新概念英語第二冊Lesson28 No

1、Lesson 28 No parking 禁止停車,喬登美語,生詞和短語,rare adj. 罕見的 rare animal 稀有動物 rare bird 珍稀鳥類 rare illness 疑難雜癥,ancient adj. 古代的, 古老的,ancient Egypt 古埃及 This is an ancient parable. 這是一個古老的寓言。 parableprb()l n. 寓言，比喻；隱晦或謎般的格言,myth n. 神話故事,This myth has now been demolished. 這個神話現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被打破了 Thats a myth. 那是虛構(gòu)的。 demoli

2、shdml 拆毀；破壞；駁倒,trouble n. 麻煩,ask for trouble He is asking for trouble. 他正在引火上身。 Im sorry to put you in trouble. 我很抱歉給你帶來麻煩(口語) have trouble in doing sth I have trouble (in) parking the car. 我停車遇到了麻煩。,effect n. 結(jié)果, 效果,have an effect 有效果 have no effect 沒有效果 have effect on 對.有效果 The advice has no effec

3、t on me. 這個建議對我沒有用。,Medusa n. 美杜莎(古希臘神話中3位蛇發(fā)女怪這一) Gorgon n. (古希臘神話中的)3位蛇發(fā)女怪這一(凡見其貌者都會變成石頭),Lay v. 放，擱；下蛋 lie v.躺，位于 ，說謊 過去式 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 lay laid laid laying lie lay lain lying lie（說謊） lied lied lying,詞 匯,課文講解,Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. one of 其中之一 one of th

4、e students one of +名詞代詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu)，of后面的名詞必須是復(fù)數(shù)，但與這個結(jié)構(gòu)連用的動詞必須是單數(shù)：One of your friends is waiting for you now. 你的一位朋友正在等你。 課文中who代指的是one of those rare people，所以動詞用believes。,1.如果在定語從句中出現(xiàn)了one of作為先行詞, 它后邊的關(guān)系代詞指代的是后面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 2.如果在one of前面還有一修飾詞 (the) only,那么后邊的關(guān)系代詞將指代one這個詞, 才作單數(shù)看 He is the only one of those rare

5、 people who believes in ancient myths.,語言點,(1)one of the +名詞復(fù)數(shù)，后面引導(dǎo)定語從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù),因為定語從句主語為“名詞復(fù)數(shù)” 因此謂語用復(fù)數(shù). This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire. 這就是那次大火燒毀的房間之一。 (2)the only one of the +名詞復(fù)數(shù)，后面關(guān)系引導(dǎo)定語從句謂語用單數(shù)。因為定語從句主語為“the only one” 因此謂語用復(fù)數(shù). Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who p

6、lays in the band. 瑪麗是參加樂隊伴奏的最年輕的姑娘。 如果先行詞為the only one，如果指事物用關(guān)系代詞that 引導(dǎo)定語從句，如果指人，用who 引導(dǎo)定語從句。 He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize.,Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. who 在這是關(guān)系詞, 起承上啟下的作用 先行詞：one of the rare people,語言點,believe，believe in,Believe

7、表示“相信”、“信以為真”它是及物動詞，其后直接跟賓語。例 Do you believe his reports？ 你相信他的報告嗎？ I could hardly believe my eyes 我?guī)缀醪荒芟嘈抛约旱难劬Α?In ancient times it was believed that the earth was flat 古時候，人們認(rèn)為地球是扁平的。,One of 在句中作主語，那么動詞選擇單數(shù)形式 例句：其中的一個答案是對的。 One of those answers is right.,語言點,Believe in則表示“信仰”、“信任”。其后的常用搭配語為：有關(guān)宗教、理

8、論、原則、概念及可信任之人，如： a religionrld()n宗教；宗教信仰、ghosts、 fairyfer仙女，小精靈；漂亮姑娘、 a theory、 a friend等詞； 例中的believe為不及物動詞。如：,We do not believe in ghosts我們不信鬼神。 He believes in getting plenty of exercise他相信多鍛煉身體就會有好處。I believe in God. 我信仰上帝。 He believes in ancient myths. 他相信古代神話。,比較下列兩語的不同涵義： I believe him（=I beli

9、eve what he says）我相信他（的話）。 I believe in him（=I trust him ）我相信他是一個可以信得過的人。（即：我信任他）,英語定語從句,要了解定語從句，我們先得明白定語是啥 aprettygirl a girlin red a girlstanding in the platform a girlwho is standing in the platformis lucy 彩色部分便都是定語，定語通常是修飾名詞，如果定語是一個詞并且能完整表達一個意思，定語便放在被修飾詞前面，否則就放后面，,定語可以是一個形容詞（pretty），可以是介詞短語（in r

10、ed），也可以是分詞短語（standing in the platform），也可以是一個句子（who is standing in the platform），而當(dāng)定語是一個句子時，這個句子就是定語從句。,由于定語從句是一個句子，所以都是放在被修飾詞的后面，我們還給這個被修飾的詞起了個名字，先行詞，因為修飾她的句子還在后面，她先出現(xiàn)的。,我們在說說定語從句，在英語中有個規(guī)定就是一個句子中只能有一個謂語，就好比我們?nèi)酥荒苡幸粋€心臟。那么句子有個子句的時候便可以有兩個謂語了，這時候我們便需要一個東西來標(biāo)志其子句特征，就是關(guān)系代詞。例子中的who便是關(guān)系代詞，這個關(guān)系代詞也可以理解成人的臍帶，將子

11、句和母句聯(lián)系到一起。所以這關(guān)系代詞也是緊挨著先行詞的。,我們看看關(guān)系詞，我們得搞清楚什么時候用什么關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，關(guān)系詞通常在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分的，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在句子中作狀語的時候便用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, that, which, as關(guān)系副詞when, where, why,he has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.1 ever si

12、nce=since ever since的語氣比since強，表示“從那以后一直，主句一般用完成時：,He left the village last year and has never returned ever since.他去年離開了這座村莊，從那以后一直沒有回去過。,2 have trouble doing 做.有麻煩have trouble with sb. 和某人相處有麻煩I have trouble with my roommate.,When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a

13、 car outside his gate. in the morning 每天早晨in the afternoon每天下午at night每天晚上park a car 停車,Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even oncebecause of 由于because 的后面加句子because of 的后面加名詞或動詞 “-ing be able to 的主語一般都是人, 表示有能力去做 get his car into his garage. get sth into 把.弄進,

14、even once : 甚至有一次;哪怕只有一次甚至一次,even 起強調(diào)Once a week is sufficient, and even once every two weeks is okay. 一周一次就夠了，甚至兩周一次也可以。,Jasper has put up No Parking signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. put up 張貼 put up the pictures on the wall 在墻上貼畫 put up 在這里表示“掛起”、“豎起”等意思。not any = no,Now

15、he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. on 接觸在上面over 懸掛在上面,It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I have ever seen 做定語從句, 修飾前邊的faces如果關(guān)系詞在從句中做賓語, 關(guān)系詞可以省略, 所以 I 前的that被省略This is the most difficult thing I have ever done.This is the most terrible news I have ever heard.,I asked him what

16、 it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. hope 的后面加that從句turn sth to 把前者變成后者turn the prince to a frog (prince n.王子 frog n.青蛙 vi.捕蛙)He was turned to a frog,關(guān)系代詞that 用法 that常用作關(guān)系代詞，可指代某人，也可指代某物，指物時有的時候可用which替換that，指人時可用who替換

17、。但在下列情況下，一般用that。 一、that指代某物事時 1.先行詞為all, few, little, much, the one, something, anything, everything, nothing等時。如： （1）Well do all that we can to protect the endangered plants and animals. 我們將盡我們的最大努力來保護那些瀕危的動植物。 (2) There is much that I wan to tell you. 我有很多想要告訴你的話。 (3) Is there anything that I can

18、 do for you? 有什么我可以幫你的嗎？ 2. 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, (a)few, (a)little, much等限定詞修飾時。如： (4) You can borrow any book that you want to read in our school library. 在我們圖書館，你可以借任何你想讀的書。 3. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。如： （5）This is the most beautiful city that Ive ever seen. 這是我見過的最漂亮的城市。 4. 先行詞被the only, the

19、very, the right, the last 等修飾時。如： （6）This is the very factory that they visited last summer holiday. 這恰好是他們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那個工廠。 （7）This is the only painting in this style that we have. 這種風(fēng)格的畫我們僅有一幅。 5. 先行詞是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，既有人又有物時。如： （8）He talked happily of the writer and his books that interested him. 6. 先行詞前有the same 修

20、飾，表示和先行詞是同一物時。如： （9）This is the same purse that I lost yesterday. 這就是我昨天丟的那個錢夾。 注：如果表示的是與先行詞同一類或相似的某物，則用the sameas.如： （10）This is the same purse as I lost yesterday. 這個錢夾和我昨天丟的那個一樣。 7. 先行詞為數(shù)詞時。 （11）Look at the books on the bookshelf. You can see the two that you bought me for my birthday. 瞧書架上那些書。你可

21、以看到我過生日時你買的那兩本。 8. 如果which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中又含有一個定語從句，為避免重復(fù)，第二個定語從句用that。如： （12）They built a factory which produced things that had never been seen. 他們建了一工廠，生產(chǎn)以前從未見過的東西。 9. 以which作主語開頭的特殊問句，為了避免重復(fù)，定語從句用that。如。 （13）Which is the bus that you will take? 你要乘的是哪一班車？ 10. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時，而且通常省略。如： （14）My hometown is

22、no longer the place that it used to be. 我的家鄉(xiāng)再也不是以前那個樣子了。 11. 關(guān)系代詞在there be 句型中作主語時,而且?？梢允÷?。如： （15）This is the fastest train (that) there has ever been. 這是有史以來最快的列車。 二、that 指代某人時。 1. 泛指某人時。如： （16）He is a man that is never at a loss. 他是一個從未一籌莫展的人。 2. 主句是以作主語的who開頭的特殊問句，為了避免重復(fù)時。如： （17）Who is the person

23、 that is talking with our headmaster? 和我們校長說話的那人是誰？ 3. 先行詞前有the same時。如： （18）This is the same man that gave us a talk last year. 這和去年給我們作報告的是同一人。 4. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。如： （19）He has changed. He was not the man (that) he was 10 years ago. 他變了。他再也不是10年前的他了。 另外，that也可用作關(guān)系副詞，表示時間、地點、原因和方式，在口語中可以用來代替when, wh

24、ere, why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。在以下名詞day, year, time, moment, reason, place等作先行詞時，可用that作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。如： （20）Ill never forget the day (that) I joined the League. 我永遠不會忘記我入團的那一天。 （21）Is this the reason (that) they were late for the meeting? 這就是他們開會遲到的原因嗎？ （22）We want to find a place (that) we can have a picnic. 我們想找一

25、個我們能野餐的地方。 （23）This is the first time that I have been abroad for traveling. 這是我第一次到國外去旅游。 （注：先行詞是time,前面有序數(shù)詞或last修飾時，常用that引導(dǎo)定語從句或者省略。） 當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的詞the way時，可用that引導(dǎo)定語從句, that?？梢允÷?。 （24）I dont the way you speak to her. 我不喜歡你和她說話那種方式。 鞏固練習(xí)： 1. This is the same book_ I lost the other day. Theres my na

26、me on it. A. that B. as C. / D. which 2. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 3. The first place _ the children were taken to see was their workshop. A. that B. which C. what D. where 4. Tell me everything _ you know. A. which B. abo

27、ut that C. about which D. that 5. This is the biggest library _ I have ever seen. A. which B. what C. where D. that 6. This is the very person _I am looking for. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 7. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. Athe way Bin the way that Cin the way Dthe way

28、 which 8. This is all _ I can do for you. A. which B. what C. it D. / 9. The book doesnt say much _ amuses children. A. what B. that C. whose D. to which 10. There is nothing about him _ I know of. A. that B. which C. whom D. who 參考答案： 15 ACADD 610 BADBA,But none of them has been turned to stone yet

29、! none of,neither of做主語時做單數(shù)看待,Read and find the useful expressions,相信，信奉 與相處有麻煩 泊車，停車 每天晚上 由于 張貼 把變成,believe in have trouble with park a car at night because of put up turn sth to sth,Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths. he has just bought a new house in the city, b

30、ut ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners. When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up No Parking signs outside his

31、gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been

32、turned to stone yet!,Translation,賈斯珀.懷特是少有的相信古代神話的人之一. 他剛在城里買下一所新房子, 但自從搬進去后, 就和汽車及車主們發(fā)生了磨擦. 當(dāng)他夜里回到家時, 總是發(fā)現(xiàn)有人把車停在他家大門外. 為此, 他甚至一次也沒能把自己的車開進車庫. 賈斯珀曾把幾塊 “禁止停車” 的牌子掛在大門外邊, 但沒有任何效果. 現(xiàn)在他把一個丑陋的石雕頭像放在了大門上邊, 這是我見過的最丑陋的頭像之一. 我問他那是什么?他告訴我那是蛇發(fā)女怪美杜莎. 賈斯珀希望她把汽車和車主們都變成石頭. 但到目前為止還沒有一個變成石頭呢!,現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成,概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動

33、作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+have/has+過去分詞 否定形式：主語+have/has+not+過去分詞 常用的時間狀語：now,today, tonight, this week, this year, already, yet, just, since, recently,in the past few years等等,1 已經(jīng)完成 He has left the city. 他已離開這個城市。(結(jié)果：他不在這個城市。) Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗戶打破了。(結(jié)果：窗戶仍破著。) I h

34、ave lost my pen. 我把鋼筆丟了。(結(jié)果：我現(xiàn)在無鋼筆用。) He has finished his work. 他把工作做完了。（結(jié)果：他現(xiàn)在可以做其他的事了。）,現(xiàn)在完成時的用法,二、未完成法 He has taught in our school for 30 years. 他在我們學(xué)校教書已有30年了。 He has been busy since last week. 自上個星期以來他一直很忙。 He has worked for us ever since he left school. 他離開學(xué)校以后就一直為我們工作。,Grammar in use現(xiàn)在完成時,與現(xiàn)在

35、完成時連用的副詞和副詞短語，其中包括before(now)，so far，up totill now，just，already，now，ever，never等；還講過有些用現(xiàn)在完成時的句子不需要任何表示時間的詞。注意以下句子： This is one of the worst photos Ive ever taken.這是我照過的最差的相片之一。 Ive never seen such a good film before.我從來沒看過這么好的電影。 How many times have you had that dream?那個夢你做過幾次？,Ive had it three times

36、 so far.迄今為止我已做過3次。除了這些詞以外，since和for也常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用，表示直到現(xiàn)在的時段。since一般與一個時間點連用，for一般與一個時間段連用：,How long have you been a doctor?你當(dāng)醫(yī)生有多久了？How long have you worked at the library?你在圖書館工作多久了？Ive worked at the library for a week.我來圖書館工作已經(jīng)一星期了。Ive lived here since 1980.自1980年起我就住在這兒,2關(guān)系從句（Relative clauses）及關(guān)系代詞（

37、Relative pronouns）,關(guān)系從句又可稱為定語從句或形容詞從句，它像形容詞一樣可以形容人、物及事件。關(guān)系從句可分為限定性（defining）關(guān)系從句（不帶逗號）和非限定性（non-defining）關(guān)系從句（帶逗號）。我們在這里只討論限定性關(guān)系從句。 可以用來表示人的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom和that以及所有格形式whose，口語中whom經(jīng)常由who代替。 用來表示事物和動物的關(guān)系代詞有which和that。不論這些關(guān)系代詞指的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，其形式都保持不變。 關(guān)系代詞在關(guān)系從句中作賓語時往往可以省略，作主語時則不可以：,This is the photo (that/whi

38、ch) I took.這是我拍的照片。（the photo為took的賓語，that/which代替the photo，可省略）The man (who/whom) I served was wearing a hat.我接待的那個人戴著一頂帽子。（whowhom為served的賓語，可省略）,The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.接待我的是站在柜臺后面的那位女士。（who為關(guān)系從句的主語，不可?。㊣ bought the books which are on thecounter.我買的就是柜臺上的那些書。（which為關(guān)

39、系從句的主語，不可省）,Themillionairewhose son ran away from home a week ago is not a kind father.有個兒子一周前從家里逃走的那位百萬富翁不是個慈父。（whose在關(guān)系從句中作定語，不可?。㏕he girls who are standing behind the counter served us.接待我們的是站在柜臺后面的那幾位姑娘。（who代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞the girls，形式不變）,詞匯學(xué)習(xí) Word study,1believe與believe in 動詞believe的含義為“相信”、“認(rèn)為”：Do you b

40、elieve that cats eat grass?你相信貓吃草嗎？ I believe so.我認(rèn)為是。 believe in 可以表示“信仰”、“相信的存在”、“相信的價值”：I believe in God.我信仰上帝。 He believes in ancient myths.他相信古代神話。 believe in 可以表示“信賴（人格、力量等）”：Ive never believed in John.我從沒有信賴過約翰。,試比較：I believe him.我相信他（的話）。（=I believe his words.）I believe in him.我相信他（這個人）。（=I

41、have confidence in him.）,2because與 because of,because只能作連詞用，后面接從句：You cant remember his name, because you arent really thinking.你想不起他的名字是因為你沒有真正努力去想。 I want to go home now, because Im tired.現(xiàn)在我想回家，因為我累了。,because of 是介詞短語，后面不可以跟從句，只能跟名詞或代詞。它既可以位于句首，也可以位于句子中間：Because of the rain, we have to stay at ho

42、me.因為下雨，我們不得不呆在家里。Because of you, we have to put the meeting off.因為你的緣故，我們已把會議推遲了。,He came back early because of the rain.由于下雨，所以他回來得早。He is absent today because of his fathers illness.由于他父親的病，他今天缺席。,3can與 be able to,can表示天生的或?qū)W到的能力時，只能用于現(xiàn)在時和過去時（could），而不可用于將來時。將來時中表示能力時必須用be able to。在現(xiàn)在時和過去時中，can/co

43、uld與be able to一般可以互換，在完成時中一般用be able to：,He has never been able to get his own car into his garage.他從來都沒能把自己的車開進車庫。（現(xiàn)在完成時） Ill be able to pass my driving test after Ive had a few lessons.我上幾次課后就能通過駕駛考試。（一般將來時）,練習(xí)答案 Key to written exercises,2難點練習(xí)答案1 that/which 2 who/that 3 whose 4 which 5 that/which

44、6 that/which 7 that 3多項選擇題答案1c 2d 3b 4b 5c 6d7b 8d 9c 10d 11b 12a,Grammar,現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。 其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過去分詞,現(xiàn)在完成時,比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時,1）過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作； 現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。,I saw this film yesterday.（強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。） I hav

45、e seen this film. （強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）,一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語 現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不確定的時間狀語,2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。,3）現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)

46、性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。,用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型,1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.,2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. This is the first time