《植物病蟲害綠色防控技術》課件-一、水稻螟蟲綠色防控（雙語）

一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer

一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer（一）發(fā)生及為害情況

OccurrenceandDamage

水稻螟蟲俗名水稻鉆心蟲，國內危害水稻的螟蟲主要包括二化螟、三化螟、大螟、還有部分稻區(qū)零星發(fā)生的褐邊螟和臺灣螟，均屬鱗翅目。除大螟屬夜蛾科外，其余４種均屬螟蛾科。

Riceborer,alsoriceborerinsect,mainlyincludesricestemborer,yellowriceborer,pinkriceborer,andbrownedgeborerandTaiwanborerthatoccursporadicallyinsomericeregions,allbelongingtoLepidoptera.Exceptforpinkriceborer,whichbelongstoNoctuidae,theotherfourbelongtoPyralidae.

近年來重慶及四川等地多數(shù)稻區(qū)以雜交稻作一季中稻栽培后，二化螟成為優(yōu)勢種群，危害嚴重。自90年代以來，三化螟在一些雙季稻和再生稻區(qū)，又有不同程度回升。

Inrecentyears,afterhybridriceiscultivatedasmid-seasonriceinmostriceregionsinChongqingandSichuan,ricestemborerhasbecomeadominantpopulation,causingseriousdamage.Sincethe1990s,theyellowriceborerhasreboundedtovaryingdegreesinsomedoublecroppingandratoonriceregions.

三化螟分布于亞洲熱帶至溫帶南部，在我國分布于北緯38°以南地區(qū)，特別是沿江、沿海平原地區(qū)受害嚴重。其食性單一，僅為害水稻和野生稻。YellowriceborerisdistributedfromthetropicstothesouthofthetemperatezoneinAsia,andinareassouthof38°NinChina,especiallyintheriversideandcoastalplains.Ithasasinglefeedinghabitandonlydamagesriceandwildrice.

二化螟在國內分布比較廣泛，其食性為多食性，主要寄主有水稻、小麥、玉米、高粱、茭白等。RicestemboreriswidelydistributedinChina,anditispolyphagous.Itsmainhostsincluderice,wheat,corn,sorghum,andwaterbamboo.

大螟在我國尤以長江流域及附近稻區(qū)發(fā)生較多。大螟食性為多食性，其寄主除與二化螟近似外，還可為害棉花。PinkriceborerismorecommoninChina,especiallyintheYangtzeRiverbasinandnearbyriceregions.Itispolyphagous,anditshostissimilartothatofricestemborer,andcanalsodamagecotton.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer

水稻螟蟲皆以幼蟲蛀食水稻莖桿，在水稻苗期、分蘗期呈現(xiàn)枯心苗，孕穗、抽穗期造成枯孕穗和白穗，灌漿、乳熟期造成蟲傷株，使秕粒增多，易風折倒伏。二化螟、大螟還可在葉鞘內蛀食，形成枯鞘。

Riceborerlarvaeeatricestems,presentingwitheredseedlingsintheseedlingstageandtilleringstageofrice,causingwitheredbootsandwhiteearsinthebootingandheadingstages,andcausingdamagetoplantsduringthefillingandmilk-ripeningstages,increasingthenumberofabortivegrainsandmakingthempronetowind-breakageandlodging.Ricestemborerandpinkriceborercanalsoboreandfeedintheleafsheathtoformwitheredsheaths.枯心苗Witheredseedlings白穗Whiteear一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer枯鞘Witheredsheath大螟為害狀Damagesymptomsofpinkriceborer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer三種稻螟蟲形態(tài)特征

Morphologicalcharacteristicsofthreericeborers蟲態(tài)Insectstages三化螟Yellowriceborer

二化螟Ricestemborer大螟Pinkriceborer蟲態(tài)Imagoes體長8～13mm

Bodylength:8~13mm翅展18～28mm

Wingspan:18~28mm♀較大，淡黃色，前翅中央有一明顯的小黑點，腹部末端有一束黃褐色絨毛；♂較小，淡灰褐色，除有上述黑點外，外緣有7～9個黑點，頂角至后緣有一條黑褐色斜紋?！鈏slarge,lightyellow,withobvioussmallblackspotsinthecenteroftheforewing,andabundleofyellowish-brownvillusattheendoftheabdomen.♂issmall,lightgrayish-brown,with7–9moreblackspotsontheouteredge,andadarkbrowntwillfromthetopcornertothetrailingedge.體長10～15mm

Bodylength:10~15mm翅展20～31mm

Wingspan:20~31mm灰黃褐色，♂較♀稍小，體色和翅色較深。前翅近長方形，♀前翅外緣有7個小黑點，♂前翅中央有一黑斑，下面有3個黑點。Itisgreyyellowish-brown,and♂issmallerthan♀,withdarkerbodyandwingcolor.Theforewingsarenearlyrectangular.♀has7smallblackspotsontheouteredgeofforewings.♂hasablackspotinthecenteroftheforewingand3blackspotsbelow.體長12～15mm

Bodylength:12~15mm翅展約30mm

Wingspan:about30mm體較肥大，♂較瘦小。淡灰褐色，前翅寬短近長方形，自翅基部向外緣有一條暗褐色縱紋，縱紋上下各有2個黑點。Itislargewhile♂issmall.Itislighttaupe,withwide,short,andsubrectangularforewings.Thereisadarkbrownlongitudinallinefromthewingbasetotheouteredge,withtwoblackspotsaboveandbelowthelongitudinallinerespectively（二）形態(tài)識別

MorphologicalRecognition一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer三化螟成蟲Imagoofyellowriceborer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer大螟成蟲Imagoofpinkriceborer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer卵Egg長橢圓形，每幾十至一百多卵粒疊3層，密集成卵塊，其上覆蓋著褐色絨毛，像半粒發(fā)霉的大豆。Itislongoval.Dozensoformorethanahundredeggsarestackedinthreelayerstoformadenseeggmass,whichiscoveredwithbrownfluff,likehalfamoldysoybean.由多個橢圓形扁平的卵粒排列成魚鱗狀卵塊，外覆膠質，初產時乳白色，后漸變?yōu)辄S褐色，近孵化時為黑色。Multipleovalflateggsarearrangedintofishsquamouseggmasses,coveredwithcolloid.Theyaremilkywhiteatthebeginningofdelivery,thengraduallyturnyellowish-brown,andareblackwhentheyarenearlyhatched.卵扁圓球形，頂端稍凹，表面有放射狀細隆線，常單層2～3行排列，初產時白色，后為褐色，孵化前為灰黑色。Theeggsareoblateandspherical,withaslightlyconcavetopandradialthincarinaonthesurface,oftenarrangedin2–3rowsinasinglelayer,whiteatthebeginning,brownafterwards,andgrayishblackbeforehatching.蟲態(tài)Insectstage三化螟Yellowriceborer二化螟Ricestemborer大螟Pinkriceborer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer二化螟卵塊Eggmassofricestembore一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer幼蟲Larva共4～5齡，初孵幼蟲（蟻螟）灰黑色，胸腹部交接處有一白色環(huán)。老齡幼蟲體長14～24mm，頭淡黃褐色，身體淡黃綠色或黃白色，從3齡起，背中線清晰可見。腹足較退化。Ithas4~5instarsintotal.Thenewlyhatchedlarvae(antborer)aregrayishblack,withawhiteringatthejunctionofchestandabdomen.Theoldlarvaeare14–24mmlong,withayellowish-brownheadandayellowish-greenoryellowish-whitebody.Fromthe3rdinstar,themidlineofthebackisclearlyvisible.Gastropodsaredegenerated.6齡，老齡幼蟲體長20～30mm，淡褐色，體背面有5條棕褐色縱線。腹足較發(fā)達。Sixthinstar,oldlarvaeare20-30mmlong,lightbrown,with5tanlongitudinallinesonthebackofthebody.Gastropodsaredeveloped.體肥壯，老齡幼蟲體長約30mm，背面紫紅色。腹足發(fā)達。Fat,oldlarvaeareabout30mmlong,andthebackispurplishred.Gastropodsaredeveloped.蟲態(tài)Insectstage三化螟Yellowriceborer二化螟Ricestemborer大螟Pinkriceborer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控三化螟幼蟲及其在稻樁內越冬狀Larvaeofyellowriceborerandtheiroverwinteringinricestubble白環(huán)Whitering一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer二化螟幼蟲Larvaeofricestemborer5條棕褐色縱線5tanlongitudinallines一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer蛹Pupae長12～13mm，長圓筒形，蛹初為黃白色，后變黃綠色，褐色。后足特長，♀伸展達腹部第5～6腹節(jié)，♂伸展達第7～8腹節(jié)處。Itis12–13mmlongandlongcylindrical.Thepupaisyellowish-whiteatfirst,andthenturnsyellowish-greenandbrown.Thehindlegsareverylong,with♀extendingtothe5thto6thabdominalsegmentsand♂extendingtothe7thto8thabdominalsegments.長10～17mm，初為黃褐色，腹部背面可見5條棕色縱線，后期蛹變?yōu)榧t褐色，縱線漸消失；后足末端與翅芽等長。Itis10–17mmlong,yellowish-brownatfirst,with5brownlongitudinallinesonthebackoftheabdomen.Laterthepupaturnsreddish-brown,andthelongitudinallinesgraduallydisappear.Theendofthehindlegisaslongasthewingbuds.長13～18mm，粗壯，紅褐色，胸部具灰白色粉狀物，臀棘有3根鉤棘。翅芽近端部在腹面有一段接合。Itis13–18mmlong,stout,reddish-brown,withagrayish-whitepowderysubstanceonthechestandthreehookspinesonthebuttockspine.Theproximalendsofthewingbudsarejoinedinasectionontheventralsurface.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer蟲態(tài)Insectstage三化螟Yellowriceborer二化螟Ricestemborer大螟Pinkriceborer三化螟蛹Pupaofyellowriceborer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer（三）發(fā)生規(guī)律

OccurrenceRegularity

（1）生活史與習性

Lifehistoryandhabits①三化螟在我國一年發(fā)生2～7代，在重慶、四川等地一年發(fā)生3～4代，在本地第一代盛蛾期為５月上旬前后，全年以第三代幼蟲害最重，主要為害晚稻、遲中稻、再生稻、雜交稻秋制種田，造成枯心和白穗。

①Yellowriceborerproduces2–7generationsayearinChina,and3–4generationsayearinChongqing,Sichuan,etc.Thepeakperiodofthe1stgenerationofmothsinthelocalareaisaroundearlyMay.The3rdgenerationoflarvaeisthemostharmfulthroughouttheyear,mainlydamaginglaterice,latemiddlerice,ratoonrice,andhybridriceseedproductionfieldsinautumn,causingwitheredheartsandwhiteears.三化螟以老齡幼蟲在稻樁內越冬。翌年氣溫回升到16℃時，開始化蛹羽化，螟蛾有強趨光性。雌蛾多選擇在夜色濃綠及粗壯高大的稻株上產卵，卵塊多產于葉片或葉鞘上。Yellowriceboreroverwintersinricestubbleasanoldlarva.Whenthetemperaturerisesto16°Cinthefollowingyear,thepupationbeginsandtheborermothhasstrongphototaxis.Femalesmostlylayeggsondarkgreenandstoutandtallriceplants,andeggmassesaremostlylaidonleavesorleafsheaths.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer為害特點：①取食莖桿，不取食含葉綠素的部分Damagecharacteristics:①Feedingonstems,notchlorophyll-containingparts②環(huán)狀切斷，形成“斷環(huán)”

Ringcuttingtoforma"brokenring"幼蟲鉆入稻莖蛀食為害，在寄主分蘗時出現(xiàn)“枯心苗”，孕穗期、抽穗期形成“枯孕穗”或“白穗”。嚴重的顆粒無收。三化螟為害造成枯心苗，可見斷面整齊，多可見到幼蟲，其它葉片仍為青綠色。受害稻株蛀入孔小，孔外無蟲糞，莖內有白色細粒蟲糞，別于大螟、二化螟為害造成的枯心苗。

Thelarvaeenterthericestemandcausedamage,and"witheredseedlings"appearwhenthehosttillers,and"witheredboots"or"whiteears"areformedatthebootingstageandheadingstage.LeadingtocompleteyieldlossTheseedlingswitheredduetothedamageofyellowriceborerhaveneatvisiblesections,manylarvaecanbeseen,andotherleavesarestillgreen.Thedamagedriceplanthassmallboreholes,noinsectexcrementoutsidetheboreholes,andwhitefinegraininsectexcrementinsidethestems,whichisdifferentfromthewitheredseedlingscausedbypinkriceborerandricestemborer.

①三化螟

Yellowriceborer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer

三化螟為害狀Damagesymptomsofyellowriceborer一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer②二化螟

Ricestemborer

在我國一年發(fā)生1～5代，在重慶、四川一年發(fā)生2～3代，在重慶第一代盛蛾期在５月上旬，第二代盛蛾期在７月上中旬。第一代幼蟲為害秧苗及早栽中稻，造成枯鞘、枯心；第二代為害雜交稻、遲中稻，造成白穗和蟲傷株。

InChina,1–5generationsoccurinayear,and2–3generationsoccurinChongqingandSichuan.InChongqing,thepeakperiodofthe1stgenerationisinearlyMay,andthatofthe2ndgenerationisinearlyandmiddleJuly.The1stgenerationlarvaedamageseedlingsandearlymiddlerice,causingwitheredsheathandheart;the2ndgenerationlarvaedamagehybridriceandlatemiddlerice,causingwhiteearsandinsectdamagetoplants.

二化螟以4～6齡幼蟲在稻樁、稻草中越冬，也有部分在其他寄主莖稈內或雜草叢中越冬。

Ricestemboreroverwintersas4th–6thinstarlarvaeinricestubbleandstraws,andsomeoverwinterinstemsorweedsofotherhosts.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer②二化螟

Ricestemborer

翌年氣溫回升到11℃時，末齡幼蟲開始化蛹。二化螟蛾趨光性較弱，喜歡趨嫩綠。卵多產在葉面距葉尖3～6cm處。

Whenthetemperaturerisesto11°Cthenextyear,thelast-instarlarvaebegintopupate.Thericestemborermothhasweakphototaxisandprefersgreenandtenderleaves.Theeggsaremostlylaidontheleafsurface3–6cmfromtheleaftip.

蟻螟孵化后，先群集在葉鞘內為害，蛀食葉鞘組織，造成枯鞘。２齡開始分散轉移，如遇水稻正在分蘗，則造成枯心苗；正在孕穗、抽穗，則造成枯孕穗、白穗和蟲傷株。幼蟲轉株為害比三化螟頻繁，各種被害株也成團出現(xiàn)。幼蟲經6齡老熟，在稻株下部莖內或葉鞘內側化蛹，通常距水面３cm左右。

Afterincubation,theantborerfirstclusterstodamageandboretheleafsheathtissue,resultinginwitheredsheath.The2ndinstarbeginstobedispersedandtransferred.Ifriceistillering,itwillcausewitheredseedlings;ifriceisbootingandheading,itwillcausewitheredboots,whiteearsandinsectdamagetoplants.Thedamageoflarvaltransplantsismorefrequentthanthatofyellowriceborer,andvariousdamagedplantsalsoappearinclusters.Afterthe6thinstar,thelarvaepupateinthelowerstemofthericeplantorinsidetheleafsheath,usuallyabout3cmfromthewatersurface.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer③大螟

Pinkriceborer

在本地年發(fā)生3～4代。以幼蟲在稻樁及玉米、高梁、茭白等殘株中或雜草根際越冬。老熟幼蟲在翌年溫度達10℃時開始化蛹

Threetofourgenerationsoccurlocallyeveryyear.Theyoverwinteraslarvaeinricestubble,corn,sorghum,waterbamboo,andotherresiduesorintherhizosphereofweeds.Maturelarvaebegintopupatewhenthetemperaturereaches10°Cthenextyear

成蟲趨光性較三化螟和二化螟差，但趨黑光燈性較強，尤其喜好在雜交稻上產卵。卵多產于葉鞘內側，以近田埂2m以內最多。

Thephototaxisofimagoesispoorerthanthatofyellowriceborerandricestemborer,buttheblacklighttendencyisstronger,especiallytheyliketolayeggsonhybridrice.Theeggsaremostlylaidontheinnersideoftheleafsheath,within2mofthenear-fieldridge.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer為害狀DamageSymptoms三化螟Yellowriceborer二化螟Ricestemborer大螟Pinkriceborer枯心苗Witheredseedlings不形成枯鞘Nowitheredsheaths形成枯鞘Formationofwitheredsheath形成枯鞘Formationofwitheredsheath葉鞘內無蟲糞Noinsectfecesinleafsheath葉鞘內有粒狀蟲糞Granularfecesinleafsheath葉鞘內有稀爛蟲糞Sparsefecesinleafsheath斷口齊平

Evenfracture斷口不齊平Unevenfracture斷口不齊平Unevenfracture白穗Whiteear莖外無蟲糞，莖內糞粒較大而少，新鮮糞粒清白干爽Therearenoinsectfecesoutsidethestem,thefecespelletsinsidethestemarelargeandfew,andthefreshfecespelletsareclearanddry莖內外都有蟲糞，糞粒較細而多，新鮮糞粒黃色，濕潤Thereareinsectfecesinsideandoutsidethestem.Thefecesarefineandnumerous,andthefreshfecesareyellowandmoist.莖內外都有蟲糞，糞粒多，新鮮蟲糞黃褐色，稀爛似米糠漿Therearemanyfecesinsideandoutsidethestem,andthefreshfecesareyellowish-brownandsparselikericebranpulp.三種螟蟲為害狀比較ComparisonofDamageSymptomsofThreeBorers一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer（2）發(fā)生條件

Occurrenceconditions①氣象因素

Meteorologicalfactors

溫度對螟蟲發(fā)生期的影響較大，濕度和雨量對稻螟發(fā)生量影響較大。Temperaturehasagreatimpactontheoccurrenceperiodofborer,whilehumidityandrainfallhaveagreatimpactontheoccurrenceamountofriceborer.②水稻品種

Ricevarieties

雜交稻莖粗、葉綠，根系發(fā)達，吸肥力強和稻株內營養(yǎng)豐富等生物學特點通常適于螟蟲的發(fā)生，尤其適合二化螟和大螟的發(fā)生。Thebiologicalcharacteristicsofhybridrice,suchasthickstems,chlorophyll,developedrootsystem,strongfertilizerabsorptionandrichnutrientsinriceplants,areusuallysuitablefortheoccurrenceofborers,especiallyricestemborerandpinkriceborer.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer

例如近年來，三峽庫區(qū)主要推廣種植岡優(yōu)系列、II優(yōu)系列、D優(yōu)系列、Q優(yōu)系列、T優(yōu)系列、蜀香系列、萬香優(yōu)系列、Y兩優(yōu)系列等品種，這些品種具有生長旺盛、莖稈粗壯、葉片寬大等特點，有利于二化螟鉆蛀取食和生長發(fā)育。

Forexample,inrecentyears,ricevarietiessuchasGangyouseries,IIyouseries,Dyouseries,Qyouseries,Tyouseries,Shuxiangseries,WanxiangyouseriesandYliangyouseriesaremainlypromotedintheThreeGorgesReservoirArea.Thesevarietiesarecharacterizedbyvigorousgrowth,thickstemsandwideleaves,whichareconducivetotheborer'sfeeding,growthanddevelopment。一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer③耕作制度

Cultivationsystem

上世紀70年代以來，我國主要稻區(qū)水稻耕作制度發(fā)生了劇烈變化。具體表現(xiàn)在雙季稻面積縮小，單季稻面積擴大，純雙季稻區(qū)出現(xiàn)混栽布局，作為稻螟食料的橋梁田增多，導致專食水稻的三化螟數(shù)量回升以致暴發(fā)。Sincethe1970s,thericefarmingsysteminChina'smainriceregionshaschangeddramatically.Specifically,theareaofdouble-croppingriceisreduced,theareaofsingle-croppingriceisexpanded,andthemixedplantinglayoutappearsinthepuredouble-croppingricearea.Thenumberof“bridgefields”usedasfoodforriceborerincreases,resultinginanoutbreakduetotherecoveryofyellowriceborersthateatexclusivelyrice.④天敵因素

Naturalenemies

稻螟的天敵很多，能在短期內一次能使稻螟死亡率高達90％以上，目前發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種：一是螟蟲越冬幼蟲和蛹的病原微生物，二是螟蟲卵期的稻螟赤眼蜂。

Riceborerhasmanynaturalenemies,whichcancauseamortalityrateashighas90%inashorttime.Atpresent,twokindsofriceborerarefound:oneisthepathogenicmicroorganismofoverwinteringlarvaeandpupaeofborer,andtheotheristrichogrammajaponicumattheeggstageofborer.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer（四）防治技術

ControlTechnique

1、農業(yè)防治

AgriculturalControl

（1）栽培避螟

盡量消除有利螟蟲生存的“橋梁田”。同時合理種植生長期長短適宜的良種，適時栽插，合理管理，使螟蟲的盛發(fā)期和水稻的分蘗期和孕穗期錯開。

(1)Cultivation.Trytoeliminate"bridgefields"thatareconducivetothesurvivalofborers.Atthesametime,superiorvarietieswithasuitablegrowthperiodshouldbeplantedreasonably,plantedinduetime,andmanagedreasonablytostaggerthefullincidenceperiodofborersfromthetilleringstageandbootingstageofrice.

（2）消滅越冬蟲源

水稻收割后，及時灌水，淹沒稻樁，殺死越冬幼蟲。各種田要盡量揀盡外露稻樁，次春羽化前灌水滅蛹，同時處理寄主稿稈。

(2)Eliminatethesourceofoverwinteringpests.Afterthericeisharvested,irrigateitintimetosubmergericestubbleandkilloverwinteringlarvae.Allkindsoffieldsshouldbepickedoutofexposedricestubbleasfaraspossible,andirrigatedtoeliminatepupaebeforeeclosioninthenextspring,andthehoststrawsshouldbetreatedatthesametime.一水稻螟蟲綠色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofRiceBorer

2、物理防治

Physicalcontrol

采用頻振式殺蟲燈誘蛾。從4月下旬開始，在稻田中每隔150m左右安裝1盞頻振式殺蟲燈。在每代螟蟲化蛾期，每天晚上7時開燈，早晨7時關燈，可有效殺死螟蛾。

Frequency-vibrationpest