研究生英語 Unit 9.ppt

1、Unit 9 THE HOUSING CRISIS GOES SUBURBAN,英語四組,第一段,But the scarcity of affordable housing is a deepening national crisis, and not just for inner-city families on welfare. The problem has climbed the income ladder and moved to the suburbs, where service workers cram their families into overcrowded apar

2、tments, college graduates have to crash with their parents, and firefighters, police officers and teachers cant afford to live in the communities they serve.,翻譯,但經(jīng)適房稀缺性是一個不斷加深的民族危機，而不僅僅是依靠福利為生的城市家庭的危機。這個問題已經(jīng)波及到了高收入人群，并向郊區(qū)蔓延，在那里的服務(wù)工作人員們及其他們的家屬在擁擠的公寓里，大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不得不借宿在他們的父母家里，而消防隊員、警察和教師在他們所服務(wù)的社區(qū)也買不起房。,難詞解釋

3、, scarcity n. 缺乏，不足, 稀少，罕見 n. a small and inadequate amount 同近義詞 shortage , short of , deficiency , insufficient e.g. This is indispensable in a region like the Near East, where the scarcity of water prohibits further agricultural expansion. 對于近東這樣的區(qū)域來講，這是極為必要的，在這里，水的短缺限制了農(nóng)業(yè)的擴展。 .deepening n. 加深，延深；

4、向下侵蝕 v. 使深化；加深（deepen的現(xiàn)在分詞） n. a process of becoming deeper and more profound adj. accumulating and becoming more intense 同近義詞 saddening , downcutting e.g.There are some general ways to approach developing and deepening your skills.有一些常規(guī)的方法可用于發(fā)展和加深您的技能。,.crisis n. 危機；危險期；決定性時刻 adj. 危機的；用于處理危機的 n. an

5、 unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty a crucial stage or turning point in the course of something come unraveled or undone as if by snagging defining moment , critical stage e.g. Many companies have been sent under in the economic crisis. 在這次經(jīng)濟(jì)危機中，已有許多公司倒閉了。 . climbed the income ladder

6、 climb vi. 爬；攀登；上升 vt. 爬；攀登；上升 n. 爬；攀登 n. an upward slope or grade (as in a road) v.go upward with gradual or continuous progress 同近義詞 vi. 爬；攀登；上升arise , raise , scale vt. 爬；攀登；上升scale , come up n. 爬；攀登escalade e.g.1.He made a difficult climb. 他作了一次艱難的攀登,2.Watching him climb up the precipice, everyb

7、ody was breathless with anxiety. 看著他往懸崖上爬， 大家都捏一把汗 income ladder 高收入人群 e.g.Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder.我們絕大多數(shù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長都是由高收入人群取得的 ladder n. 階梯；途徑；梯狀物 vi. 成名；發(fā)跡 vt. 在上裝設(shè)梯子 n. steps consisting of two parallel members connected by rungs; for climbing

8、up or down v. come unraveled or undone as if by snagging 同近義詞 n. 階梯；途徑；梯狀物 mechanism , approach , pass vi. 成名；發(fā)跡 raise oneself , make his mark e.g. He loaned the ladder to his neighbour. 他把梯子借給了鄰居。,.to the suburbs 到郊區(qū) e.g.His family moved/removed to the suburbs. 他的一家搬到郊區(qū)去了 suburb n.附近；邊緣部分；市郊，近郊，郊區(qū)

9、n. a residential district located on the outskirts of a city 同近義詞 margin , banlieue e.g. He wanted to home in the suburb. 他想在郊區(qū)安個家。 .cram: v. 把塞入，把塞滿，把擠滿 v. to force something into a small space 同近義詞 stuff , be packed with e.g. Jessica crammed her clothes into the bag.,.overcrowded adj. 過度擁擠的 v. 擁擠（

10、overcrowd的過去分詞） v.cause to crowd together too much 同近義詞 crowded e.g.To David, this was not just one more bauble in an already overcrowded jewelry box. Rather, this was his love displayed on my arm for all the world to see. 對戴維來說，這個不僅僅是一個裝在擁擠的首飾盒中的小玩意，而是一個向世界宣布他對我的愛，戴在我手臂的愛 .crash: n. 撞碎；墜毀；破產(chǎn)；轟隆聲；睡覺

11、 vi. 摔碎；墜落；發(fā)出隆隆聲；(金融企業(yè)等)破產(chǎn) vt. 打碎；使墜毀、撞壞；擅自闖入；借宿 v. slang to stay at someones house for the night 同近義詞 借宿 stay overnight at sb elses place ; put up for the night e.g. I crashed for one night at my friends house when I was in Chicag,. afford to （有條件）做；能承擔(dān)；買得起某物；支付的起 同近義詞 come , doest e.g.Only then ca

12、n you figure out what you can afford to pay. 只有這樣你才能算出你能買得起什么樣的房子 afford vt. 給予，提供；買得起 be able to spare or give up 同近義詞 allow , deal , extend , deliver , tender e.g.At that time only, not every day, if you can afford it. 只有在那個時刻，而非每天都如此，而且是在你能力所及之處。,第二段,Home ownership is near an all-time high, but t

13、he gap is growing between the Owns and the Own-Nots as well as the Owns and the Own-80-Miles-From-Work. One-third of Americans now spend at least 30% of their income on housing, the federal definition of an unaffordable burden, and half the working poor spend at least 50% of their income on rent, a

14、critical burden. The real estate boom of the past decade has produced windfalls for Americans who owned before it began, but affordable housing is now a serious problem for more low- and moderate-income Americans than taxes, Social Security or gas prices.,翻譯,住房擁有率接近歷史最高位，但有房戶和無房戶之間的差距越來越大，有房戶和房子離工作單

15、位80英里遠(yuǎn)的有房戶之間的差距也越來越大?，F(xiàn)在，13的美國人花費至少30的收入用于住房，聯(lián)邦政府將這種情況定義為“無力支付”的負(fù)擔(dān)，而有一半的窮打工仔花費至少50的收入用于租房，這種情況被稱為“極其嚴(yán)重”的負(fù)擔(dān)。在過去10年里，房地產(chǎn)迅猛發(fā)展，這使得在此之前就已經(jīng)購置房產(chǎn)的美國人發(fā)了筆橫財，但現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)房對中、低收入的美國人來說，是一個比稅收、社會保險、汽油價格更為嚴(yán)重的問題。,第三段,Roosevelt signed housing legislation in 1934 and 1937, providing mortgages, government apartments and cons

16、truction jobs for workers down on their luck. For half a century, most housing debates in Washington revolved around how much to expand federal assistance. mortgages vt. 抵押貸款，按揭 n. 抵押，房屋抵押貸款 n. a conditional conveyance of property as security for the repayment of a loan v. put up as security or coll

17、ateral 同近義詞 v. hold in pledge , hypothecate n. hypothecation , pledge e.g. The bank refused to accept any mortgage on land. 銀行拒絕接受任何土地抵押., down on their luck (be down on ones luck) (因不走運而)窮困潦倒 to have no money because one has had a lot of bad luck over a period of time e.g. 1.When someone is down on

18、 their luck, good friends will be sympathetic. 2.George has certainly been down on his luck recently: first his wife fell ill; then he lost his job. revolved around sth. 圍繞轉(zhuǎn)動；以為中心 to have something as a main subject or purpose e.g. 1.The arguement revolved around costs. 2.For working mothers,the cri

19、tical ponit in the conflict will revolved around giving up work., expand vt. 擴張；使膨脹；詳述 vi. 發(fā)展；張開，展開 v. extend in one or more directions 同近義詞 vt. 擴張；使膨脹；詳述 dwell on , enlarge on vi. 發(fā)展；張開，展開 grow , go way e.g. We must build on our reputation to expand the business. 我們必須以信譽為基礎(chǔ)擴大業(yè)務(wù) assistance n. 援助，幫助；

20、輔助設(shè)備 the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose 同近義詞 aid , hand , help , boost e.g. You should never deny assistance to those who need it. 你不應(yīng)當(dāng)拒絕幫助那些需要你幫助的人。,第四段,But for the past two decades, the only new federal housing initiative has been HOPE

21、VI5, a Clinton administration program that has demolished 80,000 units of the worst public housing and built mixed-income developments in their place. The program has eliminated most of the high-rise hellholes that gave public housing a bad name and has revived some urban neighborhoods. But it has r

22、azed more subsidized apartments than it has replaced.,翻譯,Para,The program has eliminated most of the high-rise hellholes that gave public housing a bad name and has revived some urban neighborhoods. But it has razed more subsidized apartments than it has replaced. eliminated vt. 消除，排除，根除 to complete

23、ly get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 同近義詞 avoid , exclude e.g. If you eliminate all the Items, then there is nothing to clone and thus nothing to insert. 如果您消除了所有項目，那么就沒有節(jié)點可供克隆因而也就無法執(zhí)行插入 high-rise hellholes 高度危險的房子 high-rise adj. 高樓的；超高層的 n. 高樓；大廈 n. tower consisting of a multisto

24、ried building of offices or apartments adj. used of buildings of many stories equipped with elevators; 同近義詞 tower , block e.g.But high-rise buildings are not all that Pudong has. 但是，高樓大廈并非浦東的全部。,hellholes n.地獄般的地方，環(huán)境極其惡劣的地方 n. a very dirty,ugly and unpleasant place 同近義詞 hell, hell on earth, hellhole

25、, inferno, snake pit, the pits Areas of drug dealing are hellholes of addiction, poverty and murder. 販賣毒品的地區(qū)往往是吸毒上癮、貧困和發(fā)生謀殺的地方。 givea bad name 使聲名狼藉，給一個壞名聲 a bad name 壞名聲 同近義詞 disrepute , bad reputation urban neighborhoods 城市社區(qū)，城市鄰里，城市街區(qū) 同近義詞 urban community Their families lived in the same urban ne

26、ighborhood. The parents were largely civil servants, professionals and merchants. 這些孩子的家庭生活在同一個城市街區(qū)，父母大部分是公務(wù)員、專業(yè)人士和商人。, raze v. 把（城鎮(zhèn)、建筑物）夷為平地 v. to completely destroy a town or building 同近義詞 destroy , eliminate , avoid e.g. 1.Much of Nanjing was razed by Japanese invaders in 1937. 2. The old buildin

27、gs were razed to make way for a new development. subsidized vt.給與補助，資助，向行賄 v.to pay part of cost 同近義詞 fund , stake e.g. Thats why you see governments trying to subsidize manufacturers or the consumer. 這就是為什么你會看到政府在試圖補貼廠家或是消費者。 replace vt. 取代，代替；替換，更換；歸還，償還；把放回原處 vt. put in the place of another; swit

28、ch seemingly equivalent items 同近義詞 restore , return , shift , tender e.g. However, this will replace all of your work in this project, so backup anything you want to keep. 不過，這將替換您在此項目中的所有工作，所以，請備份您需要保存的任何內(nèi)容。,第五段,Overall, the number of households receiving federal aid has flatlined since the early 1

29、990s, despite an expanding population and a ballooning budget. Congress has rejected most of President Bushs proposed cuts, but there has been virtually no discussion of increases; affordable-housing advocates spend most of their time fighting to preserve the status quo.,翻譯,總的來說，自90年代初以來，接受聯(lián)邦援助的家庭數(shù)已

30、經(jīng)降到最低，盡管人口不斷增加、預(yù)算不斷膨脹。美國國會已經(jīng)拒絕了美國總統(tǒng)布什提出的大部分的削減計劃，但實際上幾乎沒有討論過增加計劃；廉價房的倡導(dǎo)者花費的大部分時間都被用于努力爭取保持現(xiàn)狀。,Para, overall adj. 全部的；全體的；一切在內(nèi)的 adv. 全部地；總的說來 n. 工裝褲；罩衫 adj. involving only main features n. a loose protective coverall or smock worn over ordinary clothing for dirty work 同近義詞 adj. 全部的；全體的；一切在內(nèi)的entire ,

31、all , corporate , total , universal adv. 全部地；總的說來 outright， on the whole，in general ; to sum up ; in short ; in summary ; broadly speaking n. 工裝褲；罩衫 jeans , jea aid n. 援助；幫助；助手；幫助者 vt. 援助；幫助；有助于vi. 幫助 n. the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

32、 v. give help or assistance; be of service 同近義詞 n. 援助；幫助；助手；幫助者 assistance , friend , hand , help , boost vt. 援助；幫助；有助于facilitate , bolster up vi. 幫助 lend a hand , to help, flatline v. 降到很低水平 v. to fall to a very low level 同近義詞 to a very low level e.g. 1.The Republicans have been flatlining in the p

33、olls. 2.The population growth in this town has been flatlining in the past five years. despite prep. 盡管，不管 n. 輕視；憎恨；侮辱 同近義詞 prep. 盡管，不管 in spite of , for all that n. 輕視；憎恨；侮辱 hate , hatred , contempt e.g. I failed the test despite studying all night. 盡管整夜學(xué)習(xí)，我還是考試不及格。 expanding adj. 擴大的；擴展的 v. 擴大，擴展（

34、expand的現(xiàn)在分詞形式）；使膨脹，詳述 adj. 機擴大的；擴展的extended , ampliative v. 擴大，擴展（expand的現(xiàn)在分詞形式）；使膨脹，詳述 extending , widening, ballooning budget n.地獄般的地方，環(huán)境極其惡劣的地方 ballooning n. 充氣，鼓脹；氣球操縱 n. flying in a balloon 同近義詞 topping-up , aeration e.g. Ballooning a shared page is a mistake because it deprives the guest of re

35、sources without actually saving any memory. 膨脹已占用的頁面是一個錯誤，因為它剝奪了客戶資源而未實際節(jié)省內(nèi)存 budget n. 預(yù)算，預(yù)算費 vt. 安排，預(yù)定；把編入預(yù)算 vi. 編預(yù)算，做預(yù)算 adj. 廉價的 n. a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose v. make a budge 同近義詞 n. 財政預(yù)算，預(yù)算費 spend vt. 安排，預(yù)定；把編入預(yù)算 place in , engage , settle adj. 廉價的 low-cost , penny-a-line,

36、reject vt. 拒絕；排斥；抵制；丟棄 n. 被棄之物或人；次品 n. the person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality v.refuse to accept or acknowledge 同近義詞 vt. 拒絕；排斥；抵制；丟棄 refuse , negative n. 被棄之物或人；次品 inferior , degraded product e.g. I reject these choices. 我拒絕這些選擇。 proposed cuts n. 削減建議 propose vt. 建議

37、；打算，計劃；求婚 vi. 建議；求婚；打算 同近義詞 vt. 建議；打算，計劃；求婚 schedule , design , map , think , purpose vi. 建議；求婚；打算 aim , offer cut n. 傷口；切口；削減；（服裝等的）式樣；削球；切入vt. 機 切割；削減；縮短；刺痛 vi. 機 切割；相交；切牌；停拍；不出席 adj. 割下的；雕過的；縮減的 同近義詞 vt. 削減；機切割；縮短；刺痛shorten , bite vi. 機切割；相交；切牌；停拍；不出席 intersect n. 削減；傷口；切口；（服裝等的）式樣；削球 wound , inc

38、ision adj. 縮減的；割下的；雕過的 reduced , scrimpy, virtually 實際上，事實上 adv. almost or practically 同近義詞 actually , really , almost , nearly , most e.g. This word has virtually dropped out of usage today. 這個詞實際上現(xiàn)在已不再使用了。 advocate vt. 提倡，主張，擁護(hù) n. 提倡者；支持者；律師 同近義詞 vt. 提倡，主張，擁護(hù) maintain , submit n. 提倡者；支持者；律師 prophe

39、t , supporter e.g. I guess that makes me an advocate of death panels. 我想正是這使我成為“死亡項目”的支持者。 fighting to 努力爭取，為而斗爭 同近義詞 to strive for, preserve the status quo 保持現(xiàn)狀 preserve vt. 保存；保護(hù)；維持；腌；禁獵 n. 保護(hù)區(qū)；禁獵地；加工成的食品 同近義詞 vt. 保存；保護(hù)；維持；腌；禁獵 maintain , save , secure , corn , sustain n. 保護(hù)區(qū)；禁獵地；加工成的食品 conservati

40、on area , conservation district the status quo 現(xiàn)狀 n. remaining unchanged, the state of a situation as it is 同近義詞 current situation , actuality , existing circumstances,第六段,And its a tough status quo. tough status quo 艱難的現(xiàn)狀 tough adj. 艱苦的，困難的；堅強的，不屈不撓的；堅韌的，牢固的；強壯的，結(jié)實的 n. 惡棍 vt. 堅持；忍受，忍耐 adv. 強硬地，頑強地

41、同近義詞 adj. 艱苦的，困難的；堅強的，不屈不撓的；堅韌的，牢固的；強壯的，結(jié)實的difficult , strong , hard , rough , firm n. 惡棍 varlet , Highbinder vt. 堅持；忍受，忍耐stay , stomach , go , abide , resist adv. 強硬地，頑強地 doggedly , pertinaciously status quo 見第五段,第七段,Some liberals dream of extending subsidies to all eligible low-income families, bu

42、t that $100 billion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the budget deficit ballooned again. So even some housing advocates now support time limits on most federal rent aid. The time limits included in welfare reform 10 years ago were controversial, but studies suggest theyve helped motivate

43、recipients to get off the dole. And unlike welfare, housing aid is not a federal entitlement, so taking it away from one family after a few years would provide a break for an equally deserving family.,翻譯,Some liberals dream of extending subsidies to all eligible low-income families, but that $100 bi

44、llion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the budget deficit ballooned again.,Para, extending n. 擴展；伸長 v. 延伸；擴展（extend的ing形式） 同近義詞 n. 擴展；伸長elongation , stretching v. 延伸；擴展（extend的ing形式）expanding , elongating subsidies 補助金，補貼，津貼（subsidy的名詞復(fù)數(shù)） 同近義詞 pension , allowance e.g. If Copenhagen does n

45、ot reach agreement on it we will do it next year, either via a subsidy, levy or tax. 如果在哥本哈根沒有達(dá)成協(xié)議，我們明年就會自己來，不管是用補貼還是征稅的方法。 eligible adj. 合格的，合適的；符合條件的；有資格當(dāng)選的 n. 合格者；適任者；有資格者 同近義詞 adj. 合格的，合適的；符合條件的；有資格當(dāng)選的 qualified , applicable , becoming , shaped , likely n. 合格者；適任者；有資格者 acceptee e.g. He is an eli

46、gible young man. 他是一個合格的年輕人,Para,unrealistic adj. 不切實際的；不實在的 同近義詞 ideal , dream e.g. he best dreams are always unrealistic to the majority of people. 最精彩的夢想在多數(shù)人眼里總是不切實際的。 the budget deficit ballooned 預(yù)算赤字膨脹 budget 見第五段 deficit n. 赤字；不足額 同近義詞 red ink e.g. And so - but we do have to deal with the defi

47、cit. 所以說但是，我們的確必須解決赤字問題。 ballooned 見第五段,Para,controversial adj. 有爭議的；有爭論的 同近義詞 disputed , questioned e.g.They tried their best to run away from controversial issues. 他們盡力避開有爭議的問題。 motivate vt. 刺激；使有動機；激發(fā)的積極性 同近義詞 stimulate , fan , needle , activate e.g. You have first got to motivate the children an

48、d then to teach them. 你首先得激發(fā)孩子們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，然后再去教他們 recipients n. 容器，接受者；容納者 adj. 容易接受的，感受性強的 同近義詞 n. 包裝容器，通信接受者；容納者 container , vessel , receiver , pocket , bin adj. 容易接受的，感受性強的 acceptant , susceptive e.g.If you know when that is, tell your recipient. 如果你知道這個期限，告訴你的接收者。,Para,get off the dole 擺脫救濟(jì)金 get off

49、 擺脫，動身，從下來；脫下（衣服等） 同近義詞 make a start , set sail for dole 救濟(jì)金 n. unemployment benefit, welfare money given by the government in the US to people who are out of work 同近義詞 unemployment benefit , unemployment pension e.g. 1. How many people are on the dole? 2. I said the bankers should be the first to g

50、o on the dole during the financial downturn., entitlement n. 權(quán)利；津貼 同近義詞 rights , title , pension e.g.It is a moral entitlement for Hobbes, the source of human worth and dignity. 對霍布斯來說是一種道德權(quán)利，是人類價值和尊嚴(yán)的源泉。 provide a break 喘息 同近義詞 gasp ; pant ; whoop ; wheeze deserving adj. 值得的；應(yīng)得的；有功的 v. 值得；應(yīng)得到（deser

51、ve的現(xiàn)在分詞） 同近義詞 worthy , due , just e.g.No less deserving than we are now. 我們應(yīng)得的東西不該比現(xiàn)在少。,第八段,Its a no-brainer, says David Smith, an affordable-housing advocate in Boston. You cant sustain the internal contradiction of no limits.,翻譯,“這是顯而易見的事，”大衛(wèi)史密斯波士頓的一位廉價房的倡導(dǎo)者說，“你不能讓內(nèi)在矛盾無限地延續(xù)。”,Para, no-brainer n.顯而

52、易見的事，無需用腦的事；容易的事 同近義詞 obvious thing ; apparent thing e.g. It was a no-brainer to hire the guy and place him in a spot where he could really influence things. 雇傭這個家伙的時候根本不用考慮，給他一個能發(fā)揮影響力的職位，他就真的能讓人刮目相看。 advocate 見第五段 sustain the internal contradiction of no limits讓內(nèi)在矛盾無限地延續(xù) sustain vt. 維持；支撐，承擔(dān)；忍受；供養(yǎng)；

53、證實 同近義詞 maintain , undertake , support , accept , favor internal adj. 內(nèi)部的；內(nèi)在的；國內(nèi)的 同近義詞 inner , inherent , domestic , inside , home contradiction n. 矛盾；否認(rèn)；反駁 同近義詞 conflict , discrepancy,第九段,The root of the problem is the striking mismatch between the demand for and the supply of affordable housing or

54、, more accurately, affordable housing near jobs. Fifteen million families now spend at least half their income on housing, according to Harvards Joint_Center for Housing Studies: many skimp on health care, child care and food to do so. Others reduce their rents by overcrowding, which studies link to

55、 higher crime rates, poorer academic performance and poorer health; Los Angeles alone has 620.000 homes with more than one person per room. Other workers are enduring increasingly long commutes from less expensive communities, a phenomenon known as driving to qualify.,翻譯,Others reduce their rents by

56、 overcrowding, which studies link to higher crime rates, poorer academic performance and poorer health; Los Angeles alone has 620.000 homes with more than one person per room. Other workers are enduring increasingly long commutes from less expensive communities, a phenomenon known as driving to qual

57、ify.,Para, striking adj. 顯著的，突出的 同近義詞 prominent , obvious , marked , tremendous , noted e.g.But that is hardly the only, or even the most striking, paradox of the modern Middle Kingdom. 不過，對于這個現(xiàn)代的中央王國來說，這顯然既不是唯一的，也不是最顯著的矛盾 mismatch 不匹配，不協(xié)調(diào) 同近義詞 mispairing , incongruity accurately adv. 精確地，準(zhǔn)確地 同近義詞 p

58、recisely , exactly , true , spot reduce their rents 減少租金 reducevt. vt.減少；降低；使處于；把分解 vi. 減少；縮?。粴w納為 同近義詞 vt. 減少；降低；使處于；把分解shorten , weaken vi. 減少；縮??；歸納為to cut down , fall off,rents n. 租金 vt. 出租；租用；租借 vi. 租；出租 同近義詞 n. 租賃租金letting , hire vt. 出租；租用；租借 lease out , hire out vi. 租賃租；出租 lease out , hire out

59、overcrowding n. 過度擁擠；擠滿 v. 過度擁擠（overcrowd的ing形式）；把塞得過滿 同近義詞 n. 過度擁擠；擠滿 cramming e.g.One answer is that death is simply necessary to avoid overcrowding, for instance. 有一種答案是：死亡僅僅是必然例如：避免過度擁擠。 link to 鏈接到；把和連接；把和聯(lián)系起來 同近義詞 relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate enduring 持久的；能忍受的 v. 忍耐（endure的ing形式） 同近義詞 adj. 持久的；能忍受的 continued , lasting , sustained v. 忍耐（endure的ing形式）biding, increasingly adv. 越來越多地；漸增地 同近義詞 pyramidally , cumulatively driving to qualify。不會,第十段,This creates all kinds of lousy o