英語語法學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)習(xí)效率的提高呂寧

1、英語語法學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)習(xí)效率的提高呂寧非謂語動(dòng)詞可分為動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞。它在句子中的作用很多：除了不作謂語外，它可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語與復(fù)合賓語(主語補(bǔ)語或賓語補(bǔ)語)。一、非謂語動(dòng)詞有些及物動(dòng)詞后面接不帶to的不定式作復(fù)合賓語。這些動(dòng)詞歸納如下：一感(feel)，二聽(hear，listen to)，三讓(have，1et， make)，四看(see，watch，notice，observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和美國(guó)英語look at somebody do something。還有“二讓”屬特殊：get somebody to

2、do something 與keep somebody doing。而有些及物動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)名詞(the V-ing form)作賓語。這些動(dòng)詞歸納為一句話：Papa C makes friends。這是由如下動(dòng)詞的開頭字母組成：permit，advise， practise，avoid，consider，mind，allow，keep，enjoy，suggest，finish，risk，imagine，escape，need，delay，stand(忍受)。 為了方便記憶，也可以編成順口溜：“允許完成練習(xí)，建議避免冒險(xiǎn)，考慮延期逃跑，喜歡保持想象，需要反對(duì)忍受?！逼湎鄬?duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞依次是：perm

3、it/allow，finish，practise；advisesuggest，avoid，risk： consider，delay，escapemiss；enjoy/appreciate， keep， imagine； need/wantrequire，mind，cant helpcant stand。二、復(fù)合句1.學(xué)生最容易混淆的是定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。例如：A. The news that our team has won the match is true (同位語從句)B. The news that he told us surprised everybody here (定語

4、從句)關(guān)鍵的區(qū)別在于連接或關(guān)系代詞that：有意義的是定語，無意義的是同位語。因?yàn)橐龑?dǎo)定語從句的that在從句中作主語或賓語，而引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that只起到連接詞的作用。2.接著容易混淆的是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that與 which：that之前是不定(代詞)、序數(shù)(詞)、(形容詞)最高級(jí)：which之前是介詞短語與逗號(hào)(非限制性)。例如：A. All that we have to do is to practise every dayB. The first lesson that I learned will never be forgottenC.I have lost my pe

5、n，which I like very much.D. The house in front of which there is a garden is my home三、It的用法1.It除了代替人和物以外，還可以作形式主語。而真正的主語(不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句)則放于謂語或表語之后。例如：Itis nor easy to finish the work in two days.然而，有少數(shù)表語之后接動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語。這些表語是：無助(no help)、無用(no use)、沒好處(no good)；工作(hard work)、費(fèi)時(shí)(a waste of time)、危險(xiǎn)(a danger)

6、。例如：A. It is no use crying over spilt milk.B. It is a waste of time waiting for him2. It還可以作形式賓語。通常下列動(dòng)詞后面可接it作形式賓語： find，feel，think，take，consider，judge，make。例如：A. He made it clear that he was not interested in this subjectB.I think it no use arguing with him.3.It用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一部分(主語、賓語、 狀語)，可以把it當(dāng)作先

7、行詞。這種句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 that(who)+句子的其余部分。例如：A. It is Professor Lin who teaches us English. (強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)B. It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語)C. It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)但要注意與定語從句的區(qū)別。例如：D.、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定語從句)在強(qiáng)調(diào)句式里，我們把強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is(was)that除去，句

8、子還很完整。如例句C，而例句D就不是。四、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)生容易混淆的是全部倒裝與部分倒裝。如何區(qū)分它們，編個(gè)順口溜：副(adv.)介(prep)提前全倒裝，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒助動(dòng)，讓步狀語倒表語；復(fù)合句式倒主句，不倒裝的屬特殊。下面舉例說明：A. Here comes the bus(副詞提前，全倒裝)B. Here he comes.(代詞作主語，不倒裝)C. In front of the house lies a garden.(介詞短語提前，全倒裝)D. Never shall I do this again.(否定詞提前，部分倒裝)E. Young as he is ,he kn

9、ows a lot.(讓步狀語從句，表語倒裝)F. Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修飾狀語，主句倒裝)G. Only he can save the patient.(only修飾主語，不倒裝)H. Not only will help be given to people, but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定詞提前，部分倒裝)I. Notonly he but also we like sports.(連接兩個(gè)主語，不倒裝)五、虛擬語氣

10、虛擬語氣也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。所謂虛擬語氣是表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。它通過句子謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。現(xiàn)歸納如下：純假設(shè)，用虛擬，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)退一級(jí)：條件句，分主從，主句謂語前加would (should，could，might)；表愿望，用虛擬，wish后面接賓語(從句)：現(xiàn)在過去與將來，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)退一級(jí)；提建議，用虛擬，賓語(從句)動(dòng)詞用(should)do；兩建議，三要求，再加堅(jiān)持與命令(suggest，advise，demand，require，request，insist，order)：It is time和would rather，后接叢句用虛擬；部分主語從

11、句中， 謂語用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) (It is necessary /important/natural/natural/strange/strange thatshould do)。 下面舉例說明：A. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. (條件句虛擬)B. Without air, there would be no living things.(同上)C. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虛擬）D. He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建議虛擬)E. It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now.(特殊