研究生英語綜合教程(下) unit 1

1、,Unit 1,Living A Full Life,Unit 1 Living a Full Life,Content,Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project,Task 1 Discuss with members of your group what is/are the most important element(s) for living a full life. You may choose one or more from the fol

2、lowing list or provide your own answer. Then give reasons why you have made such a choice. a good appearance close friends a happy mindset a good neighborhood perfect health an absorbing hobby a good job lottery winnings a happy family,Starting outTask 1,Task 2 Your best friend has recently been in

3、low spirits ever since she was diagnosed with COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)(慢性阻塞性肺病). She stays in bed most of the time and misses a lot of classes. She has nothing to do, and moreover wants to do nothing. How would you encourage her to cope with the disease with a positive attitude?,

4、Starting outTask 2,Here are some suggestions from experts that will enable you to retain (or take back) much of your independence and improve your quality of life. Dont isolate yourself.reach out to others Stay as physically active as you can Manage your breathing Stick with your treatment plan,Star

5、ting outTask 2,Task 3 Read the letter from John Doe and, with your partner, discuss how you could help him. Dear Abby, I feel like I almost cant breathe now. I work a ridiculous amount of hours and I dont have time to relax. My parents live 1,400 miles away and I am here all by myself. I have no tim

6、e to make friends. Sometimes I feel I dont even have a life. What should I do? Kind regards, John,Starting outTask 3,Dear John, I used to live a life just like yours. I can see myself in you when I finished my college and started my first job. I found a job as junior reporter for Chicago Daily so I

7、moved from Houston to Chicago. I was working 18 hours a day in a place where I knew few people. My health finally broke down from too much work and poor diet. I stayed in hospital for two weeks. My parents came to Chicago and took care of me. After I was out of hospital, I quitted my job and moved b

8、ack to Houston, where I found a job in a local newspaper. I visited my parents often and I had time to hang around with my friends whom I had known for years as well as those I newly made. I felt happy finally.,Starting outTask 3,Starting outTask 3,So my suggestion is to take some time off your work

9、 and go back to visit your parents and friends. Consider changing a job which requires fewer hours so that you may have time to make friends. You may also try to take classes on a subject you are interested in or pursue a hobby. You are sure to find life worth living. Yours, Abby,Starting out,Listen

10、 to the passage “Bored to Death” and fill out the blanks. Weve all been bored from time to time. sometimes, when were really at loose ends（無所適從）, we might even say were “bored to death” or “_!” We dont really mean it, of course. But according to one study, it may be true. That is, it _ to be bored t

11、o death. Researchers in England looked at surveys done in the mid 1980sseveral thousand questionnaires filled out by _ about their jobs.,so bored I could die,seems possible literally,London civil servants,The researchers found that those whod said that in the previous month they were bored at work w

12、ere _ as other workers to die of a heart problem over the follow-up period. Workers who _ in their jobs were less likely to die prematurely（過早地）. Now, this doesnt mean that feeling bored _ will kill you. Were talking about chronic boredom, as in being bored all the time.,more than twice as likely,cl

13、aimed to be interested,every once in a while,Starting out,And its not necessarily boredom itself thats deadly. Most probably, according to the study, its the fact that being bored often leads to _ such smoking, overeating, drinking, and abusing drugs. Other studies have linked _a disease known often

14、 to lead to poor health. Does this mean that being engaged and interestedin other words, the opposite of bored_? Maybe. If not being bored means being physically active and adopting good dietary and exercise habits,then it certainly cant hurt.,unhealthy habits,boredom and depression,leads to better

15、health,Starting out,The Hidden Side of Happiness,Reading Focus,Reading Focus,Watch a clip from The Pursuit of Happyness in which Christophers wife just left him. Discuss with your partner how people should pursue happiness.,Background Information,Click on the picture,Reading Focus Global Understandi

16、ng,(Paras. 1-3),(Paras. 4-17),(Para. 18),Introduction,Reading Focus Global Understanding,Main idea: Many people find that enduring a harrowing ordeal _. There seems to be a built-in human capacity to _. What doesnt kill you can actually make you stronger.,ultimately changes them for the better,flour

17、ish under the most difficult circumstances,Body,Main idea: People who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, _ _ _ _.,may have the most to,tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling,journey that

18、philosophers used to call the search,Reading Focus Global Understanding,for “the good life”,Argument 1: Happiness is only one among many values in human life. Sometimes only _ can foster such qualities as _ _ because _ _ _. Example: 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr. “I felt I had been shown th

19、e secret of life and why were here: to be happy and to nurture other life. Its that simple.”,the trials of adversity,creativity,compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight,Reading Focus Global Understanding,sometimes only,drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change,Body,Argume

20、nt 2: For many people who have endured extreme events like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illnessperhaps even the majoritylife _ _.,ultimately becomes richer and,Reading Focus Global Understanding,more gratifying,Body,Argument 3: Actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming

21、to terms with a new reality, _ _. And eventually, people may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined. Example: _. Although parenting can bring sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure, ultimately, the emotional rewards can compensate for the pain and difficult

22、ies of adversity.,usually takes,One of lifes biggest challenges: parenting,conscious, effort,Reading Focus Global Understanding,Body,Conclusion,Main idea: _ _.,Its possible to live an extraordinary rewarding life,even within the constraints and struggles we face,Reading Focus Global Understanding,Ta

23、sk 2,Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text (P11),Key: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,B,C,A,A,D,A,C,D,B,D,Reading Focus Detailed Information,Critical Thinking,Reading Focus,Work together with your partner to answer the following questions based on the text youve just r

24、ead.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,1. The writer claims in the first paragraph that, “many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.” In which sense does she mean by saying “to change for the better”, physically or mentally? 2. In the second paragraph

25、, the writer believes in “a built-in capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.” Do you agree with her? Provide examples to elaborate your opinion. 3. Do you agree with the statement “What doesnt kill you actually makes you stronger”? Why or why not?,Discuss in groups the following

26、 questions. 1. Have you had the experience of going through a very difficult situation and coming out as a better person? Or do you know someone who has experienced this? 2. Unlike those who are so unfortunate to have been struck by diseases or who have been forced to go through extreme difficulties

27、 in life, some people choose to voluntarily take adventures or challenges, like extreme sports, to push themselves to limits. Why do these people do so and what can they obtain from these experiences?,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,1. Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, pl

28、ane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. (para.1),Reading Focus Language Point,hurricane: a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water 颶風(fēng) e.g. A drenching rain poured down and the rising hurricane drove it in sheets along the ground. similar terms: typhoon/ monsoon季風(fēng)/ tra

29、de wind 信風(fēng),vicious: violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically惡毒的 e.g. a vicious murder a vicious killer 2) very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someones feelings or make their character seem bad, 有惡意的 e.g. She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice. similar words: malic

30、ious, evil, violent, savage殘暴成性的, cruel, ferocious殘忍的, fierce兇猛的,Reading Focus Language Point,2. There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. (para.2),Reading Focus Language Point,flourish: develop well and be successful e.g. The economy is booming

31、and small businesses are flourishing. thrive: e.g. Children thrive when given plenty of love and attention.,3. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: (Para. 3) fledgling: a fledgling state or organization has only recently been formed and is still developin

32、g e.g. Nursed the fledgling business through an economic downturn.,Reading Focus Language Point,4. Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness.(para.4),Reading Focus Language Point,paradoxes: a person, thing or situation that has two opposite features and therefor

33、e seems strange e.g. He was a paradox-a loner獨來獨往的任 who loved to chat to strangers. The paradox is that fishermen would catch more fish if they fished less.,5. But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, (papa.11),Reading Focus Language Point,transform: to completely change the appea

34、rance, form, or character of something or someone, especially in a way that improves ite.g. The movie transformed her almost overnight from an unknown schoolgirl into a megastar超級巨星. After three weeks we noticed a total transformation in his behavior.,6. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability

35、is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. (para.12),Reading Focus Language Point,翻譯：在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時處于我們與我們對世界的種種看法之間的自我保護(hù)的精神盔甲被剝離了。,Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8-,Task 1 Read the words and their explanations

36、in the box. Choose a word to complete each of the sentences below and explain its meaning. Change the form if necessary.(P14),provinces b.,woke a.,haunt b.,trouble a.,weathers d.,wake b.,coined c.,trouble b.,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,Key 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17-18- 19-20-,weather

37、c.,province c.,coin a.,value a.,haunts a.,has promised a.,trouble c.,coin b.,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,promise d.,values c.,refrain b.,valued e.,Task 2,The _ atmosphere of the inn allows guests to feel totally at home. 2. Technological advances might _ lead to even more job losses.,Fill in

38、each of the blanks with an appropriate phrase from the box. Change the form if necessary. (P15),tranquil,ultimately,adversity ordeal anticipate drastic suicidal preoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquil deprivation aspire aftermath cancel out ultimately,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,3. In

39、the _ of the shootings, there were calls for tighter controls on gun ownership. 4. Her kindness and generosity _ her occasional flashes of temper. 5. He was beginning to wonder if he would survive the _ . 6. Foreign food aid has led to a _ reduction in the numbers of people dying of starvation.,afte

40、rmath,cancel out,ordeal,drastic,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,adversity ordeal anticipate drastic suicidal preoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquil deprivation aspire aftermath cancel out ultimately,7. Perhaps her most important _ was her program of educational reform. 8. There were food

41、shortages and other _ during the Civil War. 9. The new economic policies could prove _ for the party. 10. The building will be completed around six months earlier than _ .,legacy,deprivations,suicidal,anticipated,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,adversity ordeal anticipate drastic suicidal preoccu

42、py legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquil deprivation aspire aftermath cancel out ultimately,11. The experience was enough to keep him _ for some time. 12. The road to happiness is paved with _ . 13. She _ to nothing no less than the chairmanship of the company. 14. He might be influenced by _ for the

43、 surroundings of his happy youth. 15. In _ , I wish that I had thought about alternative courses of action.,preoccupied,adversities,aspires,nostalgia,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,adversity ordeal anticipate drastic suicidal preoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquil deprivation aspire afte

44、rmath cancel out ultimately,retrospect,Task 3,Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets into English. Try to use the expressions you have learned from the text. (p.17),1. Watching your baby being born is _ (極其令人興奮的經(jīng)歷). 2. There is _ (內(nèi)置儲藏空間) in all bedrooms. 3. This han

45、dout focuses on _ (自我保護(hù)措施) under difficult climatic conditions.,a mind-blowing experience,built-in storage space,self-protection measures,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,4. Im sure we could offer you some _ (短期的工作). 5. So, how is it that we all, or at least many of us, have such a _ (歪曲的、否定的自我觀念)

46、? 6. Helen Hunt stars as a character undergoing _ (改變了生活的事件) in Then She Found Me. 7. She has written a book that is beautiful because of the honesty and the raw emotion that is portrayed in_ (無所不包的細(xì)節(jié)). 8. Having a decent job contributes to _ (一個好的自我形象).,short-term employment,distorted and negative

47、self-perception,life-changing events,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,all-encompassing details,a good self-image,Practical Translation,語篇（discourse）是在交際功能上相對完整和獨立的一個語言片斷。為了進(jìn)行有效的交際活動，語篇應(yīng)銜接（cohesion）得當(dāng)，連貫性（coherence）好。銜接手段（cohesive device）是一種謀篇手段，是生成語篇的重要條件之一，也是譯者在翻譯過程中首先要考慮的問題，因為它直接關(guān)系到譯文的質(zhì)量。銜接自然的譯文

48、讀起來通順、流暢、連貫；缺乏銜接或銜接不當(dāng)?shù)淖g文晦澀難懂，影響閱讀，也影響交際功能的實現(xiàn)。,語篇層次的翻譯銜接,從語篇層面上說，英漢兩種語言在形合（hypotaxis）和意合（parataxis）方面的差異。 由于英漢兩種語言邏輯思維的不同，英語重“形合”，句子內(nèi)部的連接或句子間的連接采用顯性的語言手段來實現(xiàn)，主要是通過各種語法手段和詞匯手段，以表示其結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系。因此，英語中長句多。漢語重“意合”，句中各成分之間或句子之間的結(jié)合少用甚至不用形式銜接手段，主要靠句子內(nèi)部的隱性邏輯聯(lián)系，注重邏輯事理的順序以及意義和主旨上的銜接和連貫。因此，漢語中短句多，短句間的邏輯關(guān)系靠意義來表達(dá)，語法處于次

49、要地位。在翻譯過程中，要牢記英漢兩種語言在形合和意合 上的差別，注意形合和意合之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 和調(diào)整。,I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity an atmosphere which had no affinity with the air of heaven, but which had re

50、eked up from the decayed trees, and the grey wall, and the silent tarna pestilent and mystic vapor, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. (Edgar Allan Poe: “The Fall of the House of Usher”) 譯文： 我如此沉湎于自己的想象，以至于我實實在在地認(rèn)為那宅院及其周圍懸浮著一種它們所特有的空氣。那種空氣并非生發(fā)于天地自然，而是生發(fā)于那些枯樹殘枝、灰墻暗壁，生發(fā)于那一汪死氣沉沉的湖水。那

51、是一種神秘而致命的霧靄，陰晦，凝滯，朦朧，沉濁如鉛。（曹明倫譯）,解析： 這個例句選自美國作家愛倫 坡的小說名篇厄舍府之倒塌。整段話其實只有一個完整的句子，共70 個字，它不僅通過多個消極、晦澀、陰暗的形容詞，如：decayed, grey, silent, pestilent, mystic, dull, sluggish, leaden-hued 來營造一種凄涼、蕭瑟的自然氛圍和壓抑、沉悶的心理氣氛，而且通過一個典型“形合”的長句來烘托這種乏味、陰晦的自然氛圍和心理氣氛。這個“形合”長句主要采用各種語法手段（如并列句、狀語從句、同位語從句、定語從句）以及詞匯手段（如詞匯atmosphere

52、 的重復(fù)）等來表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，并進(jìn)行有機(jī)的銜接。在翻譯過程中，原語中“顯性的語法和詞匯手段”不能完全照搬到目標(biāo)語中，也就是說，不能用帶有各種成分的長句來處理這個句子，否則整個漢語句子就會顯得拖沓、冗長。因此在正確理解原文內(nèi)容、弄清原文內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，用三個分句來處理這個長句。分句之間雖然也運用了一定的詞匯和語法手段，如重復(fù)“空氣”一詞和運用并列結(jié)構(gòu)“生發(fā)于，生發(fā)于”，分句之間的銜接主要還是靠意義和邏輯關(guān)系的連接，先是講我想象的內(nèi)容，然后講想象內(nèi)容“空氣”和周圍環(huán)境的關(guān)系，最后講這種空氣的實質(zhì)。三個分句環(huán)環(huán)相扣，層層展開，如果缺少了分句中意義和邏輯關(guān)系的銜接，整個句子就無法成為一個有機(jī)而連貫的

53、漢語句子。,2) She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a night when you waken to see the time and see the clock telling you the hour and the minute and the second, with a white silence and a glowing, all certainty and knowing what it has to tell

54、 of the night passing swiftly on toward further darkness but moving also toward a new sun. (Ray Douglas Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451) 譯文：（ 她的）容貌那么清秀，就像半夜里醒來時在黑暗中隱約可見的小小的鐘面，報告時刻的鐘面。它皎潔而安靜，深知時間在飛馳，深信黑暗雖然越來越深沉，卻也越來越接近新生的太陽。（苗懷新譯）,解析： 這個例句選自美國作家布拉德伯利的著名的反烏托邦小說華氏451 度。整段話共80 個字，是一個完整而典型的“形合”句，主要是采用各種語法手段（如被動

55、句、定語從句、賓語從句、并列句）以及運用修辭手法來進(jìn)行有機(jī)的銜接，使原文一氣呵成。在翻譯過程中，在正確理解原文內(nèi)容、理清原文內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)，原語中“顯性的語法和詞匯手段”，除了兩組重復(fù)的詞（“鐘面”、“深知”和“深信”）以及前后指代（“鐘面”和“它”）外，大部分都被隱去，取而代之的是漢語中意義和邏輯上的銜接和連貫。譯文充分利用漢語的短句形式，按照原文的邏輯順序，把整個句子切分成兩個單句、七個部分。每個部分間層層相連，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，讀起來有讀原文那種一氣呵成的感覺。如果脫離了漢語句子間意義和邏輯的銜接，整個句子將支離破碎、讀起來拗口、別扭。,1. Ive been spared a lot, one of

56、 the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically prospering, the sort whose secrets are asked, like the hundred-year-old man. 2. And so Franklin Roosevelt found that he had, in effect, to recruit an entirely new and temporary government to be piled on top of the old one, the new government t