鳳凰國際英語基礎英語語法6非謂語.ppt

1、基礎英語語法（6）,非謂語結(jié)構(gòu),內(nèi)容,1）分詞 2）動名詞 3）獨立結(jié)構(gòu) 4）不定時,Warm-up 1,分析精彩英語,Paragraph 1,Everyone goes through their lives seeing and experiencing different things. At times, these different situation stated that “Ease does not challenge us; adversity helps up discover who we are.” People learn more from losing than

2、 winning. Through literature, one can see how this statement probes to be true.,Paragraph 2,When lunch time is approaching, there is always a problem lingering in my mind: whether I should go to KFC for varied but unhealthy food or have ordinary family dishes. People around me are also confused by s

3、uch questions, not only the choice itself is hard to make, but also which kind of lifestyle, healthy or a little bit harmful, that matters. Therefore people go to extremes on the way how healthy life style that people want can be ensured.,一、形 式, 過去分詞只有一種形式。, 現(xiàn)在分詞：,二、 功 能,1作表語 2作定語 3作狀語 4作賓語補足語 5. 現(xiàn)在

4、分詞的完成形式和被動形式 6. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu),1作表語?，F(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩?；過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，如： The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. 注：已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞，可以用 very 修飾；沒有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或 quite，有時也可用very much，如： Im very much pleased. Hes very muc

5、h worried about his health.,注：過去分詞作表語時，應注意與被動結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。 系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、特點；被動結(jié)構(gòu)強調(diào)謂語動作，指主語所承受的動作。此外還有： 系表結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過去時態(tài)；b. 一般不帶狀語； c. 可以有不及物動詞的過去分詞。 被動結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 有多種時態(tài)，常與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)一致；b. 可以帶時 間、方式或 by 短語作狀語；c. 必須是及物動詞。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài)) The small village was soon surrounded by

6、enemy soldiers. (動作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921.,2作定語： 單獨作定語，應放在被修飾的名詞之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders

7、 entered the banquet hall. 注：分詞作定語時，意義上接近于一個定語從句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing 在更多情況下，可以用分詞短語作定語，這時分詞短語應放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當于一個定語從句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads

8、) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun?, 作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生的時間有兩種情況： a. 表示正在進行的動作, (變?yōu)閺木鋾r要用進行時態(tài)), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man

9、talking (who was talking) to the manager? b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動作, 或現(xiàn)在 (或當時) 的狀態(tài), (變?yōu)閺木鋾r, 用一般時態(tài)), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 過去分詞作定語時，過去分詞所表示的動作可以在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時間性，如： Is this the book recomme

10、nded by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. I hate to see letters written in pencil.,注：如果所表示的動作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式來表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. 注：如果所表示的是一個未來的動作，可以用一個不定式的被動形式來表示，如： The

11、 meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting., 分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相當于一個非限制性定語從句），這時，它和句子的其他部分用逗號隔開，試比較： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer

12、written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister., 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時，所表示的動作不能先于謂語所表示的動作，也不可以表示將來。另外，一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語，所以，下列句子都是錯的： Those having finished their work can go home now. (應改為who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left f

13、or Shenzhen this morning. (應改為who gave us) 系動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語，此時要用從句來表示，如： Those being busy dont have to go. (應改為Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (應改為who is) 不及物動詞的過去分詞不可用作后置定語，若要表示這個意思要用從句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion.

14、 (應改為which/that died),3作狀語： 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示陪襯性的動作或伴隨情況，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. 注意：a. 分詞表示的必須是主語的一個動作；b. 分詞表示的動作和謂語表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）是同時發(fā)生的；c. 分詞表示的是比較次要的動作，對謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)加以說明；d. 大部分放在謂

15、語之后；e. 分詞有時可以與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示行為方式或手段（這類狀語可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時還可以放在句中。其他參考上述a-c），如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities., 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave the

16、m a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital. 注：如果分詞表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to w

17、rite another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語（相當于 when 引導的從句），如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.,注：這里分詞表示的是一個極短暫的動作，這動作一發(fā)生，謂語動詞所表示的動作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一般放在句首。如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的，多用 when 或 while + 分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如： Be c

18、areful when crossing the street. Dont mention this while talking to him. 注：如果要強調(diào)謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時，分詞的動作已經(jīng)完成，這個分詞要用完成形式，如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction., 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語還可以表示結(jié)果、條件和讓步，如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving

19、 her with five children. (結(jié)果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (條件) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (讓步), 過去分詞短語作狀語，可以修飾謂語，說明動作發(fā)生的背景或

20、情況，如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 過去分詞短語表示原因（相當于一個原因狀語從句），如： The children, exhaus

21、ted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted), 過去分詞短語有時可以表示時間（相當于時間狀語從句）和條件（相當于條件狀語從句），如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen from the hill, the park lo

22、oks very beautiful. 注：過去分詞短語作狀語時，前面有時可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等連詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是一種省略的狀語從句（省略部分多為 “主語 + be 的多種形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主語必須和主句的主語相同，如： If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until sp

23、oken to.,4作賓語補足語： 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補足語，如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laughing. 注：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補足語表示動作與謂語同時發(fā)生或正在進行，強調(diào)動作過程。 過去分詞做賓語補足語，如： He watched the TV set carried out of the r

24、oom. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended. 注：過去分詞做賓語補足語表示動作完成結(jié)果，并有被動意義。, 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補足語時，與賓語有著邏輯上的主謂關系，賓語補足語一般為賓語所做的動作；過去分詞做賓語補足語時，與賓語有著動賓關系，賓語是過去分詞所表示的動作的承受者，如： He saw an old man getting on the bus. An old

25、man was getting on the bus. I once heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once sung in Japanese. I dont want the children taken out in such weather. The children were taken out in such weather. 以上句子可以變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，這時，賓語補足語就成了主語補足語，與謂語一起稱為“復合謂語”，如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She wa

26、s never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken., 有些動詞既可以用不定式作賓語補足語，又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，有些動詞只能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，這些動詞是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等，例如： She caught her son smoking a cigarette. Wed better keep the fire burning. The heavy

27、rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remember him ever saying anything like that. We must try to stop them getting into trouble. His words started me thinking seriously. Can you smell something burning? The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground.,現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式和被動形式, 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形

28、式主要用在狀語中，表示動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，如： Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai. 注：在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式，如： His comrades having all left for the front, he didnt want to stay in the rear., 在表示一個被動的動作時，如果這個動作是現(xiàn)刻正在進行的，或是與謂語表示的動作

29、同時發(fā)生的，就可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式。這種形式可以作定語、狀語或構(gòu)成復合賓語，如： That building being repaired is our library. （定語） He asked who was the man being operated on. （定語） Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （賓語補足語） As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （賓語補足語） Being asked to give a performance,

30、she couldnt very well refuse.（狀語） Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （狀語）, 有時還有完成被動形式，如： Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?,在用分詞短語作狀語時, 它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一致, 但有時它也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語, 這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為:,獨 立 結(jié) 構(gòu),獨立結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示伴隨動作或情況, 表示時間、原因、條件等, 例如： 1. He r

31、ushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴隨情況) 2.The shower being over, we continued to march. (時間) 3.So many students being late, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) 4.Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (條件) 5.All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yo

32、urs. 6.The job done, we went home. 7.The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.,一、動名詞 動名詞是一種非謂語動詞，形式為v+ing，與現(xiàn)在分詞同形。 基本形式：,非謂語動詞動名詞,A. 動名詞的特點：兼具名詞和動詞的特征。 1. 動名詞的動詞特征：動名詞可以有賓語，可以用狀語修飾 （1）帶賓語 a. He avoided giving us a definite answer. 動名詞giving后有雙賓語。 b. The doctor advised taking exercise. 動名

33、詞taking后有賓語exercise. （2）用狀語修飾 a. I enjoy working with you. with you 是狀語，修飾動名詞working b. She doesnt allow smoking in her house. in her house 是狀語，修飾動名詞smoking,非謂語動詞動名詞,2. 動名詞的名詞特征即其語法功能：在句中充當主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。 1）作主語 a. Smoking may cause cancer. b. Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just

34、graduated. c. Its nice talking to you. It 是形式主語，真正的主語是動名詞短語talking to you d. Its a waste of time arguing about it.,非謂語動詞動名詞,（2）作表語 a. The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. b. His greatest interest in life is traveling. （3）作賓語 a. Would you mind not using your mobile phone in

35、 the meeting room? b. Your shoes need polishing(擦一擦). c. Are you interesting in going to the show(演出)？ d. Im proud of having a friend like you.,非謂語動詞動名詞,以下動詞只能用動名詞作賓語 admit 承認 appreciate 贊賞，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避開 imagine 想象 miss 錯過 practice 練習 delay 耽擱 mind 介意 consider 考慮 postpone 推遲 enjoy 享受 risk

36、 冒風險 suggest 建議,非謂語動詞動名詞,非謂語動詞動名詞,B. 動名詞的完成時和被動式 表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生時，用動名詞的完成時。,非謂語動詞動名詞,B. 動名詞的完成時和被動式 完成時 a. He regrets having wasted so much time when he was young. 年輕時浪費了那么多時間，他現(xiàn)在很后悔。 b. He apologized for not having kept his promise. 他對于沒有遵守諾言表示歉意。 被動式 c. He dislikes being interrupted when he is

37、working. 他不喜歡在工作時被人打擾。 d. He didnt mind being left at home. 他并不介意把他留在家里。,非謂語動詞動名詞,C. 動名詞的邏輯主語 當動名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。 Hercomingtohelpencouragedallofus. 她來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。 Janesbeingcarelesscausedsomuchtrouble. 簡這么粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 Whatstroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughfood. 困擾他們的是食物不足。,非謂語動詞動名詞,C. 動名

38、詞的邏輯主語 當動名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。 Would you mind _ the computer game in your room? A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play B He forgot about _ him to attend my wifes birthday party. A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to ask B,二、不定式 不定式是一種非謂語動詞，由不定式符號to加動詞原形構(gòu)成，多與某些動詞、名詞、形容詞搭配。

39、 基本形式：,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 1）作主語不定式或不定式短語作主語時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如：To serve the people well is our duty. 動詞不定式短語作主語時，往往放在謂語動詞的后面，用引導詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為：It is our duty to serve the people well.,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 1）作主語例如：It is our duty to help them.It will ta

40、ke you quite a long time to finish it.It is easy for us to answer this question.It is kind of you to help me. 注： 1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等： 2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可

41、以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 2)作賓語We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.注意：如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補語，這時，通常要用it作形式賓語，而將不定式放到補語后面去。 例如：他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準備好是不可能的。They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.,非謂語動詞不定式,以下動詞只能跟不定式作賓語 afford 花費得起，提供 appear 好像 happen 碰巧 arrange 安排 hope 希望 a

42、ttempt 試圖 intended 企圖 decided 決定 learn 學會 plan 計劃 expect 期望 offer 打算 pretend 假裝 promise 答應 refuse 拒絕 fail 未能 manage 設法 fear 害怕 want 要想 wish 希望,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 3)作定語This is the best way to solve the problem. 注意：用不定式作定語時，它與它所修飾的詞有時是動賓關系，所以如果不定式是不及物動詞，其后面應跟上必要的介詞。例如：Mary ne

43、eds a friend to play with.There is nothing to worry about.,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 3)作定語不定式作定語，如果與他所修飾的詞是動賓關系，則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。例如：Here is a letter for you to type it.Here is a letter for you to type.The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.The smell tells the b

44、ees what kind of flowers to look for.同時要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 4)作狀語In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard.注意：不定式能夠修飾作表語或賓語補足語的形容詞，在句中作狀語，這時不定式不能再帶賓語。例如：The water is unfit to drink.錯誤：The water is unfit to drink it.They found Mr.Jones lec

45、ture hard to understand.錯誤： They found Mr.Jones lecture hard to understand it.同時要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 4)作狀語作狀語的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。 例如：To save money， we took the bus instead of plane. To save money， the bus was taken instead of plane.,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 4)作賓補 動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式（do）作賓語補足語 1）感官動詞：see, watch, notice , look at, hear, lis