黑人文學(xué)American_Black_Literature.ppt

1、Black American Literature,Features,A special history Emancipation after the Civil War The Black is presented in a distorted manner Gone with the Wind Take the biblical terms as a better medium A long process of evolution,美國黑人文學(xué)起源于黑人奴隸歌曲，這些歌曲，不論是悲歌還是民歌，傾訴了黑人背井離鄉(xiāng)、淪為奴隸的痛苦心情。書寫文學(xué)最早出現(xiàn)在18世紀(jì)，19世紀(jì)以后陸續(xù)增多。表現(xiàn)形

2、式先是詩歌，再是小說。黑人文學(xué)在20世紀(jì)20年代有了較大發(fā)展，紐約的黑人區(qū)出現(xiàn)了“哈萊姆文藝復(fù)興”。休斯(1902-1967)是當(dāng)時涌現(xiàn)出來的優(yōu)秀作家。他的作品發(fā)掘了黑人古老傳統(tǒng)，樹立了民族自尊心。到了30年代未，黑人文學(xué)的戰(zhàn)斗性進(jìn)一步增長，出現(xiàn)了理查德賴特的土生子(1940)這樣的優(yōu)秀作品。戰(zhàn)后黑人文學(xué)更趨成熟。拉爾夫埃利遜 (1914- )的小說看不見的人和鮑德溫的散文，均已達(dá)到第一流文學(xué)的水平。他們對種族不平等的抗議采取了更細(xì)膩、更深刻的表達(dá)方式。他們希望人們認(rèn)識到黑人是具有全部人性的人。60年代之后更有獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的優(yōu)秀女作家托尼莫里森(1931-),將黑人文學(xué)推上了新的高峰,:

3、coloured+ Negro black （after civil rights movement）-African American,A unique literature tied up with the unique experience of black people,in Africa The Middle Passage The Slavery The Emancipation The Migration to the Cities The Integration to the Mainstream The Black Power Movement The Civil Right

4、s Movement,The Middle Passage中間通道,the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from African were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, wh

5、o were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage.,A literature drastically different from the mainstream American literature,Black Americans have been oppressed so hard, and they

6、do not want to toil in fetters anymore: they want “to go”, which is another way of saying “freedom” and “emancipation”. This is the essential spirit running through African American literature.,The Division,The Vernacular/Oral Tradition The Literature of Slavery and Freedom Literature of the Reconst

7、ruction to the New Negro Renaissance Harlem Renaissance Realism, Naturalism, and Modernism The Black Arts Movement Literature since 1970,Oral Tradition,songs and ballads and Work Songs spirituals (黑人圣歌) : sorrow of the singers earlier condition and longing for freedom blues: after civil war, derived

8、 from work songs of loneliness, separation, losses, wonderings, love, desperation, sense of doom jazz: after WWI, developed from blues, died out in the Great Depression Rap Sermons Folktales,Written Literature （from 1760s）(1),（1）poetry: religious, enduring, patient to the white （2）slave narrative: a

9、utobiographical experience of the person （3）1920s: Harlem Renaissance, New York black, black dialect and black folklore of the new negro. representatives: Langston Hughes （black poet laureate）, Huston,Written Literature （from 1760s）(2),（4）1940s: Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison （5）50s60s: a lot of blac

10、k writers emerged in the civil rights movement: James Baldwin, Brooks, Jones （6）70s80s: publishing of Root （Alex Haley）, Alice Walker The Colour Purple, Toni Morrison （the only black who won Nobel Prize）,The Literature of Slavery and Freedom(1746-1865),Frederick Douglass(1817-1895) My Bondage and My

11、 Freedom(1855) An autobiography, relates, as its title suggests, the archetypal story of African Americans escaping from their cruel and wicked white masters to emancipation.,Frederick Douglass弗萊德里克道格拉斯,Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗萊德里克道格拉斯，一個美國黑人的自述 My Bondage and M

12、y Freedom我的枷鎖與我的自由 The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗萊德里克道格拉斯的生平與時代,Literature of the Reconstruction to the New Negro Renaissance (1865-1917）,Reconstruction (1865-1877) promised renewal, but post-reconstruction not only destroyed well-woven dreams but imposed harsh realities. The decades just

13、before and after the start of the 20th century for African Americans are more accurately called the Decades of Disappointment, years marked by a “great migration” from south to north, from farmlands to cities in search of sufferance if not success.,Literature of the Reconstruction to the New Negro R

14、enaissance (1865-1917）,African American literature in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries was used to confirm and to manifest creativity and genius while also documenting and shaping social, political and spiritual aspirations and conditions.,Harlem Renaissance (1919-1940),In the 1920s, African-Am

15、erican literature, art, music, dance, and social commentary began to flourish in Harlem. This African-American cultural movement became known as The New Negro Movement and later as the Harlem Renaissance. More than a literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Ame

16、ricans and redefined African-American expression. African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage.,Harlem Renaissance (1919-1940),Langston Hughes African Americans poet Laureate .,Langston Hughes1902-1969 蘭斯頓 休斯,African Americans poet laureate Mulatto混血兒（劇本）; The Weary Blues疲倦的歌聲; Dear

17、 Lovely Death親愛的死神; Shakespear in Harlem哈萊姆的莎士比亞; I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考 The Negro Speaks of Rivers黑人說河流 The Best of Simple辛普爾精選,Realism, Naturalism, and Modernism(1940-1960),The two decades between 1940 and 1960 comprise a watershed epoch in African American letters. The essence of this period,

18、 in Ralph Ellisons words, “exists in a curious state of history and prehistory simultaneously.”,Realism, Naturalism, and Modernism(1940-1960),Richard Wright Native Son (1940) He began the contemporary African American literary tradition of violent self-assertion It established for African-American w

19、riting a center of gravity that combined a urban realism with a “l(fā)yrical” naturalism that documented the harsh realities of urban living for black Americans.,Richard Wright1908-1960 理查德賴特,Uncle Toms Children湯姆叔叔的孩子們; Native Son土生子; Black Boy;黑孩子 The Long Dream漫長的夢; Eight Men八人行 The Outsider局外人 （the

20、first novel of existentialism in America, published in France）,Realism, Naturalism, and Modernism(1940-1960),With Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man, African American writers came to grip with the aims and provocations of modernism.,Ralph Ellison拉爾夫埃利森1914-1994,長篇小說：Invisible Man看不見的人 散文集：Shadow and Act影子

21、與行動; Going to the Territory步入文學(xué)界,Realism, Naturalism, and Modernism(1940-1960),African American literature attained to a higher degree of maturity when Invisible Man appeared. Ellisons aim in writing the novel is to represent “the American theme”, and he achieved a great success in turning the impre

22、ssive story of a young African American boys life into an odyssey of modern mans quest for self realization and turning the book into “a resolutely honest ,tormented ,profoundly American book .”,The Black Arts Movement (1960-1970),The 1960s was a time of dramatic social upheaval at home(the Civil Ri

23、ghts and Black Power Movement) and of costly military engagement abroad (Vietnam War). The African American struggle had encountered bitter frustration and violent setbacks. During the Black Arts Movement, an important part of Black Power Movement, the Black Arts turned to Africa for inspiration, wi

24、sdom and a sense of black origins with the desire for self-determination and nationhood.,James Baldwin1924-1987 詹姆斯鮑德溫,Note of a Native Son土生子的筆記; Nobody Knows My Name; Fire Next Time下一次烈火; No Name in the Street迷路前后 The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作 Go Tell It on the Mountain,James Baldwin,point of view: B

25、aldwin calls for the blacks to resort to means including force so as to bring about the nations self-realization. He saw love and understanding as difficult but necessary way to overcome racial conflict. themes: race, homosexuality,Literature Since 1970,The most important and inspirational questions

26、 of black literary production in the contemporary period is: What, in fact, does “blackness” mean? The critical trends since 1970: 1) The re-mapping of African-American culture and social history, much of which had been neglected, distorted or hidden. Its also important to note that the works of bla

27、ck American writers of 1970s and 1980s remapped the past and sought in it which would give meaning to the present.,Literature Since 1970,2）The exploration of African American folk forms. -Black writers began paying more heed to controversial issues of language and social identity. In her The Color P

28、urple (1982), Alice Walker demonstrated the rich potential of black English as a language in its own right.,Tony Morrison托尼莫里森1931-,The Bluest Eye最藍(lán)的眼睛; Sula秀拉; Song of Solomon所羅門之歌; Tar Baby柏油娃娃; Beloved愛娃(寵兒） Jazz爵士樂,Toni Morrison (1931-),a Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist,

29、 editor, and professor Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed black characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon and Beloved.,Toni Morrison,themes: love, guilt, history, individual, gender, race, religion purpose: to empower the

30、 black people to act for themselves, to recognize for their own world, own history, own reality style many kinds of factors: naturalism, realism, fantasy, reality, magical realism,Her Life,Winner of 1993 Nobel Prize for literature, first African American to receive this prize Born in 1931 in Lorain,

31、 Ohio, basis for some of her fictional settings B.A. Howard Univ; M.A. Cornell, thesis on Woolf and Faulkner, taught at Howard Univ since 1989, editor for Random House and given numerous public lectures, specializing in African-American literature. made her debut as a novelist in 1970, A member sinc

32、e 1981 of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.,Her Achievements,Im just trying to look at something without blinking, to see what it is like, or it could have been like, and how that had something to do with the way we live now. Novels are always inquiries for me. Toni Morrison in Salon Magazin

33、e,the Pulitzer Prize in 1988. And Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. In her work Toni Morrison has explored the experience and roles of black women in a racist and male dominated society. In the center of her complex and multilayered narratives is the unique cultural inheritance of African-Americans

34、. Known For her epic power, unerring ear for dialogue, and her poetically-charged and richly-expressive depictions of Black America.,Her Major Novels,Alice Walker沃克1944-,長篇小說：The Third Life of Grange Copeland格蘭治科普蘭的第三次生活; Meridian梅麗迪安; The Color Purple紫色 短篇小說集：In Love and Trouble相愛與苦惱; You Cant Keep a Good Woman Down 好女人永不屈服 散文集：In Search of Our Mothers Gardens 詩集：Once有一次;Revol