雅思閱讀：高頻文章（1-10）匯編

PracticalAction

Formorethan40years,PracticalActionhaveworkedwithpoorcommunitiestoidentifythetypes

oftransportthatworkbest,takingintoconsiderationculture,needsandskills.Withourtechnical

andpracticalsupport,isolatedruralcommunitiescandesign,buildandmaintaintheirown

solutions.

A

WhilstthefocusofNationalDevelopmentPlansinthetransportsectorliesheavilyintheareasof

extendingroadnetworksandbridges,therearestillmajorgapsidentifiedinaddressingtheneeds

ofpoorercommunities.Thereisaneedtodevelopandpromotethesustainableuseofalternative

transportsystemsandintermediatemeansoftransportation(IMTs)thatcomplementthelinkages

ofpoorpeoplewithroadnetworksandothersocio-economicinfrastructurestoimprovetheir

livelihoods.

B

Ontheotherhand,thedevelopmentofallweatheredroads(only30percentofruralpopulation

haveaccesstothissofar)andmotorablebridgesoreverycostlyforacountrywithasmalland

stagnanteconomy.Inadditiontheseinterventionsarenotalwaysfavourableinallgeographical

contextsenvironmentally,sociallyandeconomically.Morethan60percentofthenetworkis

concentratedinthelowlandareasofthecountry.Althoughthereareanumberofalternativeways

bywhichtransportationandmobilityneedsofruralcommunitiesinthehillscanbeaddressed,a

lackofcleargovernmentfocusandpolicies,lackoffiscalandeconomicincentives,lackofadequate

technicalknowledgeandmanufacturingcapacitieshaveledtounder-developmentofthis

alternativetransportsub-sectorincludingtheprovisionofIMTs.

C

OneufIhemajurcaubtibufpuverlyibibuldliuri.Improvingthedcce、、andniobililyufUieibuldled

poorpavesthewayforaccesstomarkets,servicesandopportunities.Byimprovingtransport

poorerpeopleareabletoaccessmarketswheretheycanbuyorsellgoodsforincome,andmake

betteruseofessentialservicessuchashealthandeducation.Noproperroadsorvehiclesmean

womenandchildrenareforcedtospendmanyhourseachdayattendingtotheirmostbasicneeds,

suchascollectingwaterandfirewood.Thisvaluabletimecouldbeusedtotendcrops,careforthe

family,studyordevelopsmallbusinessideastogeneratemjchneededincome.

D

RoadBuilding

Withoutroads,ruralcommunitiesareextremelyrestricted.Collectingwaterandfirewood,and

goingtolocalmarketsisahugetask,thereforeitisunderstandablethattheconstructionofroads

isamajorpriorityformanyruralcommunities.PracticalActionarehelpingtoimproverural

access/transportinfrastructuresthroughtheconstructionandrehabilitationofshortruralroads,

smallbridges,culvertsandothertransportrelatedfunctions.Theaimistousemethodsthat

encouragecommunitydrivendevelopment.Thismeansvillagerscanimprovetheirownlives

throughbetteraccesstomarkets,healthcare,educationandothereconomicandsocial

opportunities,aswellasbringingimprovedservicesandsuppliestothenow-accessiblevillages.

E

Drivingforwardnewideas

PracticalActionandthecommunitiesweworkwithareconstantlycraftingandhoningnewideas

tohelppoorpeople.Cycletrailershaveapracticalbusinessusetoo,helpingpeoplecarrytheir

goods,suchasvegetablesandcharcoal,tomarketsforsale.Notonlythat,butthoseonthe

poverty-linecancamadecentincomebymaking,maintainingandoperatingbicycletaxis.With

PracticalAction'sknow-how.SriLankancommunitieshavebeenabletostartabusserviceand

maintainthpread，alnngwhichittravpk.Thpimpactha，hppnrpmarkahlp.Thi，sprviephx，putan

endtoruralpeople'ssocialisolationQuickandaffordable,itgivesthemareliablewaytotravelto

thenearesttown,andnowtheirchildrencangetaneducation,makingitfarmorelikelythey'llfind

apathoutofpoverty.PracticalActionisalsoanactivememberofmanynationalandregional

networksthroughwhichexchangeofknowledgeandadvocatingbasedonactionresearcharc

carriedoutandoneconspicuousexampleistheLankaOrganicAgricultureMovement.

F

Sky-scrapingtransportsystem

Forpeoplewholiveinremote,mountainousareas,gettingfoodtomarketinordertoearnenough

moneytosurviveisaseriousissue.Thehillsorcsosteepthattravellingdownthemisdangerous.

Aportercanhelpbuttheyareexpensive,anditwouldstilltakehoursorevenaday.Thejourney

cantakesolongthattheirgoodsstarttoperishandbecomeworthlessandless.PracticalAction

havedevelopedaningenioussolutioncalledanaerialropeway.Itcancitheroperatebygravitation

forceorwiththeuseofexternalpower.Theropewayconsistsoftwotrolleysrollingoversupport

tracksconnectedtoacontrolcableinthemiddlewhichmovesinatraditionalflywheelsystem.The

trolleyatthetopisloadedwithgoodsandcantakeupto120kg.Thisispulleddowntothestation

atthebottom,eitherbytheforceofgravityorbyexternalpower.Theothertrolleyatthebottom

isthereforepulledupwardsautomatically.Theexternalpov/ercanbeproducedbyamicrohydro

systemifaccesstoanelectricitygridisnotanoption.

G

Bringingpeopleonboard

PracticalActiondevelopedatwo-wheeledirontrailerthatcanbeattachedviaahitchbehindthe

scat)toabicycleandbeusedtocarryheavyloads(uptoabound200kgs)offood,wateroreven

passengers.Peoplecannowcarrythreetunesasmuchasbeforeandstillpedalthebicycle.The

cycletrailersareusedfortransportinggoodsbylocalproducers,asambulances,asmobileshops,

andevenasmobilelibraries.Theyaremadeinsmallvillageworkshopsfromirontubing,whichis

cut,bent,weldedanddrilledtomaketheframeandwheels.Modificationsarealsocarriedoutto

thetrailersintheseworkshopsattherequestotthebuyers.Thetwo-wheeled'ambulance'ismade

frommouldedmetal,withstandardrubber-tyredwheels.The"bed"sectioncanbepaddedwith

cushionstomakethepatientcomfortable,whilethe"seat"sectionallowsafamilymemberto

attendtopatientduringtransit.Adedicatedbicycleisneededtopulltheambulancetrailer,sothat

othercommunitymembersdonotneedtogowithoutthebicyclestheydependonintheirdaily

lives.Ajoiningmechanismallowsforeasyremovalandattachment.Inresponsetousercomments,

acoverhasbeendesignedthatcanbeaddedtogiveproteciontothepatientandattendantin

poorweatherMadeoftreatedcotton,thecoverisdurableandwaterproof.

Questions1-4

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassagel?

Inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet,write

YESifthestatementistrue

NOifthestatementisfalse

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

1.Aslewdpvplnpingpconomyoftpncannotaffordreadnatwerk，aspaciallyfnrtheeued

regardlessweatherconditions.

2.Ruralcommunities'officialsknowhowtoimprovealternativetransporttechnically.

3.TheprimaryaimforPracticalActiontoimproveruraltransportinfrastructuresismeantto

increasethetradeamongvillages.

4.LankaOrganicAgricultureMovementprovidedservicethatPracticalActionhighlyinvolvedin.

Questions5-8

Answerthequestionsbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.

5.WHATisthefirstdutyformanyruralcommunitiestoreachunrestricteddevelopment?

6.WHATwasoneofthenewideastohelppoorpeoplecarr/theirgoods,suchasvegetablesand

charcoal,tomarketsforsale?

7.WHATservicehasputanendtoruralpeople'ssocialisolationinSriLanka?

8.WHATsolutionhadbeenappliedforpeoplewholiveinremote,mountainousareasgettingfood

tomarket?

Questions9-13

Summary

CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethantwo

wordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.

Besidesnormaltransporttask,changesarealsoimplementedtothetrailersintheseworkshopsat

therequestofthebuyerswhenitwasusedonmedicalemergencyormoveable9;

'Ambulance'ismadefrommetal,withrubberwheelsanddrivebyanotherbicycle.Whenputwith

10inthetwo-wheeled'ambulance*,thepatientcanstaycomfortableandwhichanother

11cansitoncaringforpatientintransportjourney.Inordertodismantleorattachother

equipment,anassembling12isdesigned.Later,asuser'ssuggest,13hasalsobeen

addedtogiveaprotectiontothepatient.

主題"實(shí)踐行動(dòng)"交通答案

1YES2NO3NOTGIVEN

4YES5constructionof6cycletrailers

roads

7abusservice8anaerialropeway9shops/shopsand

libraries

10cushions11familymember12mechanism

13acover

BestcomeConsiderateComputing

A

“Yourbatteryisnowfullycharged”,Announcedthelaptopcomputertoitsowner,DonaldA

Norman,withenthusiasm-perhapsevenahintofpride?—initssyntheticvoice.Tobesure,

distractionsandmultitaskingarehardlynewtothehumancondition."Acomplicatedlife,

continuallyinterruptedbycomputingrequestsforattention,isasoldasprocreation/*laughsTed

SelkeroftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMediaLab.Butincreasingly,itisnotjustour

kidspullingusthreewaysatonce;itisalsoarelentlessbarrageofe-mail,alerts,alarms,calls,

instantmessagesandautomatednotifications,noneofthemcoordinatedandallofthemoblivious

towhetherwearebusy—orevenpresent./zltzsridiculousthatmyowncomputercan'tfigureout

whetherTminfrontofit,butapublictoiletcan,“exclaimsRoelVertegaalofQueen'sUniversityin

Ontario.

B

Humanityhasconnecteditselfthroughroughlythreebillionnetworkedtelephones,computers

trafficlights—evenrefrigeratorsandpictureframe—becausethesethingsmakelifemore

convenientandkeepusavailabletothosewecareabout.Soalthoughwecouldsimplyturnoffthe

phones,closethee-mailprogram,andshuttheofficedoorwhenitistimeformeetingorstrench

ofconcentratedwork,weusuallydon't.Wejustenduretheconsequences.

C

Numerousstudieshaveshownthatwhenpeopleareunexpectedlyinterrupted,theynotonlywork

lessefficientlybutalsomakemoremistakes."Itseemstoaddcumulativelytoafeelingof

frustration/'Picardreports,andthatstressresponsemakesithardtoregainfocus.Itisn'tmerely

amatterofproductivityandthepaceoflife.Forpilots,drivers,soldiersanddoctors,errorsof

Inattentioncanbedownrightdangerous.,zlfwecouldjustgiveourcomputersandphonessome

understandingofthelimitsofhumanattentionandmemory,itwouldmakethemseemalotmore

thoughtfulandcourteous/*saysEricHorvitzofMicrosoftResearch.Horvitz,Vertegaal,Selkerand

PicardareEricHorvitzamorgasmallbutgrowingnumberofresearcherstryingtoteachcomputers,

phones,carsandothergadgetstobehavelesslikeegocentricoafsandmorelikeconsiderate

colleagues.

D

“Attentive“computingsystemshavebegunappearinginnewerVolvosandIBMhasintroduced

Webspherecommunicationssoftwarewithabasicbusynesssense.Microsofthasbeenrunning

extensivein-housetestsofamuchmoresophisticatedsystemsince2003.Withinafewyear,

companiesmaybeabletooffereveryofficeworkerasoftwareversionofthepersonalreceptionist

thatonlycorner-suiteexecutivesenjoytoday.Butifsuchanoffershouldlandinyourinbox,besure

toreadtheprintbeforeyousign.Anattentivesystem,bydefinition,isonethatisalwayswatching.

Thatconsideratecomputermaycometoknowmoreaboutyourworkhabitsthanyoudo.

E

Mostpeoplearen'tasbusyastheythinktheyare,whichiswhywecanusuallytolerate

interruptionsfromourinconsiderateelectronicparaphernalia.JameswithJenniferLaiofIBM

Researchtostudy10managers,researchersandinternsatwork.TheyVideotapedthesubjectsand

periodicallyhadthemratetheir“interruptibility”.Theamountoftimetheworkersspentinleave-

me-alonemodevariedfrompersontopersonanddaytoday,rangingfrom10toSlpericent.On

average,thesubjectswantedtoworkwithoutinterruptionaboutonethirdofthetime.Instudies

ofMicrosoftemployees,Horvitzhassimilarlyfoundthattheytypicallyspendmorethan65percent

oftheirdayinastateoflowattention.

F

Tcday'sphonesandcomputers,whichnaivelyassumethattheuserisnevertoobusytotakeacall,

readanemail,orclick"OK"onanalertbox,thusareprobablycorrectabouttwothirdsoftime.To

beuseful,thenconsideratesystemswillhavetobemorethan65percentaccurateinsendingwhen

theirusersareneartheircognitivelimits.

G

Bestcom/EnhancedTelephony,aMicrosoftprototypebasedonHorvitz'swork,digsalitterdeeper

intoeachuser'scomputertofindcluesaboutwhattheyareupto.Microsoftlaunchedaninternal

betatestofthesysteminmid-2003.ByLastOctober,Horvitzsays,about3,800peoplewereusing

thesystemtofieldtheirincomingphonecalls.

H

Horvitzhimselfisoneofthosetesters,andwhilewetalkinhisofficeinRedmond,Wash.Bestcom

silentlyhandlesonecallafteranother.Firstitcheckswhetherthecallerislistedinhisaddressbook,

thecompanydirectory,oritslogofpeoplehehascalledrecently.Triangulatingthesesources,it

triestodeducetheirrelationship.Familymembers,supervisorsandpeoplehecalledearliertoday

ringthrough.Othersseeamessageontheircomputerthatheisinmeetingandwon'tbeavailable

until3P.M.ThesystemscansHorvitz'sandthecaller'scalendarandofferstoreschedulethecallat

atimethatisopenforboth.Somecallerschoosethatoption,othersleavevoicemail.E-mail

messagesgetasimilarscreening.WhenHorvitzisoutoftheoffice,Bestcomautomaticallyoffers

toforwardselectedcallerslohiscellphone一unlesshiscalenddrandoilierevidencesuggestllidl

heisinameeting.

I

Mostlargecompaniesalreadyusecomputerizedphonesystemsandstartedcalendarandcontact

managementsoftware,sotappingintothose'sensors'shouldbestraightforward.Notall

employeeswillliketheideaofhavingamicrophoneonallthetimeintheiroffice,however,nor

willeveryonewanttoexposetheirdatebooktosomeprogramtheydonotultimatelycontrol.

Moreover,somemanagersmightbetemptedtoequatea“stateoflowattention"with"goofing

off“andpunishthosewhoseeminsufficientlybusy.

Question14-19

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes14"

19onyouranswersheet,v/rite

TRUEifthestatementistrue

FALSEifthestatementisfalse

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

14.AccordingtoTedSelker,humanreproductionhasbeendisturbedthroughouthistory.

15.Ifpeopleareinterruptedbycallsore-mails,theyusuallyputupwithitinsteadoffeeling

sickness.

16.Microsoftisnowinvestigatingasoftwarewhichiscompatiblewithordinaryoffices.

17.Peopleusuallyhavemisperceptionaboutwhethertheyarebusyornot.

18.ExpertsinCarnegieMellonUniversityconductedaresearchobservingalloccupationsofIBM.

19.Currentphoneandcomputersystemshaveshortcutkeysforpeoplereceivinginformation

immediately.

Question20-26

Answerthequestionsinthediagrambelow.

ChooseONLYONEWORDfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Bestcqmworkingprocess

烏魏￡9,systemmadefurthereffortsinordertofind20aboutwhatareusersdoing.

Ifcallersarenotindirectory,a/an22___

Checkthe21____betweenR空其on3Providessotitionsto

willshowupontheirscreen,sayingthat

callersandusers,whethertransferyourcalltouserrs

userisnotavailableatmoment.Callers

callerhavecontact25____ifthereisnc26_____

can23____asuitabletimeforboth,or

informationofusers,suchasinhisschedule.

theycanchoosetoleavea/an24___to

user'sfamilyortrends.

user.

主題BESTCOM系統(tǒng)答案

14NOTGIVEN15TRUE16TRUE

17TRUE18FALSE19NOTGIVEN

20clues21relationship22message

23reschedule24voicemail25cellphone

26meeting

FinchesonIslands

AToday,thequestcontinues.OnDaphneMajor-oneofthemostdesolateoftheGalipagosIslands,

anuninhabitedvolcaniccorewherecactiandshrubsseldomgrowhigherthanaresearcher'sknee-

PeterandRosemaryGranthavespentmorethanthreedecadeswatchingDarwin'sfinchrespond

tothechallengesofstorms,droughtandcompetitionforfoodBiologistsatPrincetonUniversity,

thpGrant，knowandraccgni7Pmanyofthpindividualbirdsnnthpislandandcantracpthpbird，'

lineageshackthroughtime.TheyhavewitnessedDarwin'sprincipleinactionagainandagain,over

manygenerationsoffinches.

BTheGrants'mostdramaticinsightshavecomefromwatchingtheevolvingbillofthemedium

groundfinch.Theplumageofthissparrow-sizedbirdrangesfromdullbrowntojetblack.Atfirst

glance,itmaynotseemparticularlystriking,butamongscientistswhostudyevolutionarybiology,

themediumgroundfinchisasuperstar.Itsbillisamiddlingexampleinthearrayofshapesandsizes

foundamongGalapagosfinches:heftierthanthatofthesmallgroundfinch,whichspecializesin

eatingsmall,softseeds,butpetitecomparedtothatofthelargegroundfinch,anexpertatcracking

anddevouringbig,hardseeds.

CWhentheGrantsbegantheirstudyinthe1970s,onlytwospeciesoffinchlivedonDaphneMajor,

themediumgroundfinchandthecactusfinch.Theislandissosmallthattheresearcherswereable

tocountandcatalogueeverybird.Whenaseveredroughthitin1977,thebirdssoondevouredthe

lastofthesmall,easilyeatenseeds.Smallermembersofthemediumgroundfinchpopulation,

lackingthebillstrengthtocracklargeseeds,diedout.

DBillandbodysizeareinheritedtraits,andthenextgenerationhadahighproportionofbig-billed

individuals.TheGrantshaddocumentednaturalselectionatwork-thesameprocessthat,over

manymillennia,directedtheevolutionoftheGalapagos'14uniquefinchspecies,alldescended

fromacommonancestorthatreachedtheislandsafewmillionyearsago.

EEightyearslater,heavyrainsbroughtbyanElNinotransformedthenormallymeagervegetationon

DaphneMajor.Vinesandotherplantsthatinmostyearsstruggleforsurvivalsuddenlyflourished,

chokingouttheplantsthatprovidelargeseedstothefinches.Smallseedscametodominatethe

foodsupply,andbigbirdswithbigbillsdiedoutatahigherratethansmallerones.'Naturalselection

isobservable/RosemaryGrantsays.'Ithappenswhentheenvironmentchanges.Whenlocal

conditionsreversethemseb/es,sodoesthedirectionofadaptation.

FRecently,theGrantswitnessedanotherformofnaturalselectionactingonthemediumground

finch:competitionfrombigger,strongercousins.In1982,atnirdfinch,thelargegroundfinch,came

toliveonDaphneMajor.Thestoutbillsofthesebirdsresemblethebusinessendofacrescent

wrench.TheirarrivalwasthefirstsuchcolonizationrecordedontheGalapagosinnearlyacentury

ofscientificobservation.'Vi/erealized/PeterGrantsays,'wehadaveryunusualandpotentially

importanteventtofollow.'For20years,thelargegroundfinchcoexistedwiththemediumground

finch,whichsharedthesupplyoflargeseedswithitsbigger-billedrelative.Then,in2002and2003,

anotherdroughtstruck.Neneofthebirdsnestedthatyear,andmanydiedout.Mediumground

fincheswithlargebills,crowdedoutoffeedingareasbythemorepowerfullargegroundfinches,

werehitparticularlyhard.

GWhenwetterweatherreturnedin2004,andthefinchesnestedagain,thenewgenerationcfthe

mediumgroundfinchwasdominatedbysmallerbirdswithsmallerbills,abletosurviveonsmaller

seeds.Thissituation,saysPeterGrant,markedthefirsttime:hatbiologistshavebeenabletofollow

thecompleteprocessofanevolutionarychangeduetocompetitionbetweenspeciesandthe

strongestresponsetonaturalselectionthathehadseenin33yearsoftrackingGalapagosfinches.

HOntheinhabitedislandofSantaCruz,justsouthofDaphneMajor,AndrewHendryofMcGill

UniversityandJeffreyPodosoftheUniversityofMassachusettsatAmhersthavediscoveredanew,

man-madptwistinfinchpvnlutinn.Thpirstudyfccusadonbird，livingnparthpAcadpmyRay

researchstation,onthefringeofthetownofPuertoAyora.Thehumanpopulationoftheareahas

beengrowingfast-from900peoplein1974to9,582in2001.TodayPuertoAyoraisfullofhotels

andmaitaibars/Hendrysays.'Peoplehavetakenthisextremelyaridplaceandtriedtoturnitinto

aCaribbeanresort/

IAcademyBayrecordsdatingbacktotheearly1960sshowthatmediumgroundfinchescaptured

therehadeithersmallorlargebills.Veryfewofthebirdshadmid-sizebills.Thefinchesappeared

tobeintheearlystagesofanewadaptiveradiation:Ifthetrendcontinued,themediumground

finchonSantaCruzcouldsplitintotwodistinctsubspecies,specializingindifferenttypesofseeds.

Butinthelate1960sandearly70s,mediumgroundfincheswithmediumsizedbillsbegantothrive

atAcademyBayalongwithsmallandlarge-billedbirds.Theboominghumanpopulationhad

introducednewfoodsources,includingexoticplantsandbirdfeedingstationsstockedwithrice.

Billsize,oncecriticaltothefinches'survival,nolongermadeanydifference.'Nowanintermediate

billcandofine/Hendrysays.

JAtacontrolsitedistantfromPuertoAyora,andrelativelyuntouchedbyhumans,themedium

groundfinchpopulationremainssplitbetweenlarge-andsmall-billedbirds.Onundisturbedparts

ofSantaCruz,thereisnoecologicalnicheforamiddlingmediumgroundfinch,andthebirds

continuetodiversify.Intown,thoughtherearestillmanyfinches,once-distinctpopulationsare

merging.

KThefinchesofSantaCruzdemonstrateasubtleprocessinwhichhumanmeddlingcanstop

evolutioninitstracks,endingtheformationofnewspecies.Inatimewhenglobalbiodiversity

continuesitsdownhillslide,Darwin'sfincheshaveyetanotherunexpectedlessontoteach.'Ifwe

hopetoregainsomeofthediversitythat'salreadybeenlost/Hendrysays,'weneedtoprotectnot

justexistingcreatures,butalsotheprocessesthatdrivetheoriginofnewspecies.

Questions1-4

Completethetablenow.

ChooseNoMoreThanTwoWordsfromtheReadingPassage1foreachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.

YearClimateFinch/scondition

19771_______Small-beakbirdsfailingtosurvive,withoutthe

powertoopen2_________

19853________broughtbyElNinobig-beakbirdsdyingout,with4________asthe

mainfoodresource

Questions5-8

CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage1,usingNoMoreThan

TwoWordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyour

answersheet.

OntheremoteislandofSantaCruz,AndrewHendryandJeffreyPodosconductedastudyon

reversal5duetohumanactivity.Intheearly1960smediumgroundfincheswerefoundto

havealargerorsmallerbeak.Butinthelate1960sandearly70s,fincheswith6flourished.

Thpstudy<;ppculatp<;thatitisduptnthpgrowing7whnbroughtinalipnplantswith

intermediate-sizeseedsintotheareaandthebirdsate8sometimes.

Questions9-13

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassagel?

Inboxes9-13onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementistrue

FALSEifthestatementisfaIse

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

9.Grants'discoveryhasquestionedDarwin'stheory.

10.Thecactusfinchesarelessaffectedbyfoodthanthemediumgroundfinch.

11.In2002and2003,allthebirdswereaffectedbythedrought.

12.ThediscoveryofAndrewHendryandJeffreyPodoswasthesameasthatofthepreviousstudies.

13.ItisshownthattherevolutioninfinchesonSantaCruzislikelyaresponsetohuman

intervention.

主題島上的雀鳥答案

1drought2largeseeds3heavyrains

4smallseeds5finchevolution6medium-sized

bills

7human8rice9FALSE

population

10NOTGIVEN11TRUE12FALSE

13TRUE

TheLostCity

Thankstomodernremote-sensingtechniques,aruinedcityinTurkeyisslowlyrevealingitselfas

oneofthegreatestandmostmysteriouscitiesoftheanciertworld.SallyPalmeruncoversmore.

A

Thelowgranitemountain,knownasKerkencsDag,jutsfromthenorthernedgeofthe

C'appadncianplaininTurkey.Sprawlpdovprthpmcuntainsidparpthprum<;nfanpncrmcuscity,

containedbycrumblingdefensivewallssevenkilometerslong.Manyrespectedarchaeologists

believethesearetheremainsofthefabledcityofPlena,thesixth-centuryBCstrongholdofthe

MedesthattheGreekhistorianHerodotusdescribedinhisfamousworkTheHistories.Theshort-

livedcitycameunderMediancontrolandonlyfiftyyearslaterwassacked,burnedanditsstrong

stonewallsdestroyed.

B

BritisharcheologistDrGe。仟reySummerhasspenttenyearsstudyingthesite.Excavatingtheruins

isachallengebecauseoftievastareatheycover.The7kmperimeterwallsrunaroundasite

covering