小學(xué)英語語法大全

1、教育精品資料小學(xué)語法大全巧記lie和lay躺 lie,lay,lain,lie in bed again;撒謊 lie,lied,lied,dont be a liar;產(chǎn)蛋 lay,laid,laid,a hen laid an egg;放置 A loy picked it up,and laid it in the bag.時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)主要用于：1 、表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作或情況(包括習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài))e.g. When did you read the novel?She often came to help us in those days.2 、談到過去的情況時(shí)e.

2、g. I didnt know you were so busy.3 、談到已死人的情況時(shí)e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.與這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語常有：yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now,when, after, as soon as 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，表示主句動作開始的時(shí)間。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要用于：1 、表示到現(xiàn)在為止這一時(shí)期中發(fā)生的動作或情況，即多次動作的總和。e.g. We have learnt four

3、 English songs this month.How many times have you read the novel?For many days we havent seen each other.2 、表示對現(xiàn)在有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動作。e.g. The delegation has left 代表團(tuán)已經(jīng)走了(說明現(xiàn)在不在這里)Look, what you have done. 看你干的事。與這一時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this mont

4、h, since, for 短語，連詞 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過去時(shí)：重在說明動作在過去發(fā)生時(shí)的具體情況(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、對象、細(xì)節(jié)等)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：只提起已發(fā)生的動作(事實(shí))及其影響，不說明動作發(fā)生時(shí)的具體情況。cf. Have you had your lunch?What did you have for lunch?I have ever been to the Great Wall,_and_I went there last summer with my father.注：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)的動作常具有反復(fù)性，故下面一句是錯(cuò)的：Have y

5、ou seen the six thirtys news program?應(yīng)改為：Did you see the six thirtys news program?過去完成時(shí)1 、過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對時(shí)態(tài)，表示過去的過去，只有在兩個(gè)過去發(fā)生的動作相比較時(shí)才可顯示出來。e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.注：主從句表達(dá)的動作緊接時(shí)，即兩動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間沒有明顯時(shí)間上的懸殊或空檔時(shí)，主從句都可用一般過去時(shí)。e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the arm

6、y?2 、過去完成時(shí)可表示截止過去某一時(shí)間動作的總或動作的結(jié)束。e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four booksBy eight oclock, he had finished his homework.與這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語常有：by 1985, by eight oclock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，表示主句動作結(jié)束的時(shí)間。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于：表示過去某個(gè)

7、時(shí)刻或階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那時(shí)她在解放軍某部工作。What were you doing this time yesterday?與這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語常用：at nine oclock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。用 when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句表示主句的動作正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)間。e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.注：1 、 while 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句敘述過去的動作時(shí)

8、，從句常用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.2 、 when 用作并列連詞，意為這時(shí)，連接兩分句時(shí)，第一句多用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過去時(shí)：強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一時(shí)間開始或完成的動作。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作。試區(qū)別下面兩句： We were building a reservoir last winter.去年冬天我們在修建一座水庫。(可能尚未建成) We built a rese

9、rvoir last winter.去年冬天我們修建了一座水庫。(已經(jīng)建成)倒裝倒裝句之全部倒裝全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.2) 表示運(yùn)動方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首，謂語表示運(yùn)動的動詞。Out rushed a missile from under the b

10、omber.Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。Here he comes. Away they went.倒裝句之部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。Never have I seen such a p

11、erformance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。I have never seen such a performance.The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例題1)Why cant I smoke here?At no t

12、ime_ in the meeting-roomA. is smoking permittedB.smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permittedD.does smoking permit答案A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問題。當(dāng)否定詞語置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.2) Not until the

13、 early years of the 19th century _ what heat is.A. man did know B. man know C. didnt man know D. did man know答案D. 看到Not until的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在C，D 中選一個(gè)。改寫為正常語序?yàn)椋琈an did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝如 Not onlybut also, Hardly/Scarcelyw

14、hen, No sooner thanNot only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例題No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A. the game began B.has the game begunC. did th

15、e game begin D.had the game begun答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時(shí)，一般采用倒裝句(謂語前置)。這類表示否定意義的詞有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not onlybut (also), no soonerthan, hardly when scarcely when等等。注意：只有當(dāng)Not only but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Not only you but al

16、so I am fond of music.so, neither, nor作部分倒裝表示也、也不 的句子要部分倒裝。Tom can speak French. So can Jack.If you wont go, neither will I.典型例題-Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?-I dont know, _.A. nor dont I careB. nor do I careC. I dont care neitherD. I dont care also答案：B. nor為增補(bǔ)意思也不關(guān)心，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯(cuò)在用 dont

17、 再次否定， C neither 用法不對且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為的確如此。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.-Its raining hard.-So it is.only在句首要倒裝的情況Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝Only

18、 when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動詞提前)。注意：1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。2) 句首是實(shí)義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實(shí)義動詞一起放在主語之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意:讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but

19、，但是 though 和yet可連用。其他部分倒裝1) so that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.3)在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it again.典型例題：1) Not until the early years of the

20、19th century_ what heat isA. man did know B. man knew C. didnt man know D. did man know答案為D.否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。2) Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A. didnt I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didnt realizeD. I realize答案為B。3)Do you know Tom bought a new car?I dont know, _.A. nor d

21、ont I care B. nor do I careC. I dont care neitherD. I dont care also解析：答案為B.句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示也不。由 so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)Reading and writing are very important.注意： 當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。The iron and

22、steel industry is very important to our life.典型例題The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. was C. are D. were答案B. 注： 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時(shí)，先排除A.，C.。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別， monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本

23、題主語為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。介詞小學(xué)英語介詞at，in與on在時(shí)間方面的用法at表示時(shí)間的一點(diǎn);in表示一個(gè)時(shí)期;on表示特殊日子。如：He goes to school at seven oclock in the morning. 他早晨七點(diǎn)上學(xué)。Can you finish the work in two days. 你能在兩天內(nèi)完成這個(gè)工作嗎?Linda was born on the second of May. 琳達(dá)五月二日出生。1. at后常接幾點(diǎn)幾分，天明，中午，日出，日落，開始等。如：at five oclock (五點(diǎn))，at down (黎明)，at daybreak (

24、天亮)，at sunrise (日出)，at noon (中午)，at sunset (日落)，at midnight (半夜)，at the beginning of the month (月初)， at that time (那時(shí))，at that moment (那會兒)，at this time of day (在一天的這個(gè)時(shí)候)。2. in后常接年，月，日期，上午，下午，晚上，白天，季節(jié)，世紀(jì)等。如：in 2006(2006年)，in May，2004 (2004年五月)，in the morning (早晨/上午)，in the afternoon (下午)，in the even

25、ing (晚上)，in the night (夜晚)，in the daytime (白天)，in the 21st century (21世紀(jì))，in three days (weeks/month)三天(周/個(gè)月)，in a week (一周)，in spring (春季)。3. on后常接某日，星期幾，某日或某周日的朝夕，節(jié)日等。如：on Sunday (星期日)，on a warm morning in April (四月的一個(gè)溫暖的上午)，on a December night (12月的一個(gè)夜晚)，on that afternoon (那天下午)，on the following

26、night (下一個(gè)晚上)，on Christmas afternoon (圣誕節(jié)下午)，on October 1，1949 (1949年10月1日)，on New Years Day (新年)，on New Years Eve (除夕)，on the morning of the 15th (15日的早上)等。祈使句結(jié)構(gòu)祈使句用以表達(dá)命令，要求，請求，勸告等。1) 祈使句有兩種類型，一種是以動詞原形開頭，在動詞原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人稱主語的句子)。Take this seat.Do be careful.否定結(jié)構(gòu)：Dont move.Dont be late.2) 第二種祈使句

27、以let開頭。Let 的反意疑問句a. Lets 包括說話者Lets have another try，shall we / shant we?= Shall we have another try?b.Let us 不包括說話者Let us have another try，will you / wont you?= Will you please let us have another try?否定結(jié)構(gòu)：Lets not talk of that matter.Let us not talk of that matter.感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)感嘆句通常有what, how引導(dǎo)，表示贊美、驚嘆、喜 悅

28、、等感情。what修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞，副詞或動詞，感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下幾種：掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感嘆句的重點(diǎn)。How +形容詞+ a +名詞+陳述語序How+形容詞或副詞+陳述語序What +名詞+陳述語序What+a+形容詞+名詞+陳述語序What+ 形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 陳述語序What+ 形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+ 陳述語序How clever a boy he is!How lovely the baby is!What noise they are making!What a clever boy he is!What wonderful ideas (we have)!What

29、 cold weather it is!感嘆句的省略形式為：What a clever boy (he is)!典型例題1)_ food youve cooked!A. How a niceB. What a niceC. How nice D. What nice答案D. 由于How 修飾形容詞，副詞;what修飾名詞。且food為不可數(shù)名詞，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名詞，因此只有D正確，其句型為What + adj. +n. (不可數(shù))2)_terrible weather weve been having these days!A. What B. Wha

30、t aC. How D. How a答案A. weather為不可數(shù)名詞，B，D排除。C為how + adj. 后面不應(yīng)有名詞。只有A，符合句型What +形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞。3) - _ I had!- You really suffered a lot.A. What a timeB. What time C. How a time D. how time答案A.感嘆句分兩類：1：What + n.+主謂部分2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主謂部分。本題屬第一種，但省略了bad，相對于 What a bad time I had! 這是個(gè)習(xí)慣用語。強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)常考的強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)

31、構(gòu)是it 引導(dǎo)的句子。It is (was) 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。此結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分僅限于主語，賓語和狀語。It is from the sun that we get light and heat.It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.典型例題1) It was last night _ I see the comet.A.the timeB.when C.thatD.which答案C. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)是： It +be +強(qiáng)調(diào)部分

32、+ that (who) + 主謂句。強(qiáng)調(diào)句的連詞只有兩個(gè)，that和who。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人，且為句子的主語時(shí)，才用 who，其余用that。原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.強(qiáng)調(diào)主語： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間： It was yes

33、terday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.2)It is ten years _ Miss Green returned to Canada.A. thatB. when C. since D. as答案C. 考點(diǎn)是連詞用法。 本題易誤選為A. that. 其實(shí)本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。若是，去掉It be that還應(yīng)是一個(gè)完整的句子。而本句去掉 It

34、isthat，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。It is /was +時(shí)間+ since其中is has been was had been.用助動詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)強(qiáng)調(diào)句還有一種類型，就是用助動詞do (did，does) 強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語。She does like this horse.她的確喜歡這匹馬。Please do take care of yourself. 千萬保重。反意疑問句1)陳述部分的主語是I，疑問部分要用 arent I.Im as tall as your sister，arent I?2)陳述部分

35、的謂語是wish，疑問部分要用may +主語。I wish to have a word with you, may I?3)陳述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含義的詞時(shí)，疑問部分用肯定含義。The Swede made no answer, did he / she?Some plants never blown (開花), do they ?4)含有ought to 的反意疑問句，陳述部分是肯定的，疑問部分用shouldnt / oughtnt +主語。He ought to kn

36、ow what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?5)陳述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑問部分常用dont +主語(didnt +主語)。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we?6)陳述部分的謂語是used to 時(shí)，疑問部分用didnt +主語或 usednt +主語。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he?7)陳述部分有had better + v. 疑問句部分用hadnt you?Youd better

37、read it by yourself, hadnt you?8)陳述部分有would rather +v.，疑問部分多用 wouldnt +主語。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?9)陳述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑問部分用wouldnt +主語。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?10) 陳述部分有must 的疑問句，疑問部分根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。He must be a doctor, isnt he?You must have studied Engl

38、ish for three years, havent you? / didnt you?He must have finished it yesterday, didnt he?11) 感嘆句中，疑問部分用be +主語。What colours, arent they?What a smell, isnt it?12)陳述部分由neither nor, either or 連接的并列主語時(shí)，疑問部分根據(jù)其實(shí)際邏輯意義而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?13)陳述部分主語是指示代詞或不定代詞everything, that, nothing, th

39、is, 疑問部分主語用it。Everything is ready, isnt it?14) 陳述部分為主語從句或并列復(fù)合句，疑問部分有三種情況：a. 并列復(fù)合句疑問部分，謂語動詞根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he?b. 帶有定語從句，賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句，疑問部分謂語根據(jù)主句的謂語而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?He said he wanted to v

40、isit Japan, didnt he?c. 上述部分主句謂語是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引導(dǎo)的定語從句，疑問部分與賓語從句相對應(yīng)構(gòu)成反意疑問句。I dont think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it better, cant she?15) 陳述部分主語是不定代詞everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑問部分常用復(fù)數(shù)they，有時(shí)也用單數(shù)he。Everyone knows the answer, dont they?(doe

41、s he?)Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)16) 帶情態(tài)動詞dare或need的反意疑問句，疑問部分常用 need (dare ) +主語。We need not do it again, need we ?He dare not say so, dare you?當(dāng)dare, need 為實(shí)義動詞時(shí)，疑問部分用助動詞do + 主語。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?17)省去主語的祈使句的反意疑問句，疑問部分用will you。Dont do that again, will you?Go with me, will you / wont you ?注意： Lets 開頭的祈使句，后用shall we?Let us 開頭的祈使句，后用will you?Lets go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?18)陳述部分是there be結(jié)構(gòu)的，疑問部分用there省略主語代詞。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt t