英語寫作基礎知識和寫作技巧.ppt

1、英語寫作基礎知識和寫作技巧,General knowledge and skills for English writing,主講: 張興華 山東科技大學外語系 （山東，泰安，271019）,大學英語寫作要求,四級寫作要求： 能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時做筆記，回答問題和寫提綱，能就一定的話題或提綱在半小時內寫出120-150詞的短文，能寫短信或便條，表達意思清楚，無重大語言錯誤。,六級寫作要求： 能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時做筆記，回答問題，寫提綱和摘要，能就一定的話題、提綱、表格或圖示在半小時內寫出150-180詞的短文，能寫日常應用文（如信函，簡歷等），內容完整，條理清楚，文

2、理通順。,大學英語四、六級考試作文命題形式,目前，大學英語四、六級考試作文命題主要采用以下幾種形式：漢語或英語提綱式作文，續(xù)段首句作文，圖表作文及書信體作文。 漢語或英語提綱式作文 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education? You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on

3、 the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 上大學的費用（tuition and fees）可以通過多種途徑解決。 2. 哪種途徑適合我，（說明理由）。,續(xù)段首句作文 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Television in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition

4、should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write clearly. Television Television presents a vivid world in front of us._ . Television can also play an educational role in our daily life. _ . However, television can also be harmful. _,圖表作文 Directions: You are required to write a composition entitle

5、d Job Problems for Graduates in no less than 120 words. Study the following charts carefully, and your composition must be based on the information given in the charts and the outline below: 1) State the changes in college graduates choice of careers. 2) Give possible reasons for the changes. 3) Sug

6、gest some solutions to the problems.,1981,1992,書信體作文,Topic: A Letter to the University President about the canteen service on campus Outline given in Chinese below: 假設你是李明,請你就本校食堂的狀況給校長寫一封信,內容應涉及食堂的飯菜質量,價格,環(huán)境,服務等,可以是表揚,可以是批評建議,也可以兼而有之. A Letter to the University President January 12,2002 Dear Mr. Pr

7、esident, _ _ . Sincerely Yours, Li Ming,如何達到CET寫作要求,內容和語言兩個方面進行綜合評判 一篇好的英文寫作必須做到內容切題，表達清楚，意思連貫，文字通順，基本無語言或語法錯誤。,內容方面,內容切題 寫作內容要圍繞題目規(guī)定的話題展開。 例如，作文標題“Environmental Pollution”（環(huán)境污染），文章的內容應圍繞環(huán)境污染進行描述，與其無關的內容，當以跑題論處,內容方面,根據(jù)提綱規(guī)定的內容和范圍展開 在有些作文題中還包括提綱，如： Directions: You are required to write a composition o

8、n the topic Chinas Entry into WTO based on the following outline: 1.The advantages for China to enter WTO. 2.The challenges for China after its entry into WTO 3. My own opinion. 這種帶提綱的作文題目，不僅要求考生根據(jù)標題寫作，而且要根據(jù)提綱規(guī)定的內容和范圍展開各個段落，不能按自己的思路發(fā)揮。,內容方面,正確地表達思想 文章的思想清楚，邏輯性強，能準確地表達作者的思想, 使讀者一目了然 。 請比較下面兩段: Have y

9、ou a bike? Taking a bike is a good way, most people think. But in university it seems not as good as other places. Bikes are possible to be stolen now and then. Having a bike isnt always good enough for us to buy one.,內容方面,經過修改后： It is very convenient to use bikes in China. Bikes dont need fuel, nor

10、 a garage or a large parking lot. Bikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are low. So bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today. 評論: 作者以其簡單的詞匯、簡潔的語言，清楚的思路正確地表達了思想，使讀者讀后能立刻領會作者的思想.,內容方面,意義連貫 要求文章層次要分明，條理要清楚，上下文之間，詞與詞，句與句之間要上下連貫，前后呼應. 文章結構嚴謹，思路清晰，有條理。 如下面一篇作文： Title: Good Health

11、Outline: 1. Importance of good health 2. Ways to keep fit 3. My own practice 根據(jù)第三段的提綱“我的做法”，一個學生這樣寫：,內容方面,I dont eat meat much. Every morning I take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and volleyball. In this way I keep good health and lead a happy life. 評論: 上段基本切題，包括提綱要點，表達也基本清楚

12、，但是表達不夠連貫。第一句話“我吃肉不多”，讓人讀起來有些突然，而且作者沒有把意思表達清楚。第二句又轉向體育鍛煉方面，中間缺少過渡成份，語言缺乏自然流暢。,內容方面,經過修改后： As for me, I enjoy good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetables, fruit and less meat. Moreover, I do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance running, playing tennis or volleyball.

13、In this way I keep good health and lead a happy life.,語法方面,無重大語法錯誤 就是要求學生在組詞成句時少犯各種語法錯誤。語法錯誤主要表現(xiàn)在時態(tài)、語態(tài)、數(shù)、句型等方面 以后,我們將就學生在寫作中常犯的語言錯誤進行詳細的歸類分析，這里就不再細述。,段落寫作技巧,段落的組成分為三個部分，主題句(Topic Sentence)，推展句(Developing Sentence)和結論句(Concluding Sentence)。主題句點出段落的主旨；推展句說明或支持主旨；結論句總結、歸納或概括主旨。 典型的段落組成如下圖示：,段落寫作技巧,段落模式

14、,范例： With the development of science and technology, life in the 21st century must be very interesting (主題句).Perhaps at that time, we can go on holiday to the moon, and we can live under the sea(推展句).We may have a computer in every classroom or even we may have a robot in every household, which can

15、help us do a lot of things(推展句).Meanwhile, children wont need to go to school because they can study at home through the internet (推展句).So life in the new era is sure to become more comfortable and much easier(結論句).,主題句,主題句的作用 主題句是全段的核心句，讀者可通過主題句了解段落的中心思想。一個好的主題句還能限制話題所談論的范圍，表明段落展開的方向及方法。 每一個主題句里都有一

16、個topic和一個controlling idea。所謂topic是指這一段是關于什么的，而controlling idea則指明作者的態(tài)度。,范例：(主題句的位置在段首 ) Earthquake is one of the most damaging natural disasters. When a violent earthquake occurs, nearly everything on or near the epicenter will be destroyed. Houses will collapse or be severely damaged; millions of p

17、eople will be killed or wounded. Even the survivors will become homeless and suffer from the loss of their relatives. What is worse, it also brings about some other disasters such as flood, fire, diseases etc. Therefore, people often think of it as an awful devil.,主題句的位置可以在段尾： Lets take a look at th

18、e present world: the sky is no longer blue; the air is no longer fresh. The beautiful hills that used to be covered with trees are now bald; the crystal clear rivers are now filthy ditches. Our precious energy reserves are consumed at a faster speed than ever. Many incurable diseases are emerging on

19、e after another. The world where we are living is in a mess.,（1）給出實例 Television also plays an educational role in our everyday life. With its help, we can learn how to cook a delicious dish, operate the computer, and do exercises to keep fit. Sometimes, even through movies and TV series, we get to k

20、now a lot about history and geography.,段落展開,（2）給出理由（用列舉的手法） Students study English for different reasons. The first reason is that students may need English to be able to read articles and textbooks about their subject in English. The second reason is that many students study English because they ha

21、ve to. English is part of the school curriculum. Another reason is that they are attracted by the foreign culture. As a consequence, they are studying English hard to know more about the English-speaking people and countries. The last reason is possibly that a good knowledge of English will help stu

22、dents get a better job when they graduate from the university.,（3）進行對比（注意句間連詞的用法） Cars and bicycles are similar in that they are both privately owned means of transport. In other words, they have in common the fact that the owner can decide when and where to go. However, there are a lot of differenc

23、es between them. A car costs a lot more to buy than a bicycle. In addition, it is far more expensive to run. A car uses petrol which is expensive, whereas a bicycle uses only human energy. On the other hand, as far as comfort is concerned, a car is better than a bicycle. Besides, it is faster. With

24、respect to convenience, it is difficult to say which one is better. A bicycle is certainly easier to park. To sum up, each one has its advantages and disadvantages.,（4）給出數(shù)據(jù) Progress is gradually being made in the fight against cancer. In the early 1900s, few cancer patients had any hope of long-term

25、 survival. In the 1930s, less than one in four. Currently, the ratio is up to one in three. The gain from one in four to one in three represents about 56, 000 lives saved each year.,范文點評:,Directions: You are required to write a composition on the topic Chinas Entry into WTO based on the following ou

26、tline: 1.The advantages for China to enter WTO. 2.The challenges for China after its entry into WTO 3. My own opinion.,Chinas Entry into WTO Para.1 After a 15-year journey to the World Trade Organization, China has reached its final destination this year. Entry into WTO gives us more flexibility in

27、choosing foreign products from American beef to German automobiles, from Hollywood movies to Paris fashion. The accession to WTO also puts Chinese businessmen into the world area. To cope with the upcoming opportunities and challenges, we Chinese should be more globally minded.,Para 2. Chinas entry

28、into WTO will bring about enormous opportunities to the world, as well as to China itself. Opportunities always come with challenges. To gain the upper hand in worldwide competition, China has to phase out regulations and mindsets that create barriers. Deeply influenced by the planned economy over a long term, Chinese enterprises used to count on the help of the government. Chins domestic telecommunicatio