城市垃圾焚燒處理廠建設(shè)和運(yùn)營(yíng)現(xiàn)狀(PPT 38頁(yè)).ppt

1、1,中國(guó)城市垃圾焚燒處理廠建設(shè)和運(yùn)營(yíng)現(xiàn)狀Construction and Running of MSW Incineration Plants in China,楊宏毅 YANG Hongyi,中國(guó)垃圾處理設(shè)施數(shù)量變化圖 Change of MSW Treatment Facilities Number in China,2,中國(guó)垃圾處理設(shè)施處理能力變化圖 Change of MSW Treatment Facilities Capacity in China,3,Ton/day,4,2005年中國(guó)城市生活垃圾處理設(shè)施情況 2005 Data on MSW Landfill in China,

2、處理廠分布圖 Number of Facilities,處理能力分布圖 Treatment Capacity of Facilities,處理量分布圖 Quantity Treated,中國(guó)的垃圾無(wú)害化處理率: 3540 The harmless treatment rate of MSW : 3540%,城市生活垃圾產(chǎn)量預(yù)測(cè) Municipal Solid Waste Output Forecast,預(yù)計(jì)到2010年： 全國(guó)縣城以上生活垃圾總產(chǎn)量約為2.5億噸 城市：1.8億噸/年（日均約為49.3萬(wàn)噸） 縣城：0.7億噸/年（日均約為19.4萬(wàn)噸） To 2010 Total MSW Am

3、ount: 250 million tons Cities : 180 million t/a (daily average : 493,000 tons) Counties: 70 million t/a (daily average : 194,000 tons),5,6,全國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)“十一五”環(huán)境衛(wèi)生規(guī)劃 Chinese Environmental Sanitation Plan (2006-2010),全國(guó)“十一五”期間計(jì)劃新增的城市生活垃圾無(wú)害化處理能力為 24 萬(wàn)噸 / 日，平均每年新增 4.8 萬(wàn)噸 / 日；同時(shí)將采取封場(chǎng)、搬遷或改擴(kuò)建等措施對(duì)現(xiàn)有約 70% 的不達(dá)標(biāo)設(shè)施進(jìn)行改造，總

4、規(guī)模約 7.4 萬(wàn)噸 / 日；建設(shè)一批大型轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)設(shè)施并建立和完善收運(yùn)系統(tǒng) ，城市生活垃圾無(wú)害化處理率不低于 60%； 全國(guó)“十一五”期間，全國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生固定資產(chǎn)總投資約為 1115 億元。其中：新建生活垃圾處理設(shè)施 516 億元、不達(dá)標(biāo)處置設(shè)施治理 73 億元、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)設(shè)施與收運(yùn)系統(tǒng)建設(shè) 155 億元等 During 2006 to 2010: Newly-built MSW treatment facilities: 240,000 ton/day Re-built MSW facilities: 48,000 ton/day MSW harmless treated rated: 60% En

5、vironmental sanitation investment: 111.5 billion RMB,城市生活垃圾處理及污染防治技術(shù)政策建城2000120號(hào) 垃圾應(yīng)在焚燒爐內(nèi)充分燃燒，煙氣在后燃室應(yīng)在不低于850的條件下停留不少于2秒 垃圾焚燒目前宜采用以爐排爐為基礎(chǔ)的成熟技術(shù)，審慎采用其它爐型的焚燒爐 煙氣處理宜采用半干法加布袋除塵工藝 屬于危險(xiǎn)廢物的爐渣和飛灰必須作為危險(xiǎn)廢物處置 The Technical Policy on MSW Management and Pollution Prevention 2000 Waste should be combusted in the in

6、cinerator completely, and the flue gas should stay in the afterburner at least 2 seconds with the temperature not lower than 850. At present, grate is suggested to be the foundational mature technology in MSW incineration, other kinds of incineration process should be adopted prudently. Semi-dry pro

7、cess with bag-house is the suggested flue gas cleaning system. Fly ash and residue should be treated as hazardous waste.,7,技術(shù)政策,產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策,能源政策,環(huán)境政策,Technical Policy,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境,2002年，國(guó)家計(jì)委、財(cái)政部、建設(shè)部、環(huán)保總局: 關(guān)于實(shí)行城市生活垃圾處理收費(fèi)制度促進(jìn)垃圾處理產(chǎn)業(yè)化的通知 關(guān)于推進(jìn)城市污水、垃圾處理產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的意見(jiàn) 2002，National Development and Reform Commission (

8、NDRC), Ministry of Finance (MOF) , Ministry of Construction (MOC) and State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) : Notice: Establish the MSW Fee Levying system and Promote the Industrial Production of MSW Management Notice: Establish the MSW Fee Levying system , Promote the Industrial Prod

9、uction of MSW Management Opinion about promoting the Industrial Production of municipal waste water and solid waste management,8,技術(shù)政策,產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策,能源政策,環(huán)境政策,Industrialization Policy,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境,2005年2月中華人民共和國(guó)可再生能源法 2006年1月可再生能源發(fā)電價(jià)格和費(fèi)用分?jǐn)偣芾碓囆修k法發(fā)改價(jià)格20067號(hào) 2006年1月可再生能源發(fā)電有關(guān)管理規(guī)定發(fā)改能源200613號(hào) 2006年9

10、月國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)的資源綜合利用認(rèn)定管理辦法發(fā)改環(huán)資20061864 2005-02 Renewable Energy Act 2006-01Trial Guidelines on renewable Power Generation Price and expense 2006-01 Management Guideline of Renewable Energy Electricity Generation 2006-09 Method to Recognize National Encouraged Resource Comprehensive Using,9,技術(shù)政策,產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策,能源政策,環(huán)

11、境政策,Energy Policy,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境,2006年6月關(guān)于加強(qiáng)生物質(zhì)發(fā)電項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)管理工作的通知 生活垃圾焚燒發(fā)電項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響報(bào)告書(shū)應(yīng)報(bào)國(guó)務(wù)院環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門審批 生活垃圾焚燒發(fā)電類項(xiàng)目環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)文件審查的技術(shù)要點(diǎn) 2006-06 Notice on Enhancing Environment Impact Assessment of Biomass-to-Energy Projects EIA of MSW-to-Energy projects should be approved by Environmental Department of Stated

12、 Council. Some key points to approve EIA are given.,10,技術(shù)政策,產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策,能源政策,環(huán)境政策,環(huán)發(fā)200682號(hào),Environmental Policy,我國(guó)焚燒,11,焚燒能力增長(zhǎng)情況圖,焚燒廠數(shù)量及平均規(guī)模,20012005,Total capacaity,Incineration capacity,The rate,ton/day,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒設(shè)施的建設(shè)狀況 Current Status of MSW Incineration Facilities in China,12,焚燒廠數(shù)量分布圖,焚燒廠規(guī)模分布圖,2006年,By p

13、lant number,By capacity,北京 Beijing,13,天津Tianjing,上海 Shanghai,重慶 Chongqin,直 轄 市 Municipalities,同興焚燒廠,高安屯焚燒廠 六里屯焚燒廠 阿蘇衛(wèi)焚燒廠 南宮焚燒廠,雙港焚燒廠 貫莊焚燒廠 青光焚燒廠,御橋焚燒廠 江橋焚燒廠 江橋二期,14,連云港市 宿遷市 鹽城市 南京市 常州市 無(wú)錫市 蘇州市,嘉興市杭州市 紹興市 寧波市金華市 臺(tái)州市溫州市,廣州市 惠州市 佛山市 東莞市 中山市 深圳市 珠海市,江蘇 Jiangsu,浙江 Zhejiang,廣東 Guangdong,長(zhǎng)三角 Feeding waste

14、 does not need to pre-treat; Mechanical move of grate make the waste agitate and mix completely, and promote waste to burn up. Different makers of different incinerators have respective design characteristic. Waste is burned stably and entirely, and the amount of fly-ash is small，and the loss of ign

15、ition is very low as well; The technic is very mature， and the equipment running time can be above to 8000 hours per one year. The burning must be continual, turning on and blowing out frequently is harmful.,17,爐排爐,爐排爐的技術(shù)特點(diǎn),Stoke Grate Incineration Technology,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,日本三菱重工株式會(huì)社（三菱-馬丁逆推爐排） 日本杰富意

16、（JFE）株式會(huì)社（超級(jí)往復(fù)式爐排） 日本田熊株式會(huì)社（SN型爐排） 日本日立造船株式會(huì)社 德國(guó)諾爾-克爾茨公司（階梯式順推爐排） 德國(guó)斯坦米勒公司（往復(fù)順推式爐排） 法國(guó)阿爾斯通公司（CITY2000傾斜往復(fù)式爐排） 吉寶西格斯公司（SHA多級(jí)爐排爐） 瑞士VonRoll公司（R-10540型爐排爐）,18,主要國(guó)外焚燒廠商及爐型,主要國(guó)內(nèi)焚燒廠商及爐型,溫州偉明集團(tuán)（二段式爐排爐） 杭州新世紀(jì)公司（二段式爐排爐） 重慶三峰環(huán)境產(chǎn)業(yè)有限公司（SITY2000爐排爐）,MISSUBISHI heavy industries, Japan JFE Steel Corporation, Japan

17、 TAKUMA CO. LTD, Japan Hitach Zosen Corporation, Japan Noell-KRC Corporation, Germany Steinmuller Corporation , Germany Alstom Corporation, France Seghers Corporation, Belgium VonRoll, Swizerland,Overseas Suppliers,Domestic Suppliers,Weiming Group, WenZhou New Century Energy, HangZhou San Feng, Chon

18、gQing,19,日本三菱-馬丁逆推爐排爐 Mitsubishi, Japan,爐排傾斜角度為26 燃燒空氣從爐底部送入并從爐排塊的縫隙中吹出，對(duì)爐排有良好的冷卻作用。 由于逆向推動(dòng)可相應(yīng)延長(zhǎng)垃圾在爐內(nèi)的停留時(shí)間。 Incline angle: 26 Air is supplied from the bottom of the grate and can cool the grate. Adverse push can increase the staying time of MSW.,日本田熊SN型爐排爐Takuma, Japan,設(shè)置兩個(gè)階梯，采用足夠的爐排面積，使垃圾在爐內(nèi)翻滾并燃燒；

19、采用四個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)單位：一個(gè)在干燥階段，二個(gè)在燃燒階段，再一個(gè)在燃燼階段。因此，通過(guò)調(diào)整各獨(dú)立驅(qū)動(dòng)單位的速度，能控制垃圾和灰層的厚度。 Two steps of ladders are established, and the area of the grate is big enough to let the waste roll well on it. Four actuating units: 1 dry-step, 2 burning, 1 burned. So the thickness of the waste and residue can be controlled well by

20、adjust the speed of each unit.,20,吉寶西格斯多級(jí)爐排爐Seghers, Belgium,西格斯焚燒爐排控制系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)⑤斔蛣?dòng)作(水平運(yùn)動(dòng))、翻攪和通風(fēng)動(dòng)作(垂直運(yùn)動(dòng))區(qū)分開(kāi) 滑動(dòng)爐排推動(dòng)垃圾向前運(yùn)動(dòng)并決定了垃圾層厚度及停留時(shí)間 擺動(dòng)爐排則起到攪動(dòng)垃圾層的作用 Disturbance, Gliding (horizontal motion) and Swinging (vertical movement) can be controlled separately in the SHA grate. Gliding grate makes the waste mov

21、e forward , and decide the burning time of the waste. Swinging grate is used for waste mixing.,21,日本日立造船 Hitachi Zosen, Japan,爐排上設(shè)置落差，使垃圾翻轉(zhuǎn)、松散 活動(dòng)爐排與固定爐排相互運(yùn)動(dòng)，可以清除爐排片間的積灰，避免堵塞 設(shè)置撥火裝置 Dropping variance of the grate makes the waste very loose. Active grate and fixed grate move mutually . Poker mechanism

22、,22,重慶三峰SITY2000爐排SanFeng, Chongqing,23,重慶同興垃圾焚燒發(fā)電廠 福州紅廟嶺垃圾焚燒發(fā)電廠,國(guó)產(chǎn)二段往復(fù)式爐排Domestic Stoke Grate,24,杭州新世紀(jì)能源環(huán)保工程股份有限公司 New Century Energy Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 溫州偉明集團(tuán)有限公司 Weiming Group, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 由逆推爐排和順推爐排組合而成 逆推爐排向下傾斜 順推爐排為水平布置 adverse pusher parallel pusher,溫州東莊垃圾發(fā)電廠 溫州臨江垃圾發(fā)電廠 溫州永強(qiáng)垃圾發(fā)電廠 昆山垃圾發(fā)電廠

23、杭州濱江垃圾焚燒廠 江蘇太倉(cāng)垃圾焚燒發(fā)電廠,逆推爐排,順推爐排,需要石英砂作為輔料，需要摻煤才能理想燃燒，在煤價(jià)較低或上網(wǎng)電價(jià)較高的情況下，摻煤越多焚燒廠的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益越好； 可以混燒多種廢物，但是進(jìn)料越均勻越好，一般需要有前分選和破碎工序； 焚燒爐內(nèi)垃圾處于懸浮流化狀態(tài)，為瞬時(shí)燃燒，飛灰量大，飛灰量是爐排爐的34倍；此外，流化床焚燒的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是爐渣的熱酌減率較低，僅為12； 物料處于懸浮狀態(tài)，煙氣流速高，對(duì)焚燒爐的沖刷和磨損比較嚴(yán)重； 流化床爐的檢修相對(duì)較多，年運(yùn)行時(shí)間相對(duì)較短，通常只有6000-8000小時(shí)； 流化床爐起爐和停爐較為方便； 減少金屬酸性腐蝕，發(fā)電效率較高。 It needs q

24、uartz sand as the auxiliary material, and needs coal mixed with waste to achieve perfect combustion. The factory will economic efficiency more as more coal is mixed when the coal is cheap and electrovalence from MSW is more expensive than that from others in China. all kinds of waste can be burned t

25、ogether, but it is better to mixed them up, and the separator and crusher is necessary before the incineration. The waste in the fluidized bed is at aerosol fluidization condition, and the fly-ash amount is 34 times of that of grate; moreover, the loss of ignition is much lower, it only has 12%. The

26、 speed of flue gas is very high, and the attrition to equipment is serious. Compared with grate, it needs more repair, but has the shorter running time which is about 6000-8000hours per one year. It is convenient to starting and blowing out.,25,流化床爐的技術(shù)特點(diǎn),Fluidized Bed Incineration Technology,流化床爐,我國(guó)

27、垃圾焚燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,高比重惰性物料循環(huán) 特殊布風(fēng)結(jié)合定向風(fēng)帽結(jié)構(gòu) 二次風(fēng)旋渦分段燃燒 垃圾滲濾液回噴爐膛焚燒,26,浙江大學(xué) 異重流化床 Zhejiang University,應(yīng)用業(yè)績(jī)已有10余項(xiàng) 杭州老余杭垃圾焚燒廠 杭州錦江喬司垃圾電廠 山東菏澤焚燒廠 鄭州滎錦焚燒廠 金華熱電有限公司等,27,能適應(yīng)低品位垃圾燃料組成 采用定向均勻布風(fēng)，燃燒穩(wěn)定 選用外置過(guò)熱器，解決了HCl腐蝕問(wèn)題，提高熱能回收效率,北京中科通用 循環(huán)流化床 Zhongke Tongyong Co.,目前已建和在建的焚燒項(xiàng)目有10余項(xiàng) 浙江嘉興熱電廠 東莞市市區(qū)垃圾焚燒廠 寧波市鎮(zhèn)海垃圾焚燒廠 四川彭州垃圾焚燒廠 ,

28、28,流動(dòng)空氣的風(fēng)量差：左右空氣量比中央部分多 傾斜式爐床：爐床由中央向爐兩端的不燃物排出口傾斜 回旋流效果：從左右二側(cè)部分向上吹起的砂被導(dǎo)流板阻擋回流到爐的中延部分,日本荏原 回旋流化床 EBARA, Japan,目前已建和在建的焚燒項(xiàng)目： 哈爾濱垃圾焚燒廠 太原市垃圾焚燒廠 大連市垃圾焚燒廠,1、可再生能源政策將促進(jìn)垃圾焚燒技術(shù)的應(yīng)用 Policies on renewable energy will promote incineration technology application 目前 浙江省0.5463元/度；廣東省0.55元/度。 按照國(guó)家發(fā)改委頒布的可再生能源發(fā)電價(jià)格及費(fèi)用分

29、攤管理暫行辦法規(guī)定，2006年起新核準(zhǔn)建設(shè)的垃圾發(fā)電廠，上網(wǎng)電價(jià)應(yīng)分別為： 浙江省0.666元/度； 廣東省0.689元/度。 At present ： Zhejiang: 0.5463 yuan/kwh；Guangdong: 0.55 yuan/kwh。 According to the new Trial Guidelines on renewable Power Generation Price and expense ，the price of the power generated from the new waste incineration plant built after 2

30、006 will up to： Zhejiang: 0.666 yuan/kwh； Guangdong: 0.689 yuan/kwh。,29,1/8,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展預(yù)測(cè) Incineration Development Forecast,30,2020/8/16,30,西南地區(qū) Southwest (6) 6100t/d,東部地區(qū) East (56) 45100t/d,西北地區(qū)Northwest (4) 3300t/d,中部地區(qū) Center (9) 7200t/d,東北地區(qū)Northeast (7) 4900t/d,我國(guó)“十一五”期間規(guī)劃焚燒廠及能力 Number and Cap

31、acity of Incineration Plant that Planned During 2006 to 2010,2、新建垃圾焚燒廠將主要以大、中規(guī)模焚燒廠為主 New Incineration Plant Are Mainly Comprised by Large and Medium Scale Plant 我國(guó)新建的垃圾焚燒廠建設(shè)規(guī)模普遍大于600噸/日，我國(guó)大中城市新建的焚燒廠處理規(guī)模常在大于1000噸/日，焚燒廠配置以23臺(tái)焚燒爐居多，單臺(tái)焚燒爐的規(guī)模常在300600噸/日，受政策影響焚燒爐的發(fā)展有大型化趨勢(shì)。 The capacity of newly built plan

32、t are usually beyond 600 t/d, even up to 800-1000 t/d in some big cities, and the capacity of one incinerator is usually 300-600t/d. Affected by new energy policies, the incinerator develops towards the large scale tendency,31,2/8,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展預(yù)測(cè) Incineration Development Forecast,3、爐排爐與流化床爐平分秋色，小型焚燒爐

33、市場(chǎng)逐漸減小 Market Share Will Occupied by stoke grate Incinerator and Fluidized Bed Incinerator，Small Scale Incinerator will Quit Gradually 大中城市以機(jī)械爐排爐為主 對(duì)于中小城市及內(nèi)陸城市和經(jīng)濟(jì)較發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，流化床的國(guó)產(chǎn)化技術(shù)、價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)以及摻煤獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)受益，仍將具有較大的吸引力。 Stoke grate Incinerator will be the main choice in big cities. Fluidized Bed incinerator will

34、also be favored by some cities in the near future because of its advantages in investment and benefit from coal mixing.,32,3/8,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展預(yù)測(cè) Incineration Development Forecast,4、近期內(nèi)垃圾焚燒的余熱利用將仍以發(fā)電為主 Power Generation is still the primary use in the near future 受我國(guó)可再生能源的影響，以及產(chǎn)品銷路的穩(wěn)定性、優(yōu)惠的電價(jià)使得發(fā)電成為我國(guó)垃圾焚燒廠

35、的熱能利用方式相對(duì)單一，絕大多是焚燒余熱都是用于發(fā)電。 在蒸汽參數(shù)方面，通常垃圾焚燒廠余熱鍋爐蒸汽參數(shù)為中溫中壓參數(shù)（4MPa和400）。若提高蒸汽參數(shù)將有助于提高余熱利用效率，提高發(fā)電量，增加垃圾廠的收入，同時(shí)也加劇了余熱鍋爐材料的腐蝕，縮短了設(shè)備的使用壽命，增加了折舊成本。目前，廣州李坑和中山焚燒廠采用三菱重工焚燒爐，嘗試使用次高溫高壓余熱鍋爐蒸汽參數(shù)6MPa/450。采用次高溫高壓參數(shù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性和對(duì)中國(guó)國(guó)情的適應(yīng)性目前還在探索中。 The most of the heat energy from incineration is changed into electric power sin

36、ce favorable power price can be get from Chinese government. In steam quality aspect ，the operation with inferior high temperature & pressure is still in exploration in China at present, and the incineration plants of Likeng in Guangzhou and of Center in Zhongshan are in the attempting with the cond

37、ition 6MPa/450, they both choose the Mitsubishi-Marin grate .,33,4/8,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展預(yù)測(cè) Incineration Development Forecast,5、煙氣處理工藝中干法的比例會(huì)有所增加 Dry process will be widely used in flue gas treatment 隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展，干法工藝也在提升和進(jìn)步（如石灰粒度更細(xì)化、石灰噴射裝置更優(yōu)化等）。目前的干法處理效果有顯著提高，在國(guó)外的應(yīng)用有所增加。在日本，東京都焚燒廠對(duì)環(huán)境要求高，煙氣處理均采用濕法處理工藝；東京都以外的焚

38、燒廠煙氣處理主要采用干法處理工藝。 The dry process developed rapidly in recent years, such as the lime granules are much smaller than before, and its processing effect have enhanced remarkably, and the application has increased a lot in foreign country as well. for example, the cities in Japan always choose this way

39、 except Tokyo which has a much higher environmental standard.,34,5/8,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展預(yù)測(cè) Incineration Development Forecast,6、對(duì)二惡英的控制逐漸加強(qiáng) Strengthening Dioxin control 大城市和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的焚燒廠采用歐盟煙氣排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，二惡英執(zhí)行0.1ng-TEQ/Nm3 對(duì)二惡英的監(jiān)控越來(lái)越嚴(yán)格 In big cities and economy-developed cities, MSW incineration plants take more stri

40、ct standard as EU-DC-2000, and dioxin concentration cannot over 0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm3 The Control for dioxin will be more and more strict.,35,6/8,我國(guó)垃圾焚燒技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)展預(yù)測(cè) Incineration Development Forecast,7、垃圾焚燒廠建設(shè)融資模式多元化 Many Financial Models Will Emerge in MSW Incineration Projects 我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的垃圾處理設(shè)施是“政府投資建設(shè)，事業(yè)單位運(yùn)營(yíng)”。這種模式

41、對(duì)于衛(wèi)生填埋等技術(shù)水平相對(duì)較低的方式較為適用。對(duì)于焚燒項(xiàng)目，地方政府通常受技術(shù)水平和人才資源的限制，難以自建自管。 因此，部分城市采用了“政府投資建設(shè)，招標(biāo)或委托企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)”的方式，取得了較好的效果。 近年來(lái)，隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)化政策的推廣和國(guó)家投融資體制的改革，大量社會(huì)資本進(jìn)入到垃圾焚燒處理鄰域，“企業(yè)實(shí)行特許經(jīng)營(yíng)（BOT模式）”的方式廣為應(yīng)用。 Traditionally, the waste disposal facility is invested by the government, and operated by institution in China. Bt a incineration plant needs