《新編英語語法教程》PPT課件

1、新編英語語法教程,Lecture 30Coordination了,A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in a form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators.,In ordinary expository prose, parallelism can be regarded as a type of c

2、oordination, linking elements that are already logically connected. Thus an adjective is paralleled to another, a noun to a noun or a verb to a verb.,E.g. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. (- Winston Churchill) Saying good-bye to the world she knows and loves, Paris heads wes

3、t, to San Francisco, and discovers being single in a world full of men who are too young, too old, too married, or too good to be true.,Comma Faults: Comma faults result from using only a comma to connect two main clauses.(in place of a period , a semicolon, a colon, or a dash.) To avoid comma fault

4、s, you can either insert a proper punctuation( a semicolon, a colon) or join the sentences with a conjuction.,Faulty: You dont speak fluently, you should practise more. Revised: 1,.;. 2, .so. 3,. . .,Run-on Sentences: Run-on sentences are sentences which run together with neither proper punctuation

5、nor proper conjunction.,E.g. Run-on: She put on her bathing cap then she plunged into the water. Revised: . . Then.,You can fool all of the people some of the time . You can fool some of the people all of the time. You cant fool all of the people all of the time.,You can fool all of the people some

6、of the time and some of the people all of the time, but you cant fool all of the people all of the time. - Abraham Lincoln,Coordinating devices,1, Punctuation marks a, The comma .If we want to make the series more rapid so as to create a suggestion of urgency and excitement, we can use commas all th

7、rough the series, eliminating the coordinator. b, The colon coordinates by amplification, with conjunct like accordingly, furthermore, however, nevertheless, therefore, hence , etc. c, The semicolon coordinates by contrast.,2, Coordinators,1) And-group: and, bothand, not onlybut (also), notnor, neit

8、hernor, etc. To make the series move slowly and seem lengthy and drawn-out, we repeat the coordinator all through the series, eliminating the commas. In addition to semantic extension, and can denote other meanings, such as temporal sequence, result, condition, contrast, and it can also function as

9、an attitudinal disjunct. (p.548) E.g. Customer: Can you give me a room and a bath? Hotel clerk: I can give you a room, but you have to take your own bath, sir. Grammatical constructions like “nice and, good and, go and,” seem to be, but actually are not , coordinate constructions: He is good and hun

10、gry. (very, extremely.) Youre all nice and hardworking. Keep it sweet and short.,卜,And前的修飾后面的，表示程度,限于少數(shù)表性質(zhì)和程度的形容詞和副詞。最典型的是 nice and good.還有： Fine, rare, sweet, bright, big, clear, lovely, pure, well 等： Its rare and hot inside. She is big and busy. I shall go into business bright and early in the mor

11、ning. I didnt like the speech, but at least it was nice and short.,這種結(jié)構(gòu)第二個(gè)形容詞在名詞前作定時(shí),and往往可以省略 I prefer good black coffee. 濃濃的咖啡。 You scold me so much in the nice long letter. 長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的信。 And 連接兩個(gè)相同名詞表“不同類型”的概念，且常有“有好的，也有壞的”的含義： There are teachers and teachers. You can find doctors and doctors. There are

12、translations and translations. There are women and women.,但如重復(fù)兩次，則表“眾多”: We saw dogs and dogs and dogs all over the place. 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句關(guān)系如不很緊密，并列連詞可引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)一個(gè)句子： Youre alive! And shes dead. Im sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office?,口語中，and 與 be 或 go 的完成體搭配表示說話人對(duì)另一人所做某蠢事感到

13、惱怒或埋怨： That idiot Antonio has gone and locked our door. 這個(gè)笨蛋，竟把我們的門鎖了。 Youve gone and waked him. Hes so tired. 你怎么把他弄醒了！他可累壞了。 Youve been and bought such a pair of shoes. 你怎么買了這么一雙鞋！ Whos been and taken my dictionary? 真討厭，誰拿了我的字典？,And that (而且) 用來補(bǔ)充說明前面的內(nèi)容以加強(qiáng)語氣。其中 that 代替上文中某個(gè)詞、短語或句子，以避免重復(fù)。有時(shí)只用and:

14、Return to your work, and that at once. 回去干活，馬上去！ He will come, and that soon. 而且馬上就來。,表示并列成分都被否定時(shí)，在 not , nothing , without , never 等后宜用 or, 不用 and, 因?yàn)?and 連接的并列成分在否定詞后有歧義： He doesnt have long hair or wear jeans.= He and he doesnt wear. He doesnt have long hair and wear jeans. = 1) 同上。 2) Either he

15、doesnt have long hair OR he doesnt wear jeans.要么要么 She cant sing or dance.=Sheand she. She .and.=1). 2) Either she cant sing or she cant dance.,And 連接的分句表主從意義。第一分句是第二分句的條件或時(shí)間： Go by train and youll get there quicker. = If you go One more effort, and youll succeed. = If you make One more boot, and Il

16、l have a pair. 如并列分句均為祈使句，第一句仍可表?xiàng)l件，第二句表結(jié)果： Surrender and live; resist and die. = If you surrender, youll live; Dont drink and drive. = If you dont drink, you can drive. Or: If you drink, you cant drive. 不許酒后開車。 C.f. Dont drink or drive.= Dont drink and dont drive.,有時(shí)用 and 表示部分否定，即否定其中一個(gè)，通常是否定后者： He

17、is not a and a writer.月 他是教師，不是作家。 He didnt speak clearly and correctly. 他講得清楚，但不正確。,Or-group coordinators: or, eitheror 在否定句中，一般用 or 不用 and 連接同等成分。Or 一般不表示所擇關(guān)系： He has no money or food. = He has neither money nor food. I didnt find him clever or good-looking. = I found him neither clever nor. A she

18、ep was not moving about or eating grass like the others. 有一只羊的行動(dòng)和(？或)吃草的樣子跟別的羊不一樣。 Spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongs. 蜘蛛從不危害我們，也(？或)不危害我們的財(cái)物。,But-group coordinators: But, notbut, while, whereas, yet, only etc, denoting contrast or a turn in meaning. Early as it was, but a lot of p

19、eople were waiting to buy new stamps in front of the post office. But 錯(cuò)。并列連詞不可用于as, though, although引導(dǎo)的從屬句中。 My name is Robert, _ most of my friends call me Bob for short. A, then B, instead C, however D, but 選 D, C 是連接副詞，在連接分句時(shí)，前面用“;”或前后用“,”，but 后一般不用逗號(hào)。,I never see her but I want to kiss her. 錯(cuò)：我從

20、未但我想 正：我沒有一次見到她而不想 I never think of summer but I think of my childhood. I never see the picture but I think of my college years. 上列各句中 but 是 but that 的省略式。它引出的從句帶有結(jié)果含義，主句總是否定，并含有never, too, so, such 等詞。換言之，當(dāng) 主句是否定時(shí)，but 作”without”解，譯為“一就”,“如果不就不會(huì)”,“除外，就不”又如： No man is too old _ he can learn. A, that

21、B, as C, when D, but D.人不管多老，都可以學(xué)習(xí)。 I am not such a fool but that I understand you. 我不至于蠢到連你都不了解。 It never rains but it pours. 直譯：除了傾盆下外，就總不下雨。/每次下都是傾盆而下。/ 一下雨就是傾盆大雨。 可譯為：不雨則己，一雨傾盆。,There is _ would be surprised at the news. A, no man but who B, no man but C, no man D, not any man B. 上句的 but 是關(guān)系代詞，相

22、當(dāng)于 thatnot, whonot.在從句中充當(dāng)主語。這種從句除 but 外不會(huì)再有其它主語。又如： Theres no one but knows that. 沒有人不知道這件事。 Theres no one of us but wishes to help you. 我們中沒有一個(gè)人不愿意幫助你。 There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不敬佩他的才華。 There is no rule but has exceptions. 沒有無例外的規(guī)則。/凡規(guī)則都有例外。 It is one of those true sayings tha

23、t there is no one_errs. A, that B, who C, what D, but There was not a single person there but who thought you were in the right. ？ With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated problems _ can be solved. A, that B, as C, but D, which,1), He was anything but a hero. 2), Th

24、ere is anything but easy. 基本用法和意義相同，都強(qiáng)調(diào)“某人或某事絕非”，但 1) 后跟名詞或代詞時(shí)可有兩種譯法：”除外什么都是/行/可以;絕不,根本不，一點(diǎn)兒也不” 。 2) 后跟形容詞時(shí)則只譯 “絕不，根本不”。例： My doctor wont let me drink anything but champagne. 只讓我喝“除外，不讓” The little bridge is anything but safe. 一點(diǎn)也不安全。 He is anything but polite. 他沒有一點(diǎn)禮貌。 He is anything but a fool. 他絕

25、不是傻瓜。 (比較：He is nothing but a fool.他只不過是/僅僅是個(gè)傻瓜。/ 除.外什么也沒有。He is all but a fool. 幾乎是) It is not “terrible” at all. It is _ “terrible” A, but for B, all but C, nothing but D, anything but But for 引出的介詞短語相當(dāng)一個(gè)非真實(shí)條件句，謂語詞要用虛擬： But for John they would all have died. But for 表例外(除之外)意義與用法近似 except for, 但不及

26、它普通。 一,Quasi- coordination 準(zhǔn)并列 1.連接主語 along with, together with, as much as, as well as, and: Ann, as much as her brothers, was to blame. The ocean, as well as the gulf, provides good fishing. The ambassador, and perhaps his wife too, is likely to be present. Catty, and nobody else, is able to do th

27、e job. 2.連接主語以外的成份： As well as (并列連詞或介詞) As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.(介) She is clever as well as beautiful. A as well as B 側(cè)重點(diǎn)常在A (not only A but also B側(cè)重點(diǎn)在B)。A往往當(dāng)作新信息加以強(qiáng)調(diào)。一般譯為 “不僅 B,而且 A; 既 B 又 A; A 和 B一樣也; 除 B 外還有 A”: Im a Chinese, but I have foreign friends as well as Chinese fr

28、iends. (如對(duì)調(diào)則強(qiáng)調(diào)不對(duì)),Notice that a force has direction as well as magnitude. 要注意,力不但有大小,而且有方向。 Electric energy can be changed into light energy as well as into sound energy. 電能既可變?yōu)槁暷?又可變?yōu)楣饽堋?Hoover wanted men who could handle a teacup as well as a Tommy-gun. 胡佛需要既會(huì)使用自動(dòng)步槍又懂社交禮儀的人。 跟 and, or 一樣,連接的成分要對(duì)等：

29、 Thomas was a real friend, for he advised me as well as help(ing ) me with my Arabic. ？,在現(xiàn)代英語里, as well as 有時(shí)也表達(dá)A和B同等重要，相當(dāng)于 and, and also: You helped him as well as me.=both 可見,這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)究竟在語意上強(qiáng)調(diào)A還是表示A,B同等重要,需對(duì)上下文進(jìn)行具體分析才能確定。 As well as 還可作比較結(jié)構(gòu),意為“跟.一樣好”： He speaks English as well as his teacher. I like Jo

30、e as well as Jack. 可有三解： 1) 我跟Jack一樣地喜歡Joe. 關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞, as Jack (likes). 2) 我喜歡Joe,同樣喜歡Jack. 從屬連詞, as 從句省略 I like. 3) 我不僅喜歡Jack,也喜歡Joe. 準(zhǔn)并列連詞。,Rather than (從屬連詞、介詞、或并列連詞), 相當(dāng)于 and not 或 instead of: She telephoned rather than write從屬 /writing介詞 /wrote并列. 用作從屬連詞或介詞時(shí)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)，其前可帶逗號(hào): We ought to check up, rath

31、er than just accept/ accepting what he says. If not 和 not to say(=if one may not say)與只能引導(dǎo)名詞詞組的 not to mention /not to speak of /to say nothing of 意義不同: It would be foolish, if not / not to say mad, to sell your car. He has experience, to say nothing of / not to mention scholarship. He can speak Ger

32、man and French, not to speak of / to say nothing of English.,Still less(=much less), still more(=much more)： I dont like him, still less respect him. He can do it well, still more you. More x than y = x rather than y: I was more angry than frightened. He is more dead than alive. (=He is dead rather

33、than alive.),Not so much X as Y = more Y than X = Y rather than X : I dont much dislike him as hate him. He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. Its not so much that I dont want to come as (that)/ but (that) I just havent got the time.,插入并列和追加并列 Margaret, and Dorothy, too, dances very beautifully. Margaret dances very beautifully, and Dorothy, too. John writes extremely well, and Sally, too. John and Sally, too writes extremely. He is, or was at any rate, a major composer. He is a major composer, or was at any rate. She can, and probably will, beat the worl