Last大學(xué)德語課件.ppt

1、Clauses,Noun clauses Attributive clauses Adverbial clauses,Noun clauses (1),從屬連詞：that, whether, if 連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 等 連接副詞：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever等。,Noun clauses (2),主語從句 1. That引導(dǎo)的主從：That you dont like him is none of my bus

2、iness. 2. 形式主語it代替主從：It is known that you are lazy. 3. Whether 引導(dǎo)主從：Whether we can arrive there on time depends on the weather. 4. Wh-詞引導(dǎo)主從：Where we can look up his address is still not decided.,Noun clauses (3),賓語從句 1. That引導(dǎo)的賓從 2. If/whether引導(dǎo)的賓從: I dont know if you like me or hate me. 3. wh- 類詞引導(dǎo)

3、的賓從 4. 介詞后的賓從：I am always thinking about how I can make my lessons less boring. 5. 形容詞后的賓從：Im sorry that I am unable to help you more.,Noun clauses (4),表語從句 1. That 類表從： The trouble is that we never have enough time. 2. Whether 類表從：The question is whether her parents will agree with her. 3. wh-類表從(連

4、接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等和連接副詞where, when, how, why, wherever, whenever等)： The problem is who we can get to help us.) 4. As/as though/as if類表從：It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 5. Because 類表從：It was because he didnt know her.,Noun clauses (5),同位語從

5、句 先行詞：belief, doubt, explanation, hope, idea, news, opinion, possibility, wish, truth, fact, question, problem, suggestion, advice, order, fear, warning等。 1. That 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句：Give me your promise that you will read your notes. 2. Wh-類詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句：The question who should replace her requires careful consid

6、eration.,Attributive clauses (1),限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句： She never eats salted food which is not good for the body. 用非限制性定從的某些特定情況 1. 關(guān)系代詞指代整個主句：The boy didnt pass the exam, which disappointed his parents. 2. 先行詞是獨一無二的東西或?qū)Ｓ忻~：The sun, which gives a great deal of heat, is an ideal source of energy. 3. 先行詞是

7、某人唯一的親屬：I have an elder brother, who graduated from Peking University. 4. some/many/few/a few/little/most/half of等結(jié)構(gòu)：Theres too much info. on the Internet, some of which is unreliable.,Attributive clauses (2),用that不用which的情況： 1. 先行詞是不定代詞all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, nothin

8、g, none, some等。 2. 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the right, the last, few等修飾。 3. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾：The first thing that we should do is to find a hotel to take a break. 4. 先行詞既有人又有物: Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we learnt yesterd

9、ay? 5. 主句是who或which開頭的特殊疑問句: Who is the guy that came to see you yesterday? Which is the dress that fits me most?,Attributive clauses (3),用 which不用that的情況： 1. 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞且指事物時 2. 非限制性定從中 3. 先行詞本身是that：Whats that which is flashing in the sky? 4. 先行詞后有插入語: This is the grammar book which, as I told you, w

10、ill help you a lot.,Attributive clauses (4),用who不用that的情況 先行詞是one, ones, anyone等指人的不定代詞：The ones who flatter me dont please me. 先行詞為指人的those 先行詞指人并含有較長的后置定語或在被分割的定從中：Prof. Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. There be 開頭的句子：There are many young men who support Obama.

11、,Attributive clauses (5),定從與同位語從句的區(qū)別 1. 先行詞不同。同位從句的先行詞常是具有具體信息或內(nèi)涵的名詞，如idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal等，定從的先行詞是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或整個主句。 2. 從句的性質(zhì)不同。同位從句屬名詞性從句，定從屬形容詞性從句。,Adverbial clauses(1),時間狀從 1. Once引導(dǎo)：Once you begin, you must go on. 2. 名詞短語引導(dǎo)(the moment, the minute, the instant, th

12、e time, the hour, the day, by the time, each time, every time, anytime, next time 等)：The moment she saw him, she knew she would not marry anyone else. 3. immediately, instantly, directly引導(dǎo)：Directly the teacher came in, everyone was quiet.,Adverbial clauses(2),地點狀從: anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, whe

13、rever 原因狀從： Now that, seeing that, for the reason that, in that, considering that引導(dǎo): I like the city, but I prefer the country in that theres fresher air. 目的狀從: In order that, so that引導(dǎo) For fear that, lest, in case引導(dǎo)：She works hard for fear that she should lag behind others.,Adverbial clauses(3),結(jié)果狀

14、從(so, so that, sothat, such that, suchthat, that): It was such nice weather that we went for a walk. 條件狀從 1. On condition that 引導(dǎo)：Ron lent me the money on condition that I pay it back next month. 2. Supposing/provided/providing/given (that)引導(dǎo)： you promise not to tell anyone, Ill tell you the secret.

15、,Adverbial clauses(4),讓步狀從 1. Even though/even if引導(dǎo)：Even if he is poor, she will love him. 2. As/though引導(dǎo)：Much as he loves his daughter, he is strict with her. 3. Whetheror/whether() or not引導(dǎo)：Whether you believe it or not, its true. 4. While 引導(dǎo)：While I understand what you said, I disagree with you.

16、5. Wh-ever類詞引導(dǎo)(=no matter wh-)：Whatever you say, I wont believe you.,Adverbial clauses(5),比較狀從(asas, not as/soas, than, the, the): She is as good tempered as her mother (is). 方式狀從 1. As if/as though 引導(dǎo)：I remember the whole thing it happened yesterday. 2. as, (just) asso引導(dǎo): (Just) as water is to fish

17、, so air is to man. 3. The way 引導(dǎo)：Just do it the way I did it.,Reading assignment,Read your notes at least THREE times. Get ready to be tested next week. No yy reading.,Practice,Translate the following sentence: 1.不管你在不在乎我，我是愛你的。 2.你所做的一切都是白搭。 3.我們面臨的首要問題是能不能把基礎(chǔ)英語學(xué)好。（要求用表語從句）,Agreement (1),主謂一致 1. 意

18、義一致原則 1) 主語后接as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, with, together with等構(gòu)成的短語時，謂動單復(fù)數(shù)由主語單復(fù)數(shù)決定: The teacher, together with his students, is having a heated discussion. 2) 表時間、金錢、距離、體積、重量、面積、數(shù)字等的詞語作主語時，若指總量應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂動也用單數(shù)，否則用復(fù)數(shù)：Four weeks a

19、re often regarded as one month. Twenty years is a long period of time in ones life.,Agreement (2),3) the+adj.若指某人或概念，用單數(shù)；若指一類人用復(fù)數(shù)：The new is sure to replace the old. 4) And連接兩個并列主語但意義上指同一人、物、概念時用單數(shù)：War and peace is a constant theme in history. 5) 集體名詞作主語是情況而定,Agreement (3),2. 語法一致原則：語法形式一致 April sho

20、wers bring My flowers. 3. 臨近原則：人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語一致 Mary or you are to blame for the fault. Neither your unkind words nor your hostile attitude has caused me any distress. Not only he but also his sisters are keen on concerts.,Agreement (4),4. 主謂一致的其他情況： 1) 單獨的不定式、動名詞、從句作主語應(yīng)看作單數(shù)：To live is to suffer. 2) 不定代

21、詞one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a +n 等作主語用單數(shù)：Many a student lives off campus. 3) 表國家、機構(gòu)、事件、作品等的專有名詞作主語用單數(shù)： The United States is the only superpower.,Agreement (5),4) A portion of, a series of, a kind of, the number of

22、等+n作主語用單數(shù) A substantial portion of the reports is missing. 5) 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等修飾的名詞作主語或這些詞本身作主語，謂動用復(fù)數(shù)。 6) And 連接兩個名詞表同一人一物時用單數(shù) Bread and butter is delicious. 7) A lot of, most of, any of, half of, three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of, all of

23、接不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)名詞謂動用單數(shù)，接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞用復(fù)數(shù),Agreement (6),8) 成對的物品工具(pants, trousers, glasses, scissors等)用復(fù)數(shù),但如有a set of, a pair of等修飾時用單數(shù) 9) A quantity of, (large) quantities of作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語，謂動根據(jù)quantity的單復(fù)數(shù)確定 Large quantities of money are needed to equip the laboratory. 10) More than one+單數(shù)名詞謂動用單數(shù)，但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + th

24、an one謂動復(fù)數(shù) More than one person was injured in the accident. More students than one were invited to perform at the party.,Agreement (7),名詞和代詞的一致： Everyone has his own way to do things. 表時間、條件、伴隨等的分詞邏輯主語與主句主語的一致：Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中成分的一致：That climate of Beijing is differe

25、nt from that of Shanghai. 倒裝句中的主謂一致：In front of the house is a tree. There be句型中的主謂一致（就近原則）：There is a lake and some hills in the area.,Inversion (1),部分倒裝 1. 疑問句中的部分倒裝 2. Only修飾狀語時： Only in your own heart can you find true peace. 3. 表否定意義的副詞或連詞放在句首時(not, little, hardly, never, no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen, not onlybut also, at no time, by no means, on no condition, in no case, in no even, nowhere, seldom 等