1994——2008歷年考研英語閱讀理解真題解析.doc.doc

黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析1CONTENTS2008Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYorksVeteransAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“Itsnotnecessarilythatwomendontcopeaswell.Itsjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmens,”sheobserves,“itsjustthattheyredealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“Itsthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarezsexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?AWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.BWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.CWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.DMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22.Dr.YehudasresearchsuggeststhatwomenAneedextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.Bhavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.Caremorecapableofavoidingstress.Dareexposedtomorestress.23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobeAdomesticandtemporary.Birregularandviolent.Cdurableandfrequent.Dtrivialandrandom.黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析224.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthatAAlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.BAlvarezssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.CAlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.DAlvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AStrainofStress:NoWayOut?BResponsestoStress:GenderDifferenceCStressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSayDGenderInequality:WomenUnderStress【核心詞匯】spheresfin.球,球面,球體,天體,地球儀,范圍vt.包圍,使成球體,放入球內(nèi)【例】Manycountrieshavedifficultiesintheeconomicsphere.許多國家在經(jīng)濟方面遇到了困難。categoryktigrin.種類,類項；【例】TheseCategoriesrecognizedifferentlevelsofcompetition.這些類別可被用來分辨出比賽里不同的等級。susceptiblesseptbla.易受影響的,易感動的,容許的【例】Thisagreementisnotsusceptibletoalteration.這一協(xié)議不容更改。psychiatristsaikaitristn.精神病醫(yī)師,精神病學家【例】Thepsychiatristgavetestimonythat精神病醫(yī)生有證言說triggertrign.觸發(fā)器,板機,制滑機vt.觸發(fā),發(fā)射,引起vi.松開板柄【例】Theodouroffoodmaybeatriggerformansappetite.食物的香味能引起人的食欲。capacitykpsitin.容量,能力,才能,資格n.容量,資格,地位,職位【例】Thisroomhasaseatingcapacityof100people.這個房間可容納一百人。exposeikspuzvt.使暴露,受到；使曝光；揭露,揭發(fā)【例】Youshouldntexposethesoldierstounnecessaryrisks.你不應(yīng)該讓士兵們冒不必要的危險。randomrndmn.隨意,任意a.任意的,隨便的,胡亂的,隨機的ad.胡亂地domesticdmestika.家里的,家庭的；本國的,國內(nèi)的；馴養(yǎng)的【例】Themeetingconcernsbothforeignanddomesticpolicies.會議關(guān)系到國內(nèi)外政策。devastatingadj破壞性的【例】Asmoulderingcigarettecankindleadevastatingbushfire.悶燃著的香煙會引起毀滅性的林區(qū)大火。strugglestrgln.斗爭,戰(zhàn)斗；掙扎,努力vi.掙扎斗爭,奮斗【例】Theystayedawakeintheirstruggleagainstterrorists.在與反恐怖分子的斗爭中他們始終保持警惕。frustrationfrstreinn.打破,挫折,頓挫【例】actionsexpressiveoffrustration.表達受挫的行動paycheckpeitekn.付薪水的支票；薪津；租金【例】Thebossdockedhispaycheck$20.老板從他的工資中扣去20美元。obligationbligeinn.義務(wù),職責,責任；契約,債務(wù)【例】Hefeelsapriorobligationtohisjobasajournalist.他覺得要優(yōu)先為他的新聞記者的工作盡職。【難句解析】1.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.【譯文】對于動物和人類的研究都顯示出性激素會在某種程度去影響面對壓力的反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致在同樣的條件下，女性產(chǎn)生更多的致病化學物質(zhì)?！窘馕觥窟@句話的主語是Studies，ofbothanimalsandhumans是定語，修飾主語。haveshown是謂語，that后是賓語從句，sexhormones是賓語從句中的主語，affect是賓語從句中的謂語，thestressresponse是賓語從句中的賓語，causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.是賓語從句中的狀語從句。黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析32.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.【譯文】在幾項研究中，當受到壓力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它們的化學反應(yīng)變得和那些雄性的一樣了?！窘馕觥窟@句話中Inseveralofthestudies和whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed都是狀語從句，theirchemicalresponses是主語，became是謂語，在when的狀語從句中，stressed-outfemalerats是從句中的主語，hadsomethingremoved是謂語。3.Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.【譯文】對于女性來說，除了產(chǎn)生更多的導(dǎo)致壓力的化學物質(zhì)外，她們產(chǎn)生壓力的“機會”也更多。“并不是女性要處理的事情太少，而是她們有更多的事情要處理?！窘馕觥窟@句話中Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals是狀語，addto的意思是增加,增添,補充，后面的句子沒有主語。Addingto后面接的是名詞，表補充！4.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.【譯文】女性面對的人與人之間的暴力是在家庭環(huán)境中的。不幸的是，她們與父母還有其他的家庭成員之間不是能夠一次性解決的問題?！窘馕觥窟@句話中Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedto是主語，tend是謂語。unfortunately是插入語，整個的是byparentsorotherfamilymembers，and連接一個句子，所以這句話是一個并列句。5.Alvarezsexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.【譯文】Alvarez的經(jīng)歷證明了當壓力威脅你的健康和正常生理功能之前解壓是非常重要的。【解析】這句話中Alvarezsexperience是主語，demonstrates是謂語，theimportance是賓語，offindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.這整個一句話都是修飾賓語theimportance的。【參考答案解析】21.參考答案【A】【解析】A從文中Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen和Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.這2句話可以看出由于激素荷爾蒙的原因，女性在生理上面對壓力時更脆弱。B文中沒有表明女性受到來自于男性的壓力。C和D在前2段中沒有說明，故選A。22.參考答案【D】【解析】D首先定位，Dr.Yehuadas在第3段中，第一句話，Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.女性的壓力化學物質(zhì)增多，她面對壓力的機會就會增加。也就是更容易暴露在更多的壓力下。A參考答案中有”chemicals”，但是表達的意思是處理壓力需要額外的，更多的化學物質(zhì)，和原文意思不符。B文中有一句話，“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmens,”她們處理壓力的能力也許甚至比男性還大，而參考答案的意思是女性處理壓力的能力有限，與原文不符。C參考答案中是“avoidingstress”，而原文中沒有提到避免壓力。故選D。23.參考答案【C】【解析】C先回到原文，第4段，“Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating”來自于這些更長關(guān)系的磨損甚至可以是災(zāi)難性的。長期的，所以是durable；文中又說，“unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.”中theytendnottobeone-shotdeals，說明不是一次兩次，而是經(jīng)常性的，所以是frequent。A.domestic是對的，文中有提及到，但是不是temporary，短暫的，而是長期的。Bviolent是男性面對的壓力的特點，而不是女性。D.random也是男性面對的壓力的特點，而不是女性。故選C。24.參考答案【B】【解析】B第五段最后定位，“Itsthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”說明Alvarez生活很艱難，參考答案中Alvarez的工黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析4資僅能支付房租符合文中的意思AAlvarez只關(guān)心賺錢，與原文不符。CAlvarez從不同的工作中賺錢，在原文中沒有體現(xiàn)。DAlvarez每件東西都是用支票支付的，在原文中沒有體現(xiàn)。故選B。25.參考答案【D】【解析】D選出文章的最佳標題，性別的不公平：壓力下的女性，最符合原文的意思。A緊張的壓力：無路可出？文中主要是談女性與壓力，這個參考答案不符。B面對壓力的反應(yīng)：性別的不同，很多人會誤選成這個參考答案，但是文章整篇是強調(diào)女性和壓力的分析，而不是重點討論男女性別在壓力上的差別。C壓力分析：化學物質(zhì)告訴我們的，這個標題傾向于分析壓力產(chǎn)生的原因，和原文意思相差較大。故選D?！救姆g】在現(xiàn)代生活中女性就算是在某些領(lǐng)域可以追趕上男性，但至少在一個方面是領(lǐng)先的，盡管是她們不太想要的。紐約的退伍軍管理醫(yī)院精神科首席醫(yī)生Yehuda博士說道，和男性相比，女性面對壓力時，更容易受到影響，導(dǎo)致抑郁和緊張。對于動物和人類的研究都顯示出性激素會在某種程度去影響面對壓力的反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致在同樣的條件下，女性產(chǎn)生更多的致病化學物質(zhì)。在幾項研究中，當受到壓力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它們的化學反應(yīng)變得和那些雄性的一樣了。對于女性來說，除了產(chǎn)生更多的導(dǎo)致壓力的化學物質(zhì)外，她們產(chǎn)生壓力的“機會”也更多。“并不是女性要處理的事情太少，而是她們有更多的事情要處理。”Yehuda博士說道。“她們對于壓力的承受能力有時候甚至比男性的還大”，她觀察到，“她們只是需要處理的事情太多，看起來會更容易精疲力盡。”Yehuda博士注意到了另一個男女之間的不同點?！拔艺J為，女性通常要做的事是慢性的，重復(fù)的。而男人去戰(zhàn)場，承受的是格斗的壓力。男性面臨的更多的是隨意的身體上的暴力。女性面對的人與人之間的暴力是在家庭環(huán)境中的。不幸的是，她們與父母還有其他的家庭成員之間不是能夠一次性解決的問題。這種長期的關(guān)系的磨合是更有破壞性的。AdelineAlvarez18歲結(jié)婚并生了個兒子，但她決定完成大學學業(yè)。“我盡了很大的努力拿到大學學位，因為我在實際生活中有很多的挫折，而這就是我的逃避，去學校，爭取上游，做到更好?！辈痪煤?，她離了婚變成一個單親母親?！俺苏疹櫼粋€十幾歲的孩子，還要工作，付房租，養(yǎng)車，還債是最難的事情了。我的生活就是不停的支付自己的賬單。”不是每個人經(jīng)歷著和Alvarezdescribes一樣的長期的壓力，但是大多數(shù)女性都在處理著太多的責任，很少得到喘息，從而感到了壓力。Alvarez的經(jīng)歷證明了當壓力威脅你的健康和正常生理功能之前解壓是非常重要的。2008Text2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthorsnamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging；threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereportsauthors.Thereisthe黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析5so-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscussesAthebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.Bthepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.Ctherelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.Dthetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?AItcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.BItintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.CItupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.DItbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthatAitprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.Bitbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.Citemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.Ditfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtoAcoverthecostofitspublication.Bsubscribetothejournalpublishingit.Callowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.Dcompletethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?ATheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.BAnewmodeofpublicationisemerging.CAuthorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.DPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析6【重點詞匯】straightforwardstreitf:wdadj.簡單的，易懂的，不復(fù)雜的：astraightforwardprocess簡單的過程；坦誠的，坦率的，率直的。【例】Americanspeechisremarkablystraightforward.美國人的語言非常直率。affiliationfilieinn.隸屬關(guān)系；隸屬，從屬?！纠縀thniccharacter,background,oraffiliation.屬于少數(shù)民族種族特性、背景或關(guān)系endeavorindevn.v.努力,盡力,竭力,力圖,試圖【例】weendeavortomakeourcustomershappy.我們努力使客戶滿意。distributiondistribju:nn.分發(fā)；銷售；頻率分布；分配裝置；分布；區(qū)分,分類；配電【例】distributionofthepopulation人口分布subscribersbskraibn.訂戶,簽署者,捐款者,認購者【例】Writeawaynowforthefreealbumofferedtoeverynewsubscriber.請速來信訂閱，新訂戶可免費獲取畫冊一本。repositoryripzitrin.貯藏室，智囊團，知識庫，倉庫【例】Oncerulesaredefined,theyrestoredinacentralrepository.一旦規(guī)則定下來，它們要集中存放在一處。hybridhaibridn.雜種，混血兒，混合物；adj.混合的，雜種的（hybridism雜交，混血hybridity雜種狀態(tài)）【例】widelycultivatedhybridpokerplant.廣泛種植的雜種植物。【難句解析】1.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.【譯文】提供資金的機構(gòu)施加壓力，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實。【解析】兩個“-”號中間的部分完全可以視作插入部分獨立分析。“theinternetismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.”“fundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit.”這樣分析就會簡單很多：“提供資金的機構(gòu)施加壓力，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實?！?.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.【譯文】其他的模式都是對這三種的不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個月只允許付費閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費閱讀。【解析】suchas后面引導(dǎo)從句，這句話以“其他模式”領(lǐng)起，但實際上只重點舉了一個例子?！皐here”后面的句子都是以“delayedopen-access”作為先行詞?！捌渌哪Ｊ蕉际菍@三種的不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個月只允許付費閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費閱讀?！薄緟⒖即鸢附馕觥?6.參考答案【D】【解析】本題考查的知識點是：第一段的主旨題。本題的題干是主旨題的一種常見形式，即Theparagraph(passage)states(illustrates,discusses,dealswith,isconcernedabout,describes)。因此接下來要判斷哪個選項是第一段的主旨的概括，該段沒有明顯的主題句，各句子的重要性沒有明顯的差別，因此考生需要在理解句子所陳述的意思之后，概括出作者寫這個段落的目的。綜合各句子的含義可看出，第一段在讓讀者了解學術(shù)期刊的出版過程及特點。第一、二段開始兩個表時間的詞語usedtobe和Nolonger相呼應(yīng)，表明這兩段分別側(cè)重介紹過去和現(xiàn)在的情況。27.參考答案【C】【解析】選項從“makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.”一句可以分析得出。OECD的報告沒有談到對政府出資的科研項目的評論，總結(jié)全新的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺所促進的新的出版模式，而不是引進介紹一種新的方法。報告本身也沒有對科學研究帶來好或者不好的影響。28.參考答案【A】【解析】第二段第二句提到，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使免費使用科研成果成為現(xiàn)實（Theinternetismakingaccesstoscienrificresultsareality）。表面上該句只是在談網(wǎng)絡(luò)的作用，但由于本文圍繞“學術(shù)期刊出版”展開論述，因此這里講的就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版的意義。黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析729.參考答案【A】【解析】根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞open-accesspublishing定位到第四段。該段共介紹了四種網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版模式，“開放存取出版模式”是第二種。文中提到它主要依靠作者或其雇主支付論文出版費用。A是文中（askingtheauthorto）payforthepapertobepublished的改寫，為正確項。30.參考答案【B】【解析】整篇文章都是在以客觀的角度來介紹新的出版方式，沒有表露作者的觀點（排除C），更沒有從傳統(tǒng)出版商的角度來表示互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一種威脅（排除A），而對D選項，全文則沒有深入展示?！救姆g】原本一切都很簡單。一組研究員在實驗室里共同完成一個試驗，把結(jié)果提交給某刊物，刊物的編輯把作者姓名及相關(guān)信息隱去，把報告交給這些研究者的同行去審閱。根據(jù)評論意見，編輯將決定是否發(fā)表。因此，版權(quán)留在刊物出版社手上，辛苦探求知識的研究者反倒要花錢訂閱刊物?，F(xiàn)在不再是這樣了。提供資金的機構(gòu)施加壓力，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實。經(jīng)濟合作及發(fā)展組織近日發(fā)布一項調(diào)查，描述了這一現(xiàn)象所造成的深遠影響。澳大利亞維多利亞大學的JohnHoughton和經(jīng)合組織的GrahamVickery聯(lián)合完成這一報告，內(nèi)容使目前為止收入豐厚的出版商們感到汗顏。但是這項報告的意義遠遠不止于此，它標志著科學嘗試的一項關(guān)鍵性因素即將發(fā)生改變。在某種程度上來說，知識的價值和公共投資能否取得較高回報，取決于是否能夠得到廣泛的流通、人們是否能夠比較容易地獲取這些研究成果。這是一項很大的產(chǎn)業(yè)。在美國，核心科研出版市場產(chǎn)值每年在70億美元到110億美元左右。國際科學、技術(shù)和醫(yī)學出版社集團宣稱全世界專業(yè)出版本類期刊的出版商有2000多家。他們每年在16000種刊物上發(fā)表120萬篇以上文章。這個數(shù)字現(xiàn)在有所變化。根據(jù)OECD報告，目前有75%的專業(yè)期刊在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上有在線閱讀。全新的商務(wù)模式正在形成，報告作者總結(jié)出其中三種。第一種是所謂的大訂單模式，即機構(gòu)團體訂閱者通過簽訂網(wǎng)站協(xié)議付錢購買閱讀一批刊物文章題目的權(quán)限。第二種為開放式出版模式，這種方式的典型特點是要求作者（或其雇主）付費發(fā)表文章。最后一種為開放式檔案模式，即一些組織，比如大學或者國際實驗室建立和維護的一些機構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫。其他的模式都是對這三種的不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個月只允許付費閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費閱讀。至少對論文的發(fā)表來說，這些都將顛覆傳統(tǒng)的同行審閱模式。2008Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,todayspeopleespeciallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerationsapparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyarentlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,weveprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrientsnotably,proteintofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight59formen,54forwomenhasntreallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstand黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析8repeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdontexpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetodaysdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampletoAillustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.BshowthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S.CcomparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.DassesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?AGeneticmodification.BNaturalenvironment.CLivingstandards.DDailyexercise.33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?ANon-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.BHumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.CAmericansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.DLargerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.WelearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfutureAthegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.Bthedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.Cgenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.Dtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.35.ThetextintendstotellusthatAthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.Bhumanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.CAmericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.DthegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.【重點詞匯】associationsusieinn.聯(lián)系,聯(lián)想；交際,交往；協(xié)會,社團【例】Letsformanassociationtohelpblindpeople.讓我們建立一個協(xié)會來幫助盲人吧。dramaticallydrmtikliad.從戲劇角度；戲劇性地,顯著地【例】Ikeptemphasizinghowdramaticallythingshavechanged.我反復(fù)強調(diào)事情發(fā)生了多大的變化。adjustdstvt.調(diào)整,使適應(yīng)于,校準vi.調(diào)整,適應(yīng)于,校準【例】Thiselectricpotcanadjustthetemperatureautomatically.這種電飯鍋能自動調(diào)節(jié)溫度。obscurebskjua.微暗的,難解的,含糊的,晦澀的,偏僻的,不著名的vt.使陰暗,隱藏,使含糊【例】ThedraftingofthissectionoftheBillis黑暗版考研英語歷年閱讀真題解析9obscure.草案上的這一項含糊不清。apparentlyprntliad.表面上,似乎,顯然地【例】Apparentlyhewantedtobeclosetothosecommonpeople.他顯然想接近那些平民。geneticdineitika.遺傳的,遺傳學的【例】Anenzymethatcatalyzesgeneticrecombination.催化重級酶能催化基因重組的一