如何做科學(xué)研究(英文~~)

1、how to do high quality research,zheng-hong qin, phd department of pharmacology soochow university school of pharmacy,why do research?,to explore an unknown to bridge gaps between existing knowledge to revise existing theories,why do research,forfilment of graduation requirment at least one published

2、 research paper a way to demonstrate your critical thinking, skills and responsibility,where to start,discuss with supervisor about ongoing projects in his/her lab a project suitable for thesis work: an extention of previous works expand a new direction of research can be finished in 3-4 years,where

3、 to start?,read literatures as much as possible identify questions construct hypothesis conduct a pilot experiment write a proposal,beginning with reading,getting a research idea by reading papers ask while reading can i extend this concept to my studies? can i use these methods in my studies? can i

4、 extend the methods by assessing something not assessed in the original paper, or increasing quality of assessment? can i improve and extend this study using different strategy?,keep in your mind of these words:,how what when who which why where?,formulating your research idea,getting your own ideas

5、 develop many ideas simultaneously. dont focus prematurely on a single idea write down every idea that you get, good or bad. identify a project which will be realistic, given the resources available to you,consider these when you formulate research idea:,is interesting to you, to your advisor, and t

6、o the research community. is original (you must be aware of ongoing research in your field). will address an important scientific issue. can be finished quickly, its usually best to pick a narrow, well defined topic.,defining the question,the question must be specific. ask yourself: what do i want t

7、o know? what is the purpose of asking this question? what will the answer tell me? can this question be answered through research? what do i expect to find once ive conducted my research?,developing the hypothesis,a hypothesis is an assertion subject to verification, testing or proof. a hypothesis s

8、hould state precisely what will be tested. formulating a hypothesis will help you design your experiment so that youll know what to measure or what data will be needed.,construct a hypothesis:,a hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work:if _i do this _, then _this_ will happen. you must

9、state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily measure, and of course, your hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question.,one sided vs two sided hypotheses,if you expect that a change in either direction is possible and that changes in either direction are

10、interesting, then you should use a two sided hypothesis. if changes in one direction are uninteresting and unpublishable, then use a one sided hypothesis. also if a change in the unexpected direction is equivalent in practice to no change, then use a one sided hypothesis.,stating a hypothesis,genera

11、lly, a hypothesis will have four major components: 1. the subject group 2. the treatment or exposure 3. the outcome measure 4. the control group,locating resources/gathering information a doctoral thesis necessarily requires a more difficult problem to be solved, and consequently more substantial co

12、ntributions. the contribution to knowledge of a masters thesis can be in the nature of an incremental improvement in an area of knowledge, or the application of known techniques in a new area. the ph.d. must be a substantial and innovative contribution to knowledge.,a model for conducting scientific

13、 research,1. defining the question 2. locating resources/gathering information 3. forming a hypothesis/hypotheses 4. planning research, collection methods 5. collecting data 6. organizing & analyzing data 7. interpreting data & drawing conclusions 8. communicating the results,幾個實驗設(shè)計的例子,caspase-8線粒體定位 先觀察到顆粒狀分布免疫組化 推測procaspase-8可能主要存在與線粒體。,關(guān)鍵實驗有兩部份： 1 證明 procaspase-8存在于線粒體內(nèi) 2 功能意義？,實驗方案,線粒體定位： 光鏡 電鏡 生化,線粒體釋放： 試管內(nèi) 在體,mitochondria localization of pro-caspase-8,mitochondria localization of pro-caspase-8