英語語言學(xué)名詞解釋總結(jié)

1、Chapter 6 SemanticsSemantics: it is generally defined as the study of inherence or intrinsic meaning, the meaning in isolation from the context.The naming theory:命名論 it is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning proposed by Plato, which holds the view that the relationship between linguistic fo

2、rms and what they stand for is one of naming. Its defaults: firstly, the theory seems applicable to nouns only. Secondly, even within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all or things that do not refer to physical objects, but abstract no

3、tions. Finally, some words may have different meanings in different contexts while the same reference may have different names such as “the morning star” and “the evening star”The conceptualist theory : 意念論C. K .Ogden Richard created the semantic triangle to show the indirect relationship between sy

4、mbols and their supposed referents.Symbol: it refers to the linguistic elements such as word or sentence. Referent: it refers to the object in the world of experience.Context: it refers to what comes before and after a word, phrase, statement, etc. helping to fix the meaning; or refers to circumstan

5、ces in which an event occurs.Contextualism : 情境論、語境論 John FirthSituational context: it refers to the particular spatiotemporal situation in which an utterance occurs, the main components of which include, apart from the place and time of the utterance, the speaker and the hearer, the actions they ar

6、e performing at the time, the various objects and events exists in the situation. The linguistic context: sometimes known as context, it includes a words co-occurrence or collocation with another word, which forms part of the “meaning” of a word, and, also the part of text that precedes and follows

7、a particular utterance. For example, the meaning of the word “paper” differs in the two collocations of “a piece of paper” and “a white paper”。Linguistic context also includes the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance.Bloomfiled defined the meaning of a language form as the “

8、situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”Behaviorism :行為主義 it is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behavior and discount mental activities.Sense :意義it is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.Referenc

9、e : 所指it is what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.Dialectal synonyms:方言同義詞 they are the synonyms used in different regional dialects such as lift in British English and elevator in American English .Stylistic synonyms: 語體同義詞they are the synonyms differing in style , or degree o

10、f formality , such as gentleman/guy.Affective synonyms: 情感同義詞they are the synonyms that bear the same meaning but express different emotions of the user, indicating the attitudes or bias of the user toward what he is talking about ,such as like/love/admire/adore/worship.Collocational synonyms: 用于不同搭

11、配的同義詞they are the synonyms differing in their collocations, such as a dole to the unemployment /an offering to the church.Semantically different synonyms: they are the synonyms differing slightly in what they mean, such as escape/flee.Polysemy :多義關(guān)系 it is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to

12、 a lexical item which has more than one meaning.Radiation :輻射性 it is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.Concatenation :連鎖型 it is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary

13、meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.Homonymy:同音、同形異義詞 the phenomenon that different words may be identical in sound or spelling or in both is called homonymy.Homographs: 同形異義they are the words which happen to be the same in spelling, b

14、ut differ both in sounds and meaning.Homophones:同音異義 they are the words which happen to be identical in sound, but differ both in spelling and meaning.Complete homonyms:同音、同形異義 they are the words which happen to be identical both in sound and spelling, but differ in meaning.Hyponymy: it refers to th

15、e sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. It is concerned with semantic inclusion.Superordinate:上座標詞 it refers to the word which is more general in meaning .Hyponym : 下義詞it refers to the more specific word.Co-hyponym: it refers to hyponym of the same supe

16、rordinate.Gradable antonyms:可分等級反義詞 they are the antonyms which differ in terms of degree.Complementary antonyms：互補反義詞 they are non-gradable antonyms which are semantically complementary to each other, therefore, they do not permit degrees of contrast.Converse antonyms:逆反反義詞 they are the antonyms wh

17、ich are interdependent, showing the reversal of a relationship between two entities.4 Sentence meaning Sentence meaning: A sentence meaning is abstract, context-independent in contrast to utterance meaning which is concrete and context-dependent.Entailment(包含關(guān)系)：Entailment is basically a semantic re

18、lation (or logical implication ). It refers to something that logically follows what is asserted in the utterance.Presupposition（預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系）: A presupposition in semantics refers to what is assumed by the speaker and or assumed by him to be known to the hearer before he makes the utterance. In a broader s

19、ense, presupposition can be defined in ordinary language as any kind of background assumption against which an action, theory, expression or utterance makes sense or is rational. 5 Analysis of MeaningComponential analysis-a way to analyze lexical meaningThe word man can be analyzed in to a series of

20、 semantic features such as +MAN, +ADULT, +MAN (+means the presence of a feature while- means the absence of a feature).Componential analysis（成分分析法）：It is a way proposed by structural semanticists to analyze word meaning, based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be analyzed I to a series of

21、 meaning components or semantic features. Contrasts are usually presented in terms of +or -. These feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters.Predication analysis (述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法)-a way to analyze sentence meaning Predication（述謂結(jié)構(gòu)）: It is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.Argumen

22、t(論元變元):An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element（s）in a sentence.Predicate(謂詞)：A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.Chapter7 Pragmatics語用學(xué)Pragmatics studies the m

23、eaning of words in context, analyzing the parts of meaning that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world, and the socio-psychological factors influencing communication, as well as the knowledge of the time and place in which the words are uttered or written.Context Situational

24、context(情景語境): It is what speakers know about what they can see around them.Linguistic context: It is what has been said before in the conversation, the “history” of things said so far.Social context(社會語境):It is the generally knowledge that most people carry with them in their minds, about areas of

25、life and specific and possibility private knowledge about the history of the speakers themselves. Entailment Entailment: An entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in an utterance.Presupposition Presupposition: Presuppositions are implications that are often felt to be i

26、n the backgroundto be assumed by the speaker to be already known to the addressee.1：言內(nèi)行為Locutionary Act It is the basic and physical act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. This act is concerned with the literal meaning. 2：.言外行為Illocutionary Act This act involves the speci

27、fic purpose or real intension that the speakers have in mind.3：.言后行為 Perlocutionary Act It is the act of an utterance on the hearer; it is the hearer reaction.4：.會話含義Conversational implicatures According to P.Grice, it refers to the extra meaning not contained in the utterance, understandable to the

28、 listener only when he shares the speakers knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the CP. 5：禮貌原則 Politeness principleIt is series of maxims, proposed by Geoffrey Leech as a way of explaining how politeness op aerates in conversational exchanges. Leech defi

29、nes politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity. That is the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.6:合作原則Cooperative Principle Its proposed and formulated by P.Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that

30、the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. 合作原則的準則4Maxim of Cooperative Principle 數(shù)量 the maxim of Quantity你說的話應(yīng)包含所需內(nèi)容且不可超過內(nèi)容要求 Make your contribution as informative as required; Do not make your contribution more inf

31、ormative than is required 質(zhì)量the maxim of Quality -不要說你認為是假的話或你缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話 Do not say what you believe to false. Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence 關(guān)系 the maxim of relation-使你的話與話題相關(guān)be relevant 方式 the maxim of manner-避免模糊、歧義，應(yīng)簡明有序 Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity; Be brief/be ord

32、erly. Chapter8:.言語社區(qū)Speech Community It refers to a group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. Language varieties（語言變體）: Variety is a generic term for a particular coherent form of language in which specific extra linguistic criter

33、ia can be used to define it as a variety.Register（語域）: it is the situational use of language, a variety used for a particular purpose or in a particular setting.Dialect: it refers to any regional, social or ethnic variety of a language.Regional dialect: it refers to the language variety used in a ge

34、ographical region.Received Pronunciation（標準發(fā)音）: Received Pronunciation is the supposed acceptable standardized pronunciation of the middle 20th century .It is a non-localized accent, which enjoys high prestige and has become a marker of upper class.Sociolect: it refers to the linguistic variety char

35、acteristic of a particular social class. Its also called social dialect.Genderlect: it is a variety of speech or conversational used by a particular gender.Hedges: hedges are the words whose meaning implicitly involves fuzziness and whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy.Fillers: fillers

36、are those words or phrases that we put into speeches to fill the gaps when were nervous or when we are at a loss for words, like um, yaknow, or sooooooAge dialect: the varieties of language according to age are called age dialect. Age dialect is not a distinct entity. In talking about age dialect, w

37、e are talking about the correlation between the use of certain linguistic forms and age groups. In that sense, age dialect is a matter of proportion.Ethnic dialect: it is a dialect used by a racial or national group. It is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experience some form o

38、f social isolation such as racial to discrimination or segregation.Standard dialect（標準方言）: it is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. It is the language employed by the government and used by the mass media, and taught in

39、educational institutions, including school setting where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.Register（語域）: it refers to varieties according to the use of language. Field(語場): it refers to what is going on and to the area of operation of the language activity.Tenor(語旨): it refers t

40、o the relations between the participants.Mode: it refers to the means of communication.Pidgin（洋涇浜語）: it refers to a contact language that arises in situations where speakers of different languages cannot understand each others first language or native language and, thus, need to develop a common mea

41、ns of communication.Pidginization: it is a process which generally involves the simplification of a language in order to create a pidgin.Creoles（克利奧爾語）:Creolesareformerpidginswhosefunctionalandgrammaticallimitationsandsimplificationhavebeeneliminatedandwhichnowfunctionasfullyfledged,standardizednati

42、velanguages.Creolization:TheprocesswherebyapidginturnsintoaCreoleiscalledcreolisation.Itinvolvestheexpansionoflinguisticsystemofapidginandtheincreaseinthenumberofitsfunctionsindailycommunication.LinguaFrance（通用語）:Alinguafrancaisdefinedasalanguagewhichisusedhabituallybypeoplewhosemothertonguesarediff

43、erentinordertofacilitatecommunicationbetweenthem.Chapter9Discourse communities: The common ways in which members of a social group use language to meet their social needs.linguistic determinism語言決定論：It posits that language determines the way we think, or in other words, we actually live in language

44、instead of other way roundicon: image, picture or representation.Sign: a linguistic unit; it unites a concept and a sound-image.Metaphor: a device for seeing something in terms of something else.Discourse: This term, with a capital D, coined by linguist James Gee, refers to ways of speaking, reading

45、 and writing, but also of behaving, interacting, thinking, valuing, that are characteristic of specific discourse communities.discourse: The process of language use, whether it be spoken, written or printed, that includes writers, texts, and readers within a sociocultural context of meaning producti

46、on and reception.Charades：Charades is a fun game to play with your friends and family at home, at parties or on camping trips! Charades are basically words or phrases that are acted out in pantomime (without saying any words or making any sounds). Charades can also have subjects like the title of a

47、book, movie or show that is acted out. Charades are usually played with two teams. Each team draws cards that have the word or phrase they are going to act out. The other team tries to guess what is being acted out.Stereotype刻板印象: Conventionalized ways of talking and thinking about other people and

48、cultures. Chapter10The father of Behaviorism: John B. Watson “give me a child, and Ill make him anything you want him to be”Behaviorism: It is described as a developmental theory that measures observable behaviors produced by a learners response to stimuli. Responses to stimuli can be reinforced wit

49、h positive or negative feedback to condition desired behaviors. The behaviorist theory is a psychological model defining behavior as something that is conditioned or instilled. It states that humans are products of their environments and all behaviors are positively reinforced, negatively reinfrced,

50、or published.Innatism: It is a philosophical doctrine that holds that the mind is born with ideas/knowledge, and that therefore the mind is not a“blank slate” at birth, as early empiricists such as John Locke claimed. It asserts therefore that not all knowledge is obtained from experience and the se

51、nses.Interactionism(互動主義):It is micro-sociological and believes that meaning is produced through the interactions of individuals. The social interaction is a face-to-face process consisting of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. The interaction includes all lan

52、guages (including body language) and mannerism.Interlanguage: It is the learners developing second language knowledge. It may have characteristics of the learners native language, characteristics of the second language, and some characteristics which seem to be very general and tend to occur in all or most interlanguage systems. Interlanguages are systematic, but they are also dynamic, continually evolving as learners receive more input and revise their hypotheses about the second language. L2 learners process through an interlanguage, which i