thenameofthegirl;apictureofmyfather(3)雙重全部格afriendofmybrother’s(=oneofmybrother’sfriends);apictureofmyfather’s(=oneofmyfather’spictures)(4)-’s全部格的特別表示形式有:①用于表示人的名詞或表集體、機(jī)構(gòu)的名詞后,如:Tom’shome,thedoctor’s,thecompany’snewfactory等。②用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后,如:today’snewspaper,fiveminutes’walk(drive),fivepounds’weight,tendollars’worthofcoffee。③用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后,如:theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry,NewYork’sparks。(5)全部格的句法功能①表全部關(guān)系:Jack’sbrother②表主謂關(guān)系:MrWang’spraise③表動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:thefamousstar’sadmirers④表修飾關(guān)系:adoctor’sdegree⑤表同位關(guān)系(只用of全部格):thecityofBeijing【真題對(duì)點(diǎn)析】21.(2024·全國新課標(biāo)卷II·短文改錯(cuò))WhenIwaslittle,Friday’snightwasourfamilygamenight.【答案】Friday’s改為Friday。【解析】考查名詞的格。名詞作定語,往往表明被修飾名詞的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、類別、目的或用途、材料或來源等。名詞全部格作定語則強(qiáng)調(diào)與被修飾的詞的全部關(guān)系或表示邏輯上的謂語關(guān)系。此處表示“星期五晚上”,并不是全部關(guān)系,故把Friday’s改為Friday。2.

motherwasunconsciousforfivehoursafterbeingadmittedtohospital.A.JohnandMary B.John’sandMary’sC.John’sandMary D.JohnandMary’s【答案】D【解析】句意:約翰和瑪麗的媽媽被接收入院后五個(gè)小時(shí)都不省人事。此處主語是單數(shù)名詞,表示"約翰和瑪麗共有的媽媽",所以只在最終一個(gè)名詞詞尾加-’s。如表示"他們各自的母親",則用John’sandMary’smothers?!緦?duì)點(diǎn)模擬練】21.Theshoeswerecoveredwithmud,soIaskedthemtotakethemoffbeforetheygotintocar.A.girl’s;Tom’s B.girls’;Toms’C.girls’;Tom’s D.girl’s;Toms’【答案】C【解析】考查名詞全部格。依據(jù)后半句中的Iaskedthem可知是多個(gè)女孩,所以第一個(gè)空格處用girls';后一個(gè)空格處是單數(shù)概念,用Tom's。Thereisanicepictureinthelittle

bedroom.Shelikesitverymuch.

A.girlB.girlsC.girl’sD.girls’【答案】C3.Thisisreading-room.theteacher’sB.teacher’sC.teacher’D.theteachers’【答案】D4.Thenewly-builtlibraryisabuilding.fivestoreyB.fivestoreysC.five-storey’sD.fivestoreys’【答案】D【考點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)說】3---→名詞的功能(1)可作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語Maryistomeetyouattheairport.Mybrotherisaworker.Heboughtanewbook.Wemadehimmonitorofourclass.(2)作定語英語中有些名詞沒有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞,這些名詞可以干脆用來作定語修飾另一個(gè)名詞。①分類意義airpollution空氣污染;coffeecup咖啡杯;bodylanguage身體語言;roadaccident交通事故;theNobelPrize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)②時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等DoctorJack杰克醫(yī)生;ProfessorLi李教授;eveningschool夜校;wintersleep冬眠③表目的、來源、材料、所屬意義receptiondesk接待臺(tái);sportsfield田徑場(chǎng);stonetable石桌;colorTV彩電(3)作狀語名詞作狀語多為表時(shí)間或距離等概念的名詞。Thewarlastedeightyears.(4)作同位語Tom,ourmonitor,leftschoollastyear.【真題對(duì)點(diǎn)析】31.(2024·江蘇省高考真題)Thehealthsecuritysystemsofmanycountriesareundergoingconsiderable______.A.reservation B.transformation C.distinction D.Submission【答案】B【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:很多國家的衛(wèi)生平安系統(tǒng)正在經(jīng)驗(yàn)重大變革。A.reservation預(yù)訂;B.transformation改革,變革;C.distinction區(qū)分;D.submission提交。依據(jù)前文Thehealthsecuritysystems可知,此處指“衛(wèi)生平安系統(tǒng)的變革”。故選B。2.(2024·天津高考真題)Hisvividdescriptionsofcountrylifequicklybecamepopular,whichestablishedhis_____________asoneofAmerica'sgreatestwriters.A.trust B.contact C.reputation D.Theory【答案】C【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:他對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村生活的生動(dòng)描述快速流行起來,這樹立了他作為美國宏大作家之一的聲譽(yù)。A.trust信任;B.contact聯(lián)系;C.reputation聲譽(yù);D.theory理論。依據(jù)句意,尤其是greatestwriters可知此處用reputation“聲譽(yù)”符合語境,故選C項(xiàng)。3.【2024·江蘇卷】26.Nowadaysthe___________fortravellingisshiftedfromshoppingtofoodandscenery.A.priority B.potential C.proportion D.pension【解析】考查名詞辨析。句意:當(dāng)今,旅行的重點(diǎn)從購物轉(zhuǎn)變成了品嘗美食和觀賞風(fēng)景。A.priority優(yōu)先;優(yōu)先權(quán);B.potential潛在的,可能的;C.proportion比例,占比;D.pension退休金,撫恤金。故選A。4.【2024·江蘇】Try

to

understand

what’s

actuallyhappeninginsteadofactingonthe_______you’vemade.A.assignment B.association C.acquisition D.assumption【答案】D【解析】考查名詞,詞義辨析及語境理解。句意:試著去理解實(shí)際發(fā)生的事情,而不是依據(jù)你所做的假設(shè)行事。A.assignment安排;B.association交往;C.acquisition獲得;D.assumption假設(shè)。故選D。5..【2024·天津卷】Wecanobservethatartificialintelligencehasalreadymadea(n)___________onourlivesinmanyways.A.statement B.impactC.impression D.judgment【答案】B【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:我們能夠看到人工智能在很多方面已經(jīng)對(duì)我們的生活產(chǎn)生了劇烈的影響。statement“陳述說明”;impact“劇烈的影響,沖擊力”;impression“印象,感想”;judgement“推斷力推斷”。故選B。6.(2024·浙江卷)Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein___64___(weigh)problems.【答案】weight【解析】考查名詞。此處指體重問題,用名詞修飾problems,故填weight?!緦?duì)點(diǎn)模擬練】36.Parentscanmake________bigdifferenceindealingwith_______stressoftheirchildren.【答案】A【考點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)說】4----→主謂一樣一.語法一樣原則,即主語語法形式上的單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要一樣。1.單數(shù)名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般采納單數(shù)形式。留意:一個(gè)主語從句做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。但若從句謂語或從句后的表語是復(fù)數(shù)形式,則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2.當(dāng)主語是and,both…and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),假如主語指的是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。留意:兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示同一人,同一物、同一概念,或不行分割的整體時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。3.由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語的前面分別有each、every、no、manya修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。Everymanandeverywomanhasagoodreasontobeproudoftheworkdonebytheirfathers.每一個(gè)人都很有理由為他們的父親所從事的職業(yè)感到傲慢。Eachboyandeachgirlhasanapple.每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都有一個(gè)蘋果。Manyateacherandmanyastudenthasseenthefilm.很多老師和學(xué)生都看過這部電影。留意:each作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語:each作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。EachstudenthasanMP3,whichgivesthemmorewaystoenjoytheirsparetime.每個(gè)學(xué)生都有一個(gè)MP3,這給他們?cè)谡n余時(shí)間享受生活供應(yīng)了更多的方式。Eachoftheclasshasbeengivenabike.這個(gè)班里的每一個(gè)學(xué)生都得到了一輛自行車。留意:each位于復(fù)數(shù)主語后或句尾,不影響謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)。Theyeachhavebuiltahappyfamily.(=Theyhavebuiltahappyfamilyeach.)他們每個(gè)人都組建了華蜜的家庭。4某些不定代詞,如either,neither,each,one,theother,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing等做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Eachofthestudentshasabook.每個(gè)學(xué)生都有一本書。5主語是由“manya+名詞”或“morethanone+名詞”構(gòu)成,其意義雖屬多數(shù),但是隨后的謂語動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)。Manyastudentishere.很多學(xué)生在這里。Morethanonestudentgoestothepark.很多學(xué)生去了公園。留意:“many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thanone”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,謂語動(dòng)詞一般多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Moreemployeesthanoneareagainstyoursuggestion.反對(duì)你的提議的雇員不止一個(gè)。二.意義一樣原則,即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一樣。1.時(shí)間、距離、金錢、重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。時(shí)間:Threeweeksisalongtimetowaitforananswer.距離:Onehundredkilometersisnotalongdistance.金錢:20,000dollarsisnotasmallsumofmoney.重量:Twohundredtonsofwaterwasusedinthatfactorylastmonth.2.一個(gè)算式時(shí),表示數(shù)目的主語通常作單數(shù)看待,其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Twenty-fiveplusfiveisequaltothirty.Forty-threeminustwenty-fivemakeseighteen.3.–s結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱,如:mathematics,physics,politics,economics,mechanics,athletics,linguistics等;Mathematicsseemstobedifficulttome.留意:專出名詞,如國名、人名、書名、戲劇名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)及形式復(fù)數(shù)意義單數(shù)的名詞news和以-s結(jié)尾的疾病的名詞,如measles,arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,mumps等,他們形式上是復(fù)數(shù),但意義上是單數(shù)。用作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Nonewsisgoodnews.TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingbook.TheUnitedStatesisapowerfulcountryintheworld.4.山脈、群島、瀑布、運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)等以-s結(jié)尾的專出名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。TheOlympicGamesareheldonceeveryfouryears.5一些常用作復(fù)數(shù)或只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。常用的這類詞有:a.Goods(貨物);arms(武器);wages(工資);contents(內(nèi)容);remains(尸體);fireworks(煙火);clothes(衣服);stairs(樓梯)等;b.凡是由-ings結(jié)尾的名詞,如surroundings(環(huán)境);savings(儲(chǔ)蓄存款);clippings(剪下來的東西),diggings(挖出來的東西),earnings(收入),filings(銼屑),lodgings(租住的房間),sweepings(掃攏的垃圾)等;c.glasses;shorts(短褲);trousers;shoes;scissors(剪刀);scales(天平);gloves(手套);compasses(圓規(guī));spectacles(眼鏡).但是若其前面有pair等表示單位的名詞時(shí),那么謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由這些表示單位的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)確定。Onepairofshoesismissing.。Twopairsoftrousersaremissing.6單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語,應(yīng)依據(jù)其意義來確定謂語動(dòng)詞的形式。常見的名詞可分為一下幾類:某些動(dòng)物名詞:deer;fish;sheep;grouse(松雞);salmon(鮭);bison(野牛);swine(豬)等.以-ese或-ss結(jié)尾的表示民族或國籍的名詞:Chinese;Japanese;Portuguese(葡萄牙人);Swiss(瑞士人);Vietnamese(越南人)等。某些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞:mans(方式,方法);species(種類);series(系列);works(工廠;著作);crossroads(十字路口);headquarters(司令部);barracks(營房);crops(部隊(duì));links(高爾夫球場(chǎng));等.某些表示計(jì)量單位的名詞:Horsepower(馬力);hertz(赫茲);kilohertz(千赫)其它一些名詞:Aircraft;craft(船;航空器;航天器);dice(骰子);offspring(子孫)等.Therearefivesheeponthefarm,butthereareonlythreegoats.Thisglassworks(factory)wassetupin1990.Theseglassworksareneartherailwaystation.Everypossiblemeanshasbeentriedtotosavethebadly-hurtworker.Allpossiblemeanshavebeentriedtotosavethebadly-hurtworker.為了去挽救這個(gè)嚴(yán)峻受傷的工人,我們已經(jīng)嘗試了全部可能的方法。7clothing,furniture,traffic,jewellery,baggage,equipment,luggage,等無生命的集體名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Clothingisbadlyneededinthefloodedarea.8people,police,cattle等有生命的集體名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Thepolicearelookingforthethief.9集合名詞class,family,team,club,population,enemy,party,crowd,crew,audience,public,government,majority,minority,staff,class,company,union,gang,committee,council,nation等做主語,假如作為一個(gè)整體看待,其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式;假如就其中一個(gè)個(gè)成員而言,則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Myfamilyisalargeone.MyfamilyarewatchingTV.10疑問代詞who,what,which;不定代詞all(指代的是“人”時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);指代的是“物”時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)),none,some,any;half/most/enough/therest/thelast/lots/plenty/part/分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要由它們所接名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。依據(jù)其指代的內(nèi)容而定。Allisgoingonverywell.Allarepresentbesidestheprofessor.Alotofstudentsarecomingtothemeeting.11“anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”表示“一些,很多”,謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。“thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”表示“…的數(shù)目,數(shù)量”,謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。Thenumberofpeopleinvitedwasfifty,butanumberofthemwereabsentfordifferentreasons.有50個(gè)人被邀請(qǐng),但是很多人因?yàn)楦鞣N各樣的緣由缺席了。12aquantityof/anamountof+名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Quantitiesof/amountsof+名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。A(this)kind/sort/typeof+名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。These(those)kinds/sorts/typesof+名詞做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Alargequantityofbooksishere.Largequantitiesofbooksarehere.Alargeamountofmoneyiswasted.Largeamountsofmoneyarewasted.13.“oneandahalf+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”,“onein(outof)+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。Oneandahalfdaysisallthemanagercanspare.經(jīng)理只能抽出一天半的時(shí)間。OneinthreestudentscanspeakEnglishinthisschool.在這所學(xué)校的每三個(gè)學(xué)生中就有一個(gè)會(huì)說英語的。留意:oneortwo,a…ortwo修飾的名詞作主語:Oneortwo后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。但在“a/an+單數(shù)名詞+ortwo”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,位于卻常用單數(shù)。14關(guān)系代詞who,that,which等在定語從句中做主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一樣。Thosewhowanttogotothepark,pleasestandup.Someoftheenergythatisusedbymannowadayscomesfromtheatom.“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”,定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)?!皌heonly/thevery/thefirst/thelast+oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”,定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。15“the+形容詞/分詞”做主語,假如指的是一類人,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Thericharenotalwayshappy.三.就(靠)近原則,即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語,

一般一般來說,不行數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。1.由or;either…or;neither…nor;whether…or;notonly…butalso,not…but等連接的并列主語,謂語動(dòng)詞常與最近的主語在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一樣。NeitheryounorIamfitforthework.NotonlyTombutalsoMaryandJanearetiredofdoingthesamethingeveryday.留意:“with/alongwith/togetherwith/combinedwith/aswellas/like/unlike/ratherthan/but/except/besides/inadditionto/including/morethan/nolessthan/accompaniedby+名詞”置于主語后,他們都充當(dāng)插入語,謂語動(dòng)詞一般仍與前面的名詞在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一樣。He,likeyouandJim,isclever.Thefather,ratherthanthebrothers,isresponsible.Mary,aswellashersisters,studiesChineseinChina.NobodyexceptBillandJonnyhasenteredthesecondroundoftheinterview.但當(dāng)?shù)?dāng)不行數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

例如:Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.【真題對(duì)點(diǎn)析】41.【2024·江蘇卷·單項(xiàng)填空】22.Themusicianalongwithhisbandmembers___________tenperformancesinthelastthreemonths.A.gives B.hasgiven C.havegiven D.give【答案】B【解析】考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與主謂一樣。句意:在過去的三個(gè)月里,這名音樂家與他的樂隊(duì)成員已經(jīng)完成了十場(chǎng)演出。由“inthelastthreemonths”可知,這句話的時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故解除AD選項(xiàng)。本句主語為themusician,為第三人稱單數(shù)形式,句中的“alongwithhisbandmembers”是附加成分,故謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故選B。2.(2024·江蘇省高考真題)Ifyoulookatallsidesofthesituation,you’llfindprobablyasolutionthat______everyone.A.suit B.suited C.suits D.hassuited【答案】C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意:假如你從各個(gè)方面看問題,你可能會(huì)找到一個(gè)適合每個(gè)人的解決方案。句子描述的客觀事實(shí),應(yīng)運(yùn)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);此處是定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞,先行詞是asolution,從句謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)運(yùn)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故選C。3.(2024·天津高考真題)Thenumberofmedicalschoolsreached18intheearly1990sand______aroundthatlevelsince.A.a(chǎn)reremaining B.haveremainedC.isremaining D.hasremained【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一樣。句意:20世紀(jì)90年頭初,醫(yī)學(xué)院的數(shù)量達(dá)到了18所,此后始終保持在這個(gè)水平。eversince“從那以后”作時(shí)間狀語,句子用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。主語為thenumberofmedicalschools,thenumberof表示“……的數(shù)目”,中心詞是number,所以是單數(shù),作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。綜上,故選D?!緦?duì)點(diǎn)模擬練】51.Thefatheraswellashisthreechildren___________skatingonthefrozenrivereverySundayafternooninwinter.A.isgoing B.go C.goes D.aregoing【答案】C【解析】考查主謂一樣和時(shí)態(tài)。句意:在冬天的每個(gè)星期天下午,這位父親和他的三個(gè)孩子都去結(jié)冰的河面上滑冰。當(dāng)aswellas連接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與aswellas前面的名詞或代詞保持一樣。本題的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與Thefather保持一樣,用單數(shù)形式;由時(shí)間狀語everySundayafternoon可知,2.Allweneed_________asmallpieceoflandwherewecanplantvariouskindsoffruittreesthroughoutthegrowingseasonsoftheyear.A.are B.was C.is D.were【答案】C【解析】考查主謂一樣剛好態(tài)用法。句中的主語為代詞all,代指的是物,故謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。再依據(jù)從句中的can可以推斷用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。句意:我們所須要的是一小塊土地,在整個(gè)一年的生長(zhǎng)季節(jié),我們能夠種各種不同的水果樹。故C正確。3.Theuniversityestimatesthatlivingexpensesforinternationalstudents________around$8,450ayear,which________aburdenforsomeofthem.A.are;is B.are;are C.is;are D.is;is【答案】A【解析】考查主謂一樣。句意:那所高校估計(jì),對(duì)國際學(xué)生來說,一年的生活開銷大約是8450美元,這對(duì)他們中某些學(xué)生來說是一個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān)。第一空的主語是livingexpenses,是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);其次空的主語是which,指代的是前面整個(gè)句子,因此謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。4.SofarasIknow,anumberofthestudentsinourschool___________fromthesuburbandthenumberofthem___________500.A.come;is B.comes;are C.comes;is D.come;are【答案】A【解析】考查主謂一樣。第一空的主語是"anumberofthestudentsinourschool",指"很多學(xué)生",謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式;其次空的主語是"thenumberofthem",指"學(xué)生的數(shù)量",謂語用單數(shù)形式。故選A。5.Theteacheralongwithherstudents___________thePalaceMuseumwhenwecameacrossher.A.werevisiting B.wasvisiting C.hasvisited D.havevisited【答案】B介詞短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要和介詞前面的名詞保持一樣,即遵循"就遠(yuǎn)原則"。該題中,謂語動(dòng)詞要和theteacher保持一樣。該句時(shí)間狀語為"whenwecameacrossher",表示過去的時(shí)間,且依據(jù)句意可知,該空表示我們遇見老師時(shí)老師正在做的事情,要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。故選B。Part3強(qiáng)化集訓(xùn)【真題模測(cè)】一.單句語法填空1.【2024·新課標(biāo)III卷·語法填空】Filledwith64(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.2.【2024·新課標(biāo)I卷·語法填空】Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular64(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(環(huán)形山),moreso65thefamiliarnearside.3.【2024·新課標(biāo)II卷·語法填空】ChineseNewYearisa61(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.4.【2024·新課標(biāo)卷I·語法填空】Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/whichshowedamerefiveto105.【2024·浙江卷】FewpeopleIknowseemtohavemuchdesireortimetocook.MakingChinese56(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.6.【2024·新課標(biāo)卷I·語法填空】Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/whichshowedamerefiveto107.【2024·浙江卷】FewpeopleIknowseemtohavemuchdesireortimetocook.MakingChinese56(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.【答案】1.64.curiosity此考查名詞。處介詞with的賓語應(yīng)當(dāng)由名詞充當(dāng),故用名詞形式curiosity。2.64.interest65.than【解析】64.interest此處考查(be)ofinterest,該短語相當(dāng)于(be)interesting,ofparticularinterest相當(dāng)于particularlyinteresting,形容詞particular應(yīng)修飾名詞interest。65.than此處考查連詞的運(yùn)用。依據(jù)上下文可知,本句是對(duì)thefarsideofthemoon以及thefamiliarnearside進(jìn)行比較,故應(yīng)用連詞than;moresothan意為“比……更加”,so替代前文“deepcraters”。3.61.celebration考查名詞。依據(jù)空白處之前的a和后面的非謂語動(dòng)詞marking,可知此處應(yīng)填名詞celebration。4.causes【解析】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。一項(xiàng)探討表明,僅僅每天5到10分鐘的跑步,就能削減各種緣由的心臟病和早亡。依據(jù)句意用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填causes。5.dishes【解析】考查名詞。此處指中國菜,表示泛指應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù),故填dishes。6.causes【解析】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。一項(xiàng)探討表明,僅僅每天5到10分鐘的跑步,就能削減各種緣由的心臟病和早亡。依據(jù)句意用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填causes。7.dishes【解析】考查名詞。此處指中國菜,表示泛指應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù),故填dishes。二.單句改錯(cuò)1.(2024?全國卷3改錯(cuò))Mymomisreallyconcerningwiththehealthofeveryoneinourfamilies.2.(2024?全國卷3改錯(cuò))Mydaddon’tlikethesoupandIdon’tenjoyapples.3.【2024·新課標(biāo)I卷·短文改錯(cuò)】NextIbroketheeggsintoabowlandbeatthemquicklywithchopstick.4.【2024·新課標(biāo)II卷·短文改錯(cuò)】Luckily,Iwillgohomeintwoweeksforsummervacations.5.【2024·新課標(biāo)III卷·短文改錯(cuò)】Mymomisreallyconcerningwiththehealthofeveryoneinourfamilies.6.【2024·新課標(biāo)II卷·短文改錯(cuò)】SinceIwasakid,I’veconsidereddifferentjobIwouldliketodo.7.(2024·全國新課標(biāo)卷II·短文改錯(cuò))WhenIwaslittle,Friday’snightwasourfamilygamenight.【答案】1.考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。句意同上。family當(dāng)“家庭”講時(shí),是集合名詞,這里表示“我們一個(gè)家庭”,所以用單數(shù),families改成family。2.考查主謂一樣。句意:我爸爸不喜愛湯,我也不喜愛蘋果。表示常?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。主語mydad是第三人稱單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),所以don’t改成doesn’t。3.chopstick→chopsticks【解析】筷子通常為一雙(兩根),常用復(fù)數(shù),所以應(yīng)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.vacations→vacation考查名詞。句意為“我將在兩周后回家過暑假”,summervacation意為“暑假”,此處指今年的暑假,因此將vacations改為vacation。5.concerning→concerned;考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。families→family考查名詞?!窘馕觥縝econcernedwith為固定搭配,意“關(guān)切,關(guān)切”;依據(jù)句意可知是“母親關(guān)切我們家每個(gè)人的健康”,故應(yīng)用集體名詞family指一家人。6.job改為jobs【解析】考查名詞的數(shù)。“job(工作;職業(yè))”為可數(shù)名詞,用different(不同的)修飾時(shí)意思為不同種類的工作,應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故將job改為jobs。7.Friday’s改為Friday?!窘馕觥靠疾槊~的格。名詞作定語,往往表明被修飾名詞的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、類別、目的或用途、材料或來源等。名詞全部格作定語則強(qiáng)調(diào)與被修飾的詞的全部關(guān)系或表示邏輯上的謂語關(guān)系。此處表示“星期五晚上”,并不是全部關(guān)系,故把Friday’s改為Friday?!镜漕}模測(cè)】一.單項(xiàng)選擇1.Emergencyworkershavemade

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withtheminersstrugglingunderthegroundbyusingtheiradvancedfacility.A.contact B.concern C.company D.character2.Thepeoplelivingintheseapartmentshavefree________tothatswimmingpool.A.a(chǎn)ccess B.passage C.way D.a(chǎn)pproach3.TheCOVID-19pandemichasputtheworldeconomyintoadifficult_______.A.occasion B.case C.situation D.background4.70yearsago,theChinesePeople’sVolunteersenteredtheDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreaasarapidandeffective_______totheUSwildbehavior.A.a(chǎn)dventure B.struggle C.response D.contribute5.Expertshavepointedoutthatthe_______ofseverepunishmentplaysamajorroleinthegrowingfoodsafetyproblem.A.a(chǎn)bsence B.presence C.existence D.evidence6.Teachershavetoconstantlyupdatetheirknowledgeinordertomaintaintheirprofessional_________.A.influence B.independence C.competence D.intelligence7.AttheannualForum,expertsacrosstheglobehavein-depthdiscussionsonworldpeace,provideeachotherwithsome______,andcontributetheirwisdomtostabilizingtheinternationalorder.A.nuttocrack B.foodforthought C.jumpforjoy D.senseofbelonging8.Therewereasmanyassixhundred______onthisbrandnewship,whichjusthadembarkedonitsmaidenvoyage,venturingeverfurtherintotheunknown.A.facilities B.containers C.furniture D.equipment9.Effortsarebeingmadetoimprovethe______offooddistribution,withcharitiesandfoodbankstocollectanddeliverexcessfoodtothosewhocan’taffordeventhemostbasicfood.A.responsibility B.efficiency C.possibility D.convenience10.AtthebusstopinHamilton,Petertookthe______inmakingfriendswithGina,whichfinallyledtoalifetimehappymarriage.A.a(chǎn)ction B.trouble C.courage D.initiative11.HullUniversitystatesthatifanystudentshouldbreaktherulesonproperlanguageuse,theyshallbeofferedfeedbackastowhy,whiledeductionofmarkswillbetakenonacase-by-case______.A.base B.charge C.a(chǎn)ccount D.basis12.Shespokeconfidentlybecauseshewantedtomakeagood___onheremployer.A.influence B.pressure C.impression D.effect13.Formanyaffectedfamilies,cutstoschoolbusservicewillmeanabig________intheirmorningandafternoonschedules.A.settlement B.motivation C.solution D.a(chǎn)djustment14.A_____canbeanycontainerthatholdsobjectsmeantforpeopletoopeninthefuture,whetherthatbein5,10,oreven100years.A.timecapsule B.culturalelement C.physicalfeature D.recyclingfacility15.Themain______ofthemethodisthatitmaycreatealotofgreenhousegases,whichisnoteco-friendly.A.convenience B.basis C.drawback D.schedule【答案】1.A【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:緊急救援人員利用先進(jìn)的設(shè)備與在地下掙扎的礦工取得了聯(lián)系。A.contact聯(lián)系;B.concern關(guān)切;C.company陪伴;D.character性格。結(jié)合后文“withtheminersstrugglingunderthegroundbyusingtheiradvancedfacility”可知此處指利用先進(jìn)的設(shè)備與在地下掙扎的礦工取得了聯(lián)系,短語makecontactwithsb.“與某人取得聯(lián)系”。故選A。2.A【詳解】考查名詞辨析。句意:住在這些公寓里的人可以免費(fèi)運(yùn)用那個(gè)游泳池。A.access通道,進(jìn)入,機(jī)會(huì),運(yùn)用權(quán);B.passage一段(文章),走廊,通路;C.way方式,方法;D.approach方法,接近。由語意可知,設(shè)空處表示“運(yùn)用”,用access,構(gòu)成短語“haveaccessto”,表示“運(yùn)用,接近,可以利用”。故選A項(xiàng)。3.C【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:新冠肺炎疫情使世界經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入逆境。A.occasion機(jī)會(huì),場(chǎng)合;B.case狀況,實(shí)例;C.situation形勢(shì),境況;D.background背景。由“TheCOVID-19pandemic”可知,新冠疫情使得世界經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入了困難的境況,故選C項(xiàng)。4.C【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:70年前,中國人民志愿軍進(jìn)入朝鮮,作為對(duì)美國野蠻行為的快速有效反應(yīng)。A.adventure冒險(xiǎn);B.struggle斗爭(zhēng);C.response反應(yīng);D.contribute貢獻(xiàn)。由句意可知,中國人民志愿軍進(jìn)入朝鮮,這是對(duì)美國野蠻行為的一種反應(yīng)。故選C項(xiàng)。5.A【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:專家指出,沒有嚴(yán)厲的懲處是導(dǎo)致食品平安問題日益嚴(yán)峻的主要緣由。A.absence缺失;B.presence出席;C.existence存在;D.evidence證明。由語意可知,食品平安問題的日益嚴(yán)峻在很大程度上是因?yàn)椋簢?yán)厲懲處的缺失(absence)。故選A項(xiàng)。6.C【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:老師必需不斷更新自己的學(xué)問,以保持他們的專業(yè)技能。A.influence影響;B.independence獨(dú)立;C.competence實(shí)力,技能;D.intelligence智力。由語意可知,老師更新自己學(xué)問的目的應(yīng)當(dāng)是保持自己專業(yè)技能。故選C項(xiàng)。7.B【詳解】考察名詞短語。句意:在年度論壇上,各國專家圍繞世界和平深化探討,相互獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策,為維護(hù)國際秩序貢獻(xiàn)才智。A.nuttocrack不易克服的困難;B.foodforthought精神食糧;C.jumpforjoy歡欣鼓舞;D.senseofbelonging歸屬感。依據(jù)后文“contributetheirwisdomtostabilizingtheinternationalorder.”可知,各國科學(xué)家在論壇上為維護(hù)國際秩序貢獻(xiàn)才智,才智屬于精神層面的東西,所以前面provide的賓語也應(yīng)當(dāng)是精神食糧??茖W(xué)家們相互供應(yīng)方法和才智,這些都屬于精神食糧。故選:B項(xiàng)?!军c(diǎn)睛】本句雖然很長(zhǎng),卻是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔句,主語是experts,謂語動(dòng)詞是have,provide,contribute。8.B【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:這艘嶄新的游輪上裝載了多達(dá)600個(gè)集裝箱,它剛剛起先了它的處女航,向未知世界的更深處冒險(xiǎn)。A.facilities設(shè)施;B.containers集裝箱,容器;C.furniture家具;D.equipment裝備。依據(jù)后文“onthisbrandnewship”可知游輪上裝載的是600多個(gè)集裝箱。故選B。9.B【詳解】考查名詞。句意:為提高食品分發(fā)效率的努力正在進(jìn)行著,慈善機(jī)構(gòu)和食品銀行將多余的食品收集起來,分發(fā)給那些連最基本的食品都買不起的人。A.responsibility責(zé)任,義務(wù);B.efficiency效率;C.possibility可能性;D.convenience便利性。從后面“withcharitiesandfoodbankstocollectanddeliverexcessfoodtothosewhocan’taffordeventhemostbasicfood.”可知,慈善機(jī)構(gòu)和食品銀行所做的事情就是在提高食品分發(fā)的效率,讓多余的食物被買不起的人所用。故選B項(xiàng)。10.D【詳解】考查名詞辨析。句意:在漢密爾頓的公交車站,皮特主動(dòng)和吉娜成為了摯友,這最終帶來了一生華蜜的婚姻。A.action行動(dòng);B.trouble麻煩;C.courage志氣;D.initiative主動(dòng)權(quán)。依據(jù)“whichfinallyledtoalifetimehappymarriage.”可知,皮特主動(dòng)和吉娜成為了摯友,takeinitiativeindoingsth,表示“在做某事方面實(shí)行主動(dòng)”,故選D。11.D【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:赫爾高校表示,假如有學(xué)生違反了有關(guān)恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用語言的規(guī)定,校方會(huì)給他們反饋緣由,同時(shí)會(huì)依據(jù)詳細(xì)狀況扣分。A.base基礎(chǔ),基地;B.charge費(fèi)用,掌管;C.account賬戶,理由;D.basis基準(zhǔn),準(zhǔn)則,方式。ona…basis以……的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),依據(jù)……的準(zhǔn)則。故選D項(xiàng)。12.C【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:她說話很自信,因?yàn)樗虢o雇主留下一個(gè)好印象。A.influence影響;B.pressure壓力;C.impression印象;D.effect效果,影響。結(jié)合前后文語境可知,說話自信是為了給雇主留下好印象,makeagoodimpressiononsb.“給某人留下好印象”。故選C。13.D【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:對(duì)很多受影響的家庭來說,校車服務(wù)的削減意味著他們?cè)缟虾拖挛绲娜粘讨鋵?huì)有很大的調(diào)整。A.settlement解決;B.motivation動(dòng)機(jī);C.solution解決方案;D.adjustment調(diào)整。結(jié)合前后文語境“cutstoschoolbusservicewillmeanabig________intheirmorningandafternoonschedules”可知,校車服務(wù)的削減會(huì)導(dǎo)致很多家庭早上和下午的日常支配有很大調(diào)整,應(yīng)用adjustment。故選D。14.A【詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:時(shí)間膠囊可以是任何一個(gè)容器,里面裝著將來人們可以打開的東西,不管是5年、10年,還是100年。A.timecapsule時(shí)間膠囊;B.culturalelement文化要素;C.physicalfeature身體特征;D.recyclingfacility回收設(shè)施。分析題意,依據(jù)后文內(nèi)“canbeanycontainerthatholdsobjectsmeantforpeopletoopenin

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