《正話反說反話正說》PPT課件.ppt

1、Affirmative vs. Negative 正話反說與反話正說,一、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)： 1. 英譯漢的正反交替 2. 否定的陷阱 二、教學(xué)內(nèi)容： 1. 英漢翻譯中的正反交替 2. 漢英翻譯中的正反交替,Lead-in,香港的公共汽車上有一句英文： Please tender exact fare. 恕不找贖。/ 恕不找零。,Lead-in,在公示語的翻譯中，要避免生硬。 如果把“禁止”翻譯成 “Dont”?？跉饩捅容^生硬，不委婉。如“Dont pick the flowers.”（禁止摘花）； “Dont throw something out of the train.”（禁止往車窗外扔?xùn)|西）

2、； “Dont tread on the lawn.”（禁止踐踏草坪）； “Dont make noise.”（禁止喧嘩）等。 當(dāng)然這些句子無論是在語法上還是意思上都是正確的，但是語氣顯得很重，給人一種距離感。,公示語不用Dont照樣能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果,英語是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)委婉的語言，在公園這樣的地方一般不使用Dont這樣生硬的詞。如 “禁止摘花”可以譯為“Keep away from the flowers , please . ”或者“Take care of the flowers, please.”這兩句表達(dá)的是一個(gè)意思，但讓人讀了很舒服，使人不自覺地生出一種愛花的心情，把愛花當(dāng)成是自己應(yīng)盡的義

3、務(wù)，跟豎牌子人的心情相一致。Take care of 帶有擬人色彩，將花看成是一個(gè)baby(孩子), 要人們像愛護(hù)和關(guān)心baby一樣去愛護(hù)花木。如此, 這個(gè)牌子的目的便達(dá)到了。 “禁止喧嘩”可以譯為Quiet, please.。,此外有些公共場所的提示語在英語中有其固定的用法如 “No spitting” （禁止吐痰）， “No smoking” （禁止吸煙）等等，但No與Dont不一樣，它更多地用在中性語境中。我們見到“不許動(dòng)”，腦海中立即閃現(xiàn)Dont move, 而事實(shí)上外國警察所說的卻是Freeze，或者Hold it。見到“動(dòng)我就打死你”自然想到If you move, Ill sho

4、ot you.，而外國警察常說的卻是 Move and you are dead, man.。所以，我們應(yīng)該掌握外國警察在類似情況下會(huì)怎樣表達(dá)，而不是按照自己的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，用英文詞把它說出來，雖然有時(shí)也可達(dá)意，但畢竟不是地道的英語。,Differences in syntax in Chinese and in English decide that the ways of affirmations and negations are made vary greatly in the two languages. Put it this way: the way a British person

5、 says NO can sometimes be shockingly different from the way we put it. A typical example is when somebody pays you a compliment, and out of modesty, you would say “不，不；別這樣說?！?Suppose you have to say, “No, no. dont say like this”; or “Thank you. You are so kind.” If you opt for the first answer, the

6、other person will probably feel offended unless he is a person with a great sense of humor. Of course, this example perhaps illustrated the cultural difference more than the language difference. Nevertheless it serves as a good example that we should be careful with the way we say YES and NO in a la

7、nguage different from our own.,Warm-up Activity,請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子： Suddenly he heard a sound behind him and realized he was not alone in the garage. Haste makes waste. Appearances are deceptive.,還有別人,有欺騙性/靠不住/不可靠,Negative Words 2) Semi negatives : hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little, etc; 3) Partia

8、l negatives : not every, not all, not both, not much, not many, not always, etc. 4) Words with negative implication: fail, without, beyond, until, unless, lest, ignorant, refrain, refuse, neglect, absence, instead of, other than, except, rather than, etc.,不、非、無、沒有、未、否等字,漢語中的否定詞,Foreword,人們在敘述同一事物或表達(dá)

9、同一思想時(shí)，可以正說，也可以反說。在英漢兩種語言中，這一現(xiàn)象均存在。因此，在翻譯的時(shí)候，正反相互轉(zhuǎn)換的現(xiàn)象很常見，要根據(jù)目的語的習(xí)慣，選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)法。,轉(zhuǎn)換的原因,1. 漢英兩種語言的習(xí)慣用法不同 2. 為了加強(qiáng)語氣 3. 為了更加準(zhǔn)確,漢英兩種語言的習(xí)慣用法不同,1. 油漆未干。 2. 男兒有淚不輕彈，皆因未到傷心處。 3.如果沒有他的鼓勵(lì)，我不會(huì)及格的。,Wet paint. Men only weep when deeply hurt. But for his encouragement, I would have failed.,為了加強(qiáng)語氣,我們討論問題時(shí)，不能忘記這些基本觀點(diǎn)。

10、These basic concepts must be kept in mind in our discussion.,為了更加準(zhǔn)確,他上個(gè)學(xué)期一直是全勤。 He has never missed a single lecture last semester.,I. Affirmative in English but Negative in Chinese一、英語從正面表達(dá)，漢語從反面表達(dá),動(dòng)詞：fail, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, withhold, refrain, neglect, deny, overlook, exclude, etc.,1. The

11、 first bombs missed the target.,第一批炸彈沒有擊中目標(biāo)。,2. To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 3. He refused to take the money. 4. We will live up to the expectations of our parents.,讓我們失望的是他不顧大局。 他不愿接受那筆錢。 我們決不辜負(fù)父母對(duì)我們的期望。,名詞：absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, exclus

12、ion,1. His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident. 2. We are in complete ignorance of his plan.,他開車時(shí)心不在焉，幾乎闖禍。 我們完全不知道他的計(jì)劃。,形容詞：few, little, free from, far from, short of, etc.,1. There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition. 2. The troops are short of supplies. 3. His

13、 refusal is final. 4. The explanation is pretty thin.,他的作文中幾乎沒有語法錯(cuò)誤。 部隊(duì)給養(yǎng)不足。 他的拒絕是不可改變的。 這個(gè)解釋是相當(dāng)不充分的。,副詞：otherwise, little, tooto, seldom, hardly, barely, rarely, scarcely, etc.,1. We may safely say so. 2. His attempts proved predictably futile. 3. He evidently thinks otherwise. 4. Hardly anybody li

14、kes him.,我們這么說萬無一失/錯(cuò)不了。 不出所料，他的努力白費(fèi)了。 他顯然有不同的想法。 幾乎誰也不喜歡他。,介詞：without, above, except, beyond, instead of, out of, etc.,1. This problem is above me. 2. I want a pencil instead of a pen. 3. It was beyond his power to stay here.,這問題我不懂/解決不了。 我要鉛筆，不要鋼筆。 他無權(quán)呆在這兒。,連詞：unless, before, until, or, etc.,1. He

15、will die of hunger before he steals. 2. Hurry up, or you will be late. 3. I will not go unless you tell me.,他寧愿餓死，也不愿行竊。 不然/否則 你不告訴我，我就不走。,句子,He was 75, but he carried his years lightly. 他七十五歲了，可是并不顯老。,I. Negative in English but Affirmative in Chinese二、英語從反面表達(dá), 漢語從正面表達(dá),1. I rode around with him one

16、day seeing how the ships unloaded. 2. Now you can unfasten the safety belt.,動(dòng)詞,一天，我和他乘車轉(zhuǎn)了轉(zhuǎn)，看看穿如何卸貨。 現(xiàn)在你可以解開安全帶了。,副詞,He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.,他馬馬虎虎地看看字條就走了。,The Soviet Union was unprecedentedly engaged in a missile-building program.,蘇聯(lián)正以空前/前所未有的規(guī)模推行導(dǎo)彈制造計(jì)劃。,形容詞,1. The doubt

17、 was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 2. He is an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.,雖經(jīng)他一再解釋，疑團(tuán)仍然存在。 他這個(gè)人優(yōu)柔寡斷，總是反復(fù)無常。,名詞,It was said that someone had sown discord among them.,據(jù)說有人在他們中間挑撥離間。,短語,1. Dont lose time in posting the letter. 2. The examination left no doubt that

18、the patient had died of cancer. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.,趕快把這封信寄出去。 調(diào)查結(jié)果清清楚楚地表明病人死于癌癥。 今天下午學(xué)生統(tǒng)統(tǒng)/ 一律要交書面作業(yè)。,. Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英漢翻譯中的正反交替,3、 Same English Word, with Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese Im new to t

19、he work. 這工作我是生手。(這工作我不熟悉。) The station is no distance at all. 車站近在咫尺。(車站一點(diǎn)兒也不遠(yuǎn)。) Its no less than a fraud. 這簡直是一場騙局。(這無異于一場騙局。),. Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英漢翻譯中的正反交替,4、Double Negative for Emphasis There is no rule that has no exception. 任何規(guī)則都有例外。 There is not any advantage without di

20、sadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes. 人不會(huì)不犯錯(cuò)誤。,. Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英漢翻譯中的正反交替,5、Roundabout Affirmative He didnt half like the girl. 他非常喜歡那姑娘。 I couldnt feel better. 我覺得身體好極了。 I couldnt agree with you more. 我太贊成你的看法了。 He cant see you quick

21、 enough. 他很想盡快和你見面。,If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. Such a chance was denied to me. “Be careful! Mind my right arm!” he said.,Time to Practice,如果他沒發(fā)脾氣，談判就可能會(huì)成功。 我沒有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。 他喊道，“小心啊！別碰我的右胳膊！”,They resumed their seats moodily. She always seemed too busy in

22、 the house. The stranger had already gone before he hurried to the hotel.,Time to Practice,他們悶悶不樂地回到座位上。 她在家里似乎總是忙不過來。 他還沒來得及趕到賓館，陌生人就已經(jīng)走了。,Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention fro

23、m the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.,Time to Practice,雙方都認(rèn)為可以不失體面地接受這個(gè)和平方案。 （把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊）目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測試時(shí)，批評(píng)者不考慮其弊病來自人們對(duì)測試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。,Appreciation,I began my life as the son of immigrants and I worked my way up to the president of the Ford Motor Company. When I finally got th

24、ere, I was on top of the world. But then fate said tome: “Wait. Were not finished with you. Now you are going to find out what you feel like to get kicked off Mt. Everest!” 我是移民的兒子，憑苦干一直升到福特汽車公司總裁。爬到這個(gè)位置，可以說是上了天?？墒敲\(yùn)卻跟我過不去：“別忙，跟你還沒有了結(jié)呢，你現(xiàn)在該嘗嘗被從額菲爾士峰一腳踢下去的滋味！ ” 第三句沒有翻成“命運(yùn)跟我說”，而是譯出句子深層的意義。Wait 沒有直譯成“等

25、一等”。譯者把Mt. Everest譯成“額菲爾士峰“，我們一般都叫做珠穆朗瑪峰。譯者最后加了一個(gè)注，說明即“珠穆朗瑪峰”。 Iacocca: An Autobiography 艾柯卡自傳賈堅(jiān)一 、張國蓉譯 Lee Iacocca艾柯卡是19世紀(jì)80年代讓克萊斯勒公司起死回生的汽車業(yè)巨子。,. Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英漢翻譯中的正反交替,6、Some Traps in Negative Structures 1) not. because The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finish

26、ed. 引擎并不是因?yàn)槿剂虾谋M而停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 2) cannot.too The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated. 這次會(huì)議的重要性無論怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)也不過分。 You cannot be too careful in proofreading. 校對(duì)時(shí)，越仔細(xì)越好。,. Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英漢翻譯中的正反交替,3) all/every . not All that glitters is not gold. 發(fā)光的不一定都是金子。 No, everything i

27、s not straightened out. 不，并非每一個(gè)問題都弄清楚了。 4) both. not But you see, we both cannot go. 但是我告訴你，我們倆不能同時(shí)都走。 Both the instruments are not precision ones. 這兩件東西不都是精密儀器。,. Negation in English-Chinese Translation 英漢翻譯中的正反交替,5) for all You may leave at once for all I care. 你盡可立即離開，我才不管呢。 For all we knew, the

28、files we were supposed to photograph were already on their way. 說不定那些該由我們?nèi)ヅ臄z的文件已在途中。 6) It be + adj.+ n.+ that It is a good workman that never blunders. 智者千慮, 必有一失。 It is a long lane that has no end. 路必有彎。( 凡事總有變化，不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)不變。),In one broadcast Anna Roosevelt, the wife of President Franklin Roosevelt, sa

29、id, “we cannot be too tired to win peace if our civilization is to go on.” 富蘭克林羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)的夫人安娜羅斯福有一次在廣播中說，“如果想在戰(zhàn)后讓我們的文明持續(xù)下去，我們付出多大的艱辛爭取和平也不過分。 ”,Ecotourism is really nothing more than the application of this philosophy to the self-enriching discovery made possible through travel.,生態(tài)旅游其實(shí)也就是將這種哲學(xué)應(yīng)用于能充實(shí)自我的探

30、索發(fā)現(xiàn)中，而后者正是通過旅游來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。,Time to Practice,. Negation in Chinese-English Translation 漢英翻譯中的正反交替,1、Negation According to Usage 在他還沒來得及阻攔我之前, 我己經(jīng)跑出教室。 Before he could stop me, I had rushed out of the classroom. 白茫茫的大地，除了呼呼的北風(fēng)外，沒有一點(diǎn)兒聲響。 Except for the howl of the north wind, all was still in the snow-mantled

31、 ground.,. Negation in Chinese-English Translation 漢英翻譯中的正反交替,2、Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effect 這個(gè)慘痛的歷史教訓(xùn)，我們一定要永遠(yuǎn)記取。 No one must ever forget this bitter lesson and we must all take warning from it. 3、Negation to Convey Exactly the Original Meaning 到目前為止，該組織辜負(fù)了世界人民所寄予的希望。 This organization

32、 has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it. “我找老王說句話，馬上就回來”. “Just to have a word with Wang. I wont be long!”,一、將漢語的否定形式譯成英語的肯定形式,英語中表示否定并不一定都要使用否定詞no、not、nor、neither、never等來否定謂語,多數(shù)時(shí)候往往可以借助其他含有否定意義的詞來否定句子的某個(gè)成分,這樣,謂語部分就以肯定形式出現(xiàn)。 1. 他盡力克服技術(shù)資料的不足。 He tries his best to

33、overcome the lack of technical data. 2. 這件事我力不從心/ 不能勝任。 To do this is beyond my ability.,二、將漢語的肯定形式譯成英語的否定形式,1. 他們工作時(shí)總是互相幫助。 They never work without helping each other. 2. 所有機(jī)器在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)都要損失能量。 There is no machine but will lose energy when in motion.,三、將漢語的部分否定譯成英語的部分否定,不是所有的金屬都具有同樣好的導(dǎo)電性能。 All metals do n

34、ot conduct electricity equally well.,四、將漢語的雙重否定譯成英語的雙重否定,沒有足夠的加速度, 地球衛(wèi)星是不能進(jìn)入太空的。 The earth satellite would not get into space without enough acceleration.,五、將漢語的否定部分進(jìn)行否定成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯,漢譯英時(shí),將漢語的否定部分進(jìn)行否定成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯往往是考慮到英語語言習(xí)慣的需要。否定成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯通常有以下幾種: 1. 漢語否定謂語,英譯時(shí)有時(shí)可以否定主語。如: 在這些設(shè)計(jì)中,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何缺陷。 No defects have been found in

35、 these designs. 2. 漢語否定謂語,英譯時(shí)可否定賓語。如: 我們?nèi)徊涣私膺@件事。 We know nothing about the matter.,3. 漢語否定分句中的謂語或兼語式的第二謂語,英譯時(shí)可否定主句謂語而不否定從句謂語。這類否定的轉(zhuǎn)換都有條件,即必須有由that引導(dǎo)的(或省略了that的)賓語從句,而且主句謂語通常由think、believe和feel等動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)。如: 我們認(rèn)為他不可能按時(shí)到達(dá)。 We dont think that he can arrive on time. 我相信她是不會(huì)出賣你的。 I dont believe that she will

36、 betray you.,五、將漢語的否定部分進(jìn)行否定成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯,1. 他又不出聲了。 2. 我很高興看見你平安無恙。 3. 一遇到機(jī)會(huì)，他總是要發(fā)表一通議論。,Time to Practice,1. He was silent again. 2. Im so glad to see you safe and sound. 3. He would never miss the chance to make his comments.,4. 她無權(quán)簽訂這份合同。 5. 是重力使我們不致于從地球上拋出去。 6. 我讀過你的文章，沒想到你這么年輕。,Time to Practice,4. It wa

37、s beyond her power to sign such a contract. 5. It is gravity that keeps us from being thrown away from the earth. 6. I have read your article; I expect to meet an older man.,7. 那城市及周圍的地方時(shí)不凍港和無核區(qū)。 8. 她沒有同伴，獨(dú)自一人坐在車廂一角動(dòng)也不動(dòng)。 9. 工作沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，出點(diǎn)差錯(cuò)，在所難免。,Time to Practice,7. That city and the area around it are i

38、n ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon free zone. 8. Traveling alone, she was sitting still in the corner of the carriage. 9. Slips are scarcely avoidable when are new to your work.,注意：原文中的某些詞語在譯文既可正說，也可反說。因此，必須在準(zhǔn)確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，靈活運(yùn)用正說和反說技巧，使譯文的表達(dá)盡量符合目的語讀者的思維方式和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。,他是外鄉(xiāng)人。 2. The criminal is still at large

39、.,He is a stranger here. He is not a native. 沒被捕/逍遙法外,Maybe you have not noticed that some idioms had been integrated into Chinese.,break the record armed to the teeth sour grapes a gentlemans agreement Blood is thicker than water. blue print virgin soil show ones card new wine in old bottles ivory

40、tower,打破紀(jì)錄 武裝到牙齒 酸葡萄 君子協(xié)定 血濃于水。 藍(lán)圖 處女地 攤牌 舊瓶裝新酒 象牙塔,They often talk horse. That woman walks the streets. Ill report that official. The machine is in repair. Well stand up to the project. Dont make a fuss of them! She is in the dock. The boss gave her the sack. That girl student is in the green. The

41、old lady has gone to her rest. That young man has lost his heart. The old man often takes his medicine. That fellow did hard labor for 3 years. The woman in labor is his wife. Im not a little afraid of snakes.,他們常常吹牛。 那個(gè)婦女是妓女。 我要檢舉那位官員。 那臺(tái)機(jī)器狀況良好。 我們將抵制這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 別討好他們! 她在被告席。 老板解雇了她。 那女學(xué)生正值豆寇年華。 那個(gè)老太太安息了

42、。 那個(gè)青年人處于熱戀之中。 那老人常忍受不愉快的事。 那個(gè)家伙服過三年勞役。 分娩的婦女是他的妻子。 我很怕蛇。,For Fun,We charged him to do it. They surprised him doing it. I have see him through. He is the Speaker. Where is the Book? Do you know anything about Japan? I bought some salts yesterday. The man is in the dumps. Dont call him names! The lit

43、tle boy is a love child. He is a confidence man. He is a medicine man. What he bought is invaluable. This is a disused machine. He is disinterested in the affairs.,我們責(zé)令他干那事。 他們撞上他做那個(gè)事。 我?guī)椭^難關(guān)。 他是議長。 圣經(jīng)在哪? 你了解 日本漆嗎? 我昨天買了一些瀉藥。 那個(gè)人神情沮喪。 別罵他! 那個(gè)小男孩是私生子。 他是個(gè)騙子。 他是個(gè)巫醫(yī)。 他買的東西價(jià)值連城。 這是一臺(tái)廢棄的機(jī)器。 他在此事上公正無私。,F

44、or Fun,Appreciation,“小二黑滿有資格跟別人戀愛，誰也不能干涉。” “There is no reason why Blacky shouldnt fall in love with someone else. Nobody should interfere.” 趙樹理小二黑結(jié)婚translated by Sidney Shapiro,Appreciation,村長是外來的，對(duì)村里情形不十分了解，從此金旺興旺比以前更厲害了，只要瞞住村長一個(gè)人，村里不論哪個(gè)都得由他兩個(gè)調(diào)遣。 The mayor was not a native, and knew little about village affairs. Wang and Xing were able to ride roughshod over everyone even more easily than they had before. They had only to deceive the mayor and no one could refuse to do their bidding.,Appreciation