英漢翻譯技巧+-+第七章+++.ppt

1、英漢翻譯技巧,主編：鐘書能教授,第7章 拆譯與縮譯 Division and Condensation in E-C Translation,一、概述,英語和漢語有一個明顯的區(qū)別，就是英文句子冗長復(fù)雜，漢語句子短小簡潔。前者的冗長是因為主句上又枝生出許多從屬成分，包括各種從句和短語（分詞短語，形容詞短語，名詞短語，不定式短語）。這種疊床架屋的句型特征使一個英文句子里面往往包含多層意思。 與英文相比，漢語比較短小。即便是很長的句子，也是由多個短句構(gòu)成。因此，在用漢語翻譯英語句子的時候，如果譯者選擇保留句子的原有結(jié)構(gòu)，試圖把所有的意思全部塞進(jìn)同一個沒有逗號隔開的中文句子，譯文會顯得臃腫，艱澀別扭，

2、而且讓譯者大傷腦筋。為了避免這個問題，最有效的方法就是拆譯。 拆譯就是將句子中的某個成分從主句中拆分出來，單獨成為一個短句或者整句。第一個好處，就是符合了中文的句子特征。但是，這是否就意味著句子變得簡潔了呢？事實上，單純的拆分只是保證了句子形式上符合中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，而句子仍然存在邏輯混亂，層次不分明的問題。這個問題要歸咎于英漢兩種語言形合和意合的本質(zhì)特征。這兩個特征在本書第三章做了詳細(xì)的介紹。,簡單地說，作為一種形合的語言，英語的句子主要依靠各種語法手段來實現(xiàn)句子的銜接和語篇的連貫。比如，句子的主干詞匯上總是掛著各種從句和短句，就像一串葡萄或者一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹，有時葡萄和樹葉把樹干給遮掩了起

3、來。相反，漢語的句子主要是依靠句子之間無形的邏輯關(guān)系來實現(xiàn)文本的連貫。相比之下，漢語句子更像是一節(jié)竹子或者一條鏈子，主干一目了然。如果英文句子的語序沒有按照邏輯順序進(jìn)行調(diào)整，讀者就會在各種冗長的解釋說明性的從句和短語中迷了路，昏了頭，忘記了句子的主干。因此，除了句子成分的拆分之外，往往還伴隨著句子中各種成分順序的調(diào)整。,總的來說，拆譯包括三個步驟。首先確定要拆分的詞語，短語或從句；其次，被拆分的內(nèi)容往往需要配合增詞或者詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，這樣才能使得原先的詞語，短語或者從句成為一個獨立的分句；最后，按照句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，比如先因后果，先敘事后評論的順序重新排列句子。 然而，拆譯并非適合所有的情況。這種

4、策略只是針對部分詞語、短語和從句。因為它們所承載的意思已經(jīng)超出了一個漢語短句可以容納的空間，所以才需要獨立門戶，尋求更大的空間擴展，以求譯文意思清晰明確。 相反，對于有些短語、從句和句群，我們則需要使用縮譯，以確保句子盡量精煉?？s譯就是把短語緊縮成詞語，從句轉(zhuǎn)變成短語，幾個句子縮合為一個句子。不過，因為英語主要還是以長句居多，所以兩種策略相比之下，前者使用更為頻繁。,二、翻譯示例,拆譯就是在翻譯中將英文原句中的詞語、短語或者從句拆分出來，處理為獨立于主干的分句或者整句。拆譯通常要結(jié)合增詞法，倒裝法或轉(zhuǎn)換法，打破原有的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)符合中文的邏輯和表達(dá)方法，重新安排拆分部分與主句的順序與關(guān)系。這

5、種翻譯方法可以使譯文意思更加清晰明確，層次更加分明，表達(dá)更加符合中文習(xí)慣。 拆譯一般分為三類，詞語的拆譯，短語的拆譯和從句的拆譯。,1.詞語的拆譯,英文中的許多副詞，名詞特別是抽象名詞，形容詞具有強大的表達(dá)能力，為了將這些詞語豐富的內(nèi)涵表達(dá)出來，需要將這些詞語從句子中拆分出來，單獨處理為一個句子。,(1) They were understandably reluctant to join the battle.,譯文 他們不愿意參戰(zhàn)，這是可以理解的。,分析 understandable拆分出來，作為對整句話的評論。,譯文 富蘭克林羅斯福目光炯炯，含笑傾聽，一言不發(fā)，然后和其他人 一道，報以熱

6、烈的掌聲。 分析 bright-eyed拆分出來。另外，主句以外的幾個表伴隨的介詞短語 和分詞短語都拆分出來，逐個譯為單句，打破了原文在語法形式 上的連接，符合了中文重意合的特點。,(2) Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention, saying nothing, and applauding heartily with the rest.,2. 短語的拆分,與中文句子相比，英文句子偏長。究其原因，除了大量使用從句之外，還包括大量修辭，解釋和補充性短語的使用，包括介詞短語、名詞短語、分詞短語、形容詞短語。這些短

7、語往往需要拆分為獨立的分句或句子。,(2) The two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for the right man to give the letter to.,譯文 這兩兄弟在窗口坐了一整天，守候著一個適當(dāng)?shù)娜顺霈F(xiàn)，好把這封信 給他。 分析 原句里面的現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的短語做伴隨狀語，實際表示目的，所以拆 分出來作為一個單獨的短句。,(1) Nearly everyone knows that story of “the dog that worried the cat that caught the rat that

8、ate the grain that lay in the house that Jack built.”,譯文 幾乎所有的人都知道這個故事，“杰克蓋了房子，房里堆了糧食，老 鼠吃了糧食，貓抓住了老鼠，最后狗咬住了貓?！?分析 如果按照原文本身的多個限定性定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，譯成“每個人都知 道咬住抓住吃了杰克蓋的房子里面堆放的糧食的老鼠的貓的狗的故 事”，句子意思顯得不清晰。所以，譯者需要拋開原文的形式，理清 邏輯，按照中文的意合方式將這些信息重新拆分組合。,(3) Out of a deep and dreamless sleep he was awakened by the sound of

9、 thumping on the door.,譯文 他正睡得沉，連夢都沒有，突然間，一陣嘭嘭的敲門聲，把他喚醒了。 分析 out of a deep and dreamless sleep在句子里面是一個做賓補的短語， 實際上是表示時間。整個句子拆分后，按照事情發(fā)展的時間順序重新 組合。,3.從句的拆分,英文句子有一個特點，就是長。其中一個原因就是大量的復(fù)合句，即包含從句的句子。而與之相比，漢語短小。因此，復(fù)合句的漢譯往往需要將從句從句子中拆分出來, 作為獨立的句子或分句處理。,(1) They claimed that our environment is more important th

10、an our biologically based instincts in determining how we act.,譯文 他們宣稱，決定我們行為方式時，環(huán)境比以生理為基礎(chǔ)的本能更為重要。 分析 賓語從句拆分出來，同時將介詞短語in determining how we act拆分出來 做方式狀語。,(2) In recent years an interesting fact has been brought to public attention: as education levels, salaries, and the cost of living have increase

11、d, more and more people are now having fewer and fewer children to the point where schools in many cities have to close down.,譯文 近幾年，一個有趣的情況引起人們的注意：隨著教育水平、工資 和生活消費的提高，越來越多的人不想多生孩子，已經(jīng)到了許多 城市的學(xué)校不得不關(guān)門的地步。 分析 本句中where引導(dǎo)的定語從句是既是陳述人們不愿意多生孩子這一 現(xiàn)狀所達(dá)到的嚴(yán)重程度，同時也是陳述其所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，拆分開 來更符合中文句子的表達(dá)方式。,(3) I told them how

12、 I had served Starbucks coffee to my friends in New York, how enthusiastic they had been.,譯文 我告訴他們，我曾經(jīng)用星巴克咖啡招待過紐約的朋友，嘗過的人都贊不絕口。 分析 英文句子中包含兩個并列的賓語從句，漢譯時，為了使意思更清晰，將這兩 個從句從句子中拆分出來, 作為獨立的分句處理。一般用特殊疑問代詞或副 詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般都譯為敘述性信息，而不是“我告訴他們我如何 用星巴克的咖啡招待美國的朋友，以及他們?nèi)绾蔚呐d奮?！?4. 整句的拆譯,(1) You compare her with your En

13、glish women who wolf down three to five meat meals a day; and naturally you find her a sylph.,譯文 你們英國女人每天狼吞虎咽吃下三餐到五餐肉食，你們拿她來跟你們相 比，當(dāng)然會覺得她是個窈窕女子了。 分析 句子將who引導(dǎo)的定語從句拆分出來，按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序重新組 織表達(dá)。,(2) Yet, curiously, really violent activity and life-changing events are hidden in bland antiseptic tones that se

14、rve to disguise the reality.,譯文 然而，讓人不解的是，談及暴力事件和人生大事，人們的語氣往往漠 然不屑，仿佛他們對此并不在乎。 分析 這個句子不重新拆開就無法翻譯。漢譯時，我們首先改被動句結(jié)構(gòu)為 主動句結(jié)構(gòu)。in bland antiseptic tones部分先拆出來，可以重新組織 成people usually use bland antiseptic tones to talk about really violent activity and life-changing events，這樣一來就好理解與表達(dá)了。,(3) Our time together

15、seemed devoid of the gerrymandered schedules that now pervade my life.,譯文 在我和母親共度的時光里，一切都井然有序，安排好的事情往往 不會隨意改動，而我現(xiàn)在的生活卻充斥著多變和混亂。 分析 本句是個典型的英語句子，用詞抽象。譯文為了符合中文用詞具 體的特點，將gerrymandered schedules和pervade的內(nèi)容具體化。,縮譯就是為了確保表達(dá)的清晰和簡潔，漢譯有時將某些短語句子譯得更加簡潔，或者將從句和主句合并，或者將幾個獨立的句子合并為一個單句。,1. 壓縮短語,(1) At the end of the

16、day, the president would have a little bourbon and branch water with one of his principal advisers in the Oval Office.,譯文 晚上，總統(tǒng)還會邀請一位主要顧問來橢圓形辦公室喝上一杯波旁 威士忌加白水。 分析 at the end of the day譯為“晚上”而非“一天結(jié)束的時候”。,(2) In mid-June, the public was evenly divided when asked whether it thought Mr. Obamas health pla

17、n was a good idea or bad idea.,譯文 6月中旬，當(dāng)被問到奧巴馬的醫(yī)療計劃是好是壞時，公眾的回答 基本是各占一半。,分析 a good idea or bad idea譯為“是好是壞”。,譯文 同時，國內(nèi)外的社會、政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)因素都會對漢語的演變起很大的決 定作用。,分析 both domestic and international譯為“國內(nèi)外”，并與修辭對象合并。,(3) It is also clear that social, political and economic factors, both domestic and international, wi

18、ll play a large role in determining the precise nature of these advances.,2. 復(fù)合句壓縮為簡單句,(1) When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.,譯文 他常常聚精會神地工作，這時他就會廢寢忘食。,分析 which he often was與第一句合并。,(2) The thief, who was about to escape, was caught by the

19、policemen.,譯文 小偷正要逃走時被警察抓住了。 分析 將主語和非限定性定語從句合并。,3. 并列句壓縮為簡單句,(3) The concern is fueled by rising anxiety over the federal budget deficit, which is reflected in the new poll as well.,譯文 對聯(lián)邦預(yù)算赤字的焦慮情緒加重引發(fā)的擔(dān)憂在新民調(diào)查中也得到 了反映。 分析 非限定性定語從句與主句合并。,(1) The time was 10:00 p.m., and traffic on the street was ligh

20、t.,譯文 晚上十點鐘，街上來往的車輛稀少了。 分析 將前半句譯為表時間的短語。,(1) The clear heaven overhead was emptied of all its gold. Dusk spread over it, abruptly darkening the Seven Hills.,譯文 天宇澄清，余暉盡斂，夜幕降臨，羅馬七丘頓時昏暗。 分析 成語的使用可以是表達(dá)更加精煉，同時也利用了中文的優(yōu)勢。,4. 兩個或兩個以上的簡單句壓縮為一個簡單句,(2) Constructive criticism should not break friendship. It sh

21、ould breed respect.,譯文 建設(shè)性的批評不應(yīng)該損害友誼而應(yīng)增進(jìn)尊重。 分析 兩句主語一致，可以合并。,(3) Finally, my teacher took me aside. She explained that she had written a narrators part to the play, and asked me to switch roles.,譯文 最后，老師把我叫到一旁，向我解釋說她為這個話劇另外寫了一 個旁白的角色，并讓我改當(dāng)旁白。 分析 兩句主語一致，并且都是對同一件事情的描寫，可以納入同一個 句子。,語篇1 A fire broke out i

22、n a womens tent at a Kuwaiti wedding party on Saturday killing at least 41 people, Kuwaiti media reported. 科威特媒體報道，星期六在科威特的一個婚禮上，女賓專用的帳篷發(fā)生大火，至少41人死亡。 The private al-Rai television channel quoted the head of Kuwaits fire brigade Jassim al-Mansouri as saying 61 people were critically injured. 私人電視臺al-

23、Rai援引科威特消防部門負(fù)責(zé)人賈西姆曼蘇里（Jassim al-Mansouri）的話說，大火中61人受重傷。 The state news agency KUNA said 41 bodies had been recovered from the smouldering remains of the tent, in the al-Jahra district west of Kuwait City. 科威特新聞通訊社（KUNA）報道，大火發(fā)生在科威特首都科威特城西部的杰赫拉區(qū)（al-Jahra），消防隊員已經(jīng)從快要燃盡的帳篷廢墟里找到了41具尸體。,5. 結(jié)合上下文靈活使用拆譯和縮譯,“

24、The number of fatalities might increase due to the large number of injuries as result of a stampede that followed the outbreak of the fire at the tent that was packed with people at the wedding,” Mansouri told KUNA. 蘇里告訴通訊社：“舉行婚禮時，帳篷里擠滿了人，所以大火發(fā)生后人群造成踩踏，很多人受傷，這會使得大火中死傷的人數(shù)增加?！?He said authorities were

25、 investigating the cause of the blaze. 他說：“當(dāng)局正在調(diào)查這起大火的起因?！?Weddings in Kuwait are mostly segregated, with women seated separately from men. Tents are often erected especially for the occasion. 科威特人舉行婚禮大多將男女分開，婚禮上通常都會搭起專門的帳篷。(黎妍 譯),語篇2 These aspects of her personality I came to know gradually over th

26、e coming months. What struck me first were the outward things, her animation and expressiveness. I couldnt tell whether this was something she was born with, or whether the projection of emotion which she had learned as an actress had become second nature. When indignant, her eyes would flash fire,

27、when happy she would laugh unrestrainedly like a child. I quickly changed my preconceived notions about the “inscrutableness” of Orientals. 在接下來的幾個月里，我漸漸了解了她的性格。首先讓我感到吃驚的是她外在的一些個性。比如說，她很活潑，表現(xiàn)力極強。我說不清這到底是她與生俱來的天性，還是她作為一個演員，感情的流露已經(jīng)成為了她的第二天性。憤慨的時候，她的眼睛會噴出火花。而快樂的時候，她則會像個孩子一樣無拘無束地大笑。我原先認(rèn)為東方人“神秘莫測”，而這種想法很

28、快改變了。 She had not remarried because she had not found anyone for whom she could care enough and who would respect her independence. 她一直沒有找到一個足以讓她愛得癡狂，又能尊重她的獨立的男人，所以沒有再嫁。,Not, at least, till I came along. Our physical attraction was immediate and mutual. But more than that, we shared an identity of i

29、nterests and found pleasure in each others company. 至少在我出現(xiàn)之前是這樣。我們很快被對方的外表所吸引。但更重要的是，我們有著一致的興趣，并且喜歡跟對方在一起。 We sat in tea gardens amid flowering shrubs and fanciful pavilions and sipped green “Dragon Well” tea and cracked watermelon seeds. We wended through the City God Temple, with its many shops of

30、 marvelous handicrafts connected by a zigzag bridge around a lotus pond. 我們坐在茶園兒里面，四周是開著花的灌木叢和精致的小亭子，或是細(xì)細(xì)品嘗龍井茶，或是啪啪地嗑著瓜子兒。我們一起逛城隍廟，蓮池上有一座九曲橋，四周有許多鋪子，擺滿了精致有趣的手工藝品。 And we met in her flat with a few other Chinese friends and talked in low voices, with the radios turned on loud against possible eavesdr

31、oppers, about who had just been arrested, or what bookstores had been raided, or whether more revolutionaries had been executed, and what the news from the Liberated Areas was. Sometimes we could pick up Yenan on my short-wave set. 在她的公寓里，我們和幾個中國朋友低聲地談話，諸如誰誰已經(jīng)被抓了，哪家書店被查抄了，是否會有更多的革命者被處決，以及從解放區(qū)傳來的消息。這

32、個時候，我們會把收音機開得很大，免得別人偷聽。有時，我們還用我的短波收音機接收有關(guān)延安的新聞。,She had no doubt about our compatibleness, and if our future was unsure, so was the future of everyone in China. Nor did my “foreignness” seem to present any problems. She had got used to my appearance, and recovered from the initial shock of seeing me

33、 in a raglan sleeve topcoat on finding, when I took it off, that I had shoulders after all. In fact she had become bemused to such an extent that she thought I was quite nice-looking. No one stared when we appeared in public together, nor did I, for some reason, attract the crowds which often traile

34、d other foreigners, awestruck by their outlandish garb and, by Chinese standards, huge noses. Her family offered no objections whatever. 她很肯定，我們是融洽的。如果說，我們的未來是模糊的，那么所有中國人的未來也是模糊的。我的外國人身份似乎也不是什么問題，她已經(jīng)從我們初次見面時的震驚中走了出來，并習(xí)慣了我的打扮。那個時候，我穿著一件連肩袖外套，脫去外套的時候，她驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)原來我是長著一對肩膀的。實際上，那個時候她已經(jīng)迷上我了，甚至她覺得我長得相當(dāng)帥氣。那時候，

35、人們總喜歡追逐圍觀外國人，他們感到外國人的奇裝異服和大鼻子新奇可畏。而我們一起走在外面的時候，卻不會有人盯著我們看。而且，不知道出于什么原因，我也不會遭人注目。她的家里人也沒有對我們的交往提出任何反對。,Absence of racial or religious prejudice is traditional in China. For two thousand years foreigners had been encouraged to settle in the Middle Kingdom and practice their religions and retain their

36、customs. There was some talk among the rustics that all foreigners had red hair and blue eyes and walked without bending their knees. But those who had actually seen them knew better. None of her compatriots was shocked, though some perhaps wondered why she chose a foreigner when there was so many C

37、hinese around. 中國的傳統(tǒng)文化里面少有種族和宗教偏見。兩千年來，中國都鼓勵外國人定居中原，并允許他們保持自己的信仰和習(xí)俗。盡管在那些偏遠(yuǎn)的農(nóng)村有這樣的說法，說外國人都是紅頭發(fā)藍(lán)眼睛，而且走路都不彎膝蓋。但真正見過的人才知道并不是這樣。盡管她的同胞有些想不明白，明明周圍有那么多的中國男人，她怎么就偏偏選了個外國人，但他們并沒有對我們的結(jié)合感到震驚。（黎妍 譯）,三、英語語篇漢譯,What It Takes to Be Great by Geoffrey Colvin 成 功 之 道,Research now shows that the lack of natural talent

38、 is irrelevant to great success. The secret? Painful and demanding practice and hard work. 最近研究證明，缺乏天賦并不意味著不能成功。那么秘密是什么？秘密就是困難和艱苦的練習(xí)以及努力的工作。,What makes Tiger Woods great? What made Berkshire Hathaway Chairman Warren Buffett the worlds premier investor? We think we know: Each was a natural who came i

39、nto the world with a gift for doing exactly what he ended up doing. As Buffett told Fortune not long ago, he was “wired at birth to allocate capital.” Its a one-in-a-million thing. Youve got itor you dont. 泰格伍茲成為高爾夫王子的原因是什么？伯克希爾哈撒韋保險兼投資集團(tuán)的董事長沃倫巴菲特成為世界上最優(yōu)秀的投資者的原因又是什么？我們認(rèn)為我們知道答案：他們所從事的事業(yè)所需要的天賦是與生俱來的。就

40、在不久前，巴菲特告訴財富雜志，他“生來就擅長利用資本?！倍@種情況是百萬分之一。你要么具備這種天賦，要么不具備。,Well, folks, its not so simple. For one thing, you do not possess a natural gift for a certain job, because targeted natural gifts dont exist. You are not a born CEO or investor or chess grandmaster. You will achieve greatness only through an

41、enormous amount of hard work over many years. And not just any hard work, but work of a particular type thats demanding and painful. 好了，朋友們，事情遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有這么簡單。你之所以不具備從事某一種工作的天賦，是因為這種目標(biāo)明確的天賦不存在。你不會生來就是首席執(zhí)行官、投資者，或者象棋大師。要獲得成就，只能通過多年大量的辛勤工作。不僅僅是努力的工作，必須是一種困難而且艱苦的工作。,Buffett, for instance, is famed for his disci

42、pline and the hours he spends studying financial statements of potential investment targets. The good news is that your lack of a natural gift is irrelevanttalent has little or nothing to do with greatness. You can make yourself into any number of things, and you can even make yourself great. 舉個例子，巴

43、菲特的自律是出了名的，他會花上大量時間研讀潛在投資目標(biāo)的財務(wù)報告。令人高興的一個消息是，如果你缺乏天賦，沒有關(guān)系。因為天賦和成功的關(guān)系非常小，甚至可以說沒有。你可以從事任何一種職業(yè)，甚至可以使自己出類拔萃。,Scientific experts are producing remarkably consistent findings across a wide array of fields. Understand that talent doesnt mean intelligence, motivation or personality traits. Its an innate abil

44、ity to do some specific activity especially well. British-based researchers Michael J. Howe, Jane W. Davidson and John A. Sluboda conclude in an extensive study, “The evidence we have surveyed . does not support the notion that excelling is a consequence of possessing innate gifts.” 科學(xué)家在很多領(lǐng)域得出了非常一致的

45、結(jié)論，這種一致是驚人的。天賦并不等于智慧、動機或者個性品質(zhì)。天賦是一種與生俱來的把某種事做得很好的能力。幾位英國的研究者，麥克J豪（Michael J. Howe）、簡W戴維森（Jane W. Davidson）和約翰A斯魯博達(dá)（John A. Sluboda）通過一項廣泛的研究得出這樣的結(jié)論：“我們通過調(diào)查找到的證據(jù)表明，卓越的成就并不是擁有天賦的結(jié)果?！?To see how the researchers could reach such a conclusion, consider the problem they were trying to solve. In virtually

46、every field of endeavor, most people learn quickly at first, then more slowly and then stop developing completely. Yet a few do improve for years and even decades, and go on to greatness. 要想明白這些研究者是如何得出這個結(jié)論，我們需要了解他們試圖解決的問題。事實上，在每一個學(xué)習(xí)的領(lǐng)域，大多數(shù)人在一開始都學(xué)得很快，這種進(jìn)步漸漸變慢，最后完全停止。然而，仍然有極少數(shù)人會在幾年甚至幾十年的時間里繼續(xù)提高，直到做出成

47、就。,The irresistible questionthe “fundamental challenge” for researchers in this field, says the most prominent of them, professor K. Anders Ericsson of Florida State Universityis, Why? How are certain people able to go on improving? The answers begin with consistent observations about great performe

48、rs in many fields. 美國佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)的K安德斯埃里克森教授是這個領(lǐng)域最杰出的研究者之一。他說，一個不可避免的問題，同時也是研究者們面臨的“最根本的挑戰(zhàn)”，就是，為什么？有些人如何能夠做到不斷提高？要找到這個答案，首先要對各個領(lǐng)域的成功人士進(jìn)行長期的觀察。,Scientists worldwide have conducted scores of studies since the 1993 publication of a landmark paper by Ericsson and two colleagues, many focusing on sports, mus

49、ic and chess, in which performance is relatively easy to measure and plot over time. But plenty of additional studies have also examined other fields, including business. 自從愛立信教授和他的兩個同事在1993年發(fā)表了一篇里程碑式的論文之后，世界各地的科學(xué)家就展開了一系列研究。這些研究主要集中在體育、音樂和象棋，因為這些領(lǐng)域的成就比較容易在一段時期內(nèi)進(jìn)行衡量并繪制圖表。但是，研究者們也在包括商業(yè)在內(nèi)的其他領(lǐng)域做了大量研究。,N

50、o substitute for hard work 努力的工作無法替代 The first major conclusion is that nobody is great without work. Its nice to believe that if you find the field where youre naturally gifted, youll be great from day one, but it doesnt happen. Theres no evidence of high-level performance without experience or pra

51、ctice. 第一個重大的結(jié)論就是，要取得成功，必須要努力。相信只要找到具有天賦的領(lǐng)域，那么一開始你就會出類拔萃，想起來是不錯，但是這是不會發(fā)生的。沒有證據(jù)可以證明，沒有經(jīng)驗或者練習(xí)就能獲得出眾的表現(xiàn)。,Reinforcing that no-free-lunch finding is vast evidence that even the most accomplished people need around ten years of hard work before becoming world-class, a pattern so well established researche

52、rs call it the ten-year rule. 大量的證據(jù)證明即便最厲害的人也需要十年左右的努力才能成為世界級的人物。這進(jìn)一步證明“沒有免費午餐”這一道理。這種情況已經(jīng)形成了一種模式，研究者把這個模式叫做十年定律。,What about Bobby Fischer, who became a chess grandmaster at 16? Turns out the rule holds: Hed had nine years of intensive study. And as John Horn of the University of Southern California

53、 and Hiromi Masunaga of California State University observe, “The ten-year rule represents a very rough estimate, and most researchers regard it as a minimum, not an average.” In many fields (music, literature) elite performers need 20 or 30 years experience before hitting their zenith. 那么如何解釋鮑比菲舍兒年

54、僅16歲就成為了象棋大師？事實證明，這個定律仍然成立：成為大師之前，他已經(jīng)經(jīng)過九年的集中練習(xí)。根據(jù)南加里福尼亞大學(xué)的約翰霍恩（John Horn）和加里福尼亞州立大學(xué)的松永浩美（Hiromi Masunaga）兩名教授的觀察，“十年定律只是一個非常粗略的估計，大多數(shù)研究者認(rèn)為這只是最低值，并非平均值?！痹谠S多領(lǐng)域，比如音樂和文學(xué)，最優(yōu)秀的人往往需要二十年甚至三十年的經(jīng)驗才能達(dá)到頂峰。,So greatness isnt handed to anyone; it requires a lot of hard work. Yet that isnt enough, since many peopl

55、e work hard for decades without approaching greatness or even getting significantly better. Whats missing? 因此，偉大的成就并非唾手可得，這需要大量艱苦的工作。然而，僅僅艱苦的工作還不夠。因為許多人努力了幾十年，仍然沒有取得成就，甚至沒有明顯的提高。那么是什么缺失了呢？,Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧 The best people in any field are those who devote the most hours to what the resear

56、chers call “deliberate practice.” Its activity thats explicitly intended to improve performance, that reaches for objectives just beyond ones level of competence, provides feedback on results and involves high levels of repetition. 任何領(lǐng)域里面最優(yōu)秀的人都是那些花費了大量時間用于研究者所說的“專門訓(xùn)練”的人。這種訓(xùn)練以提高水平為明確目的，旨在超越現(xiàn)有的能力水平，對結(jié)

57、果提供反饋，并且包括大量的重復(fù)。,For example: Simply hitting a bucket of balls is not deliberate practice, which is why most golfers dont get better. Hitting an eight-iron 300 times with a goal of leaving the ball within 20 feet of the pin 80 percent of the time, continually observing results and making appropriate

58、 adjustments, and doing that for hours every daythats deliberate practice. 比如說，簡單地?fù)舸蛞煌扒蛩悴簧蠈ｉT訓(xùn)練。這也是大多數(shù)的高爾夫球員不能提高的原因。專門訓(xùn)練應(yīng)該是用八號鐵（高爾夫球桿型號）擊球300次，而且有80%的情況球落在離旗桿20英尺以內(nèi)的地方。除此之外，一直關(guān)注結(jié)果，做出適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整，每天練習(xí)數(shù)小時。,Consistency is crucial. As Ericsson notes, “Elite performers in many diverse domains have been found to

59、practice, on the average, roughly the same amount every day, including weekends.” 堅持是至關(guān)重要的。正如埃里克森教授所記錄的，“一般來說，各個領(lǐng)域里的精英每天花在練習(xí)上的時間大致相同，周末也不例外?！?Evidence crosses a remarkable range of fields. In a study of 20-year-old violinists by Ericsson and colleagues, the best group (judged by conservatory teachers) averaged 10,00