1994——2008歷年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解真題解析.doc.doc

黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析1CONTENTS2008Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYorksVeteransAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“Itsnotnecessarilythatwomendontcopeaswell.Itsjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmens,”sheobserves,“itsjustthattheyredealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“Itsthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarezsexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?AWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.BWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.CWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.DMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22.Dr.YehudasresearchsuggeststhatwomenAneedextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.Bhavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.Caremorecapableofavoidingstress.Dareexposedtomorestress.23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobeAdomesticandtemporary.Birregularandviolent.Cdurableandfrequent.Dtrivialandrandom.黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析224.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthatAAlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.BAlvarezssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.CAlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.DAlvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AStrainofStress:NoWayOut?BResponsestoStress:GenderDifferenceCStressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSayDGenderInequality:WomenUnderStress【核心詞匯】spheresfin.球,球面,球體,天體,地球儀,范圍vt.包圍,使成球體,放入球內(nèi)【例】Manycountrieshavedifficultiesintheeconomicsphere.許多國(guó)家在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面遇到了困難。categoryktigrin.種類,類項(xiàng)；【例】TheseCategoriesrecognizedifferentlevelsofcompetition.這些類別可被用來分辨出比賽里不同的等級(jí)。susceptiblesseptbla.易受影響的,易感動(dòng)的,容許的【例】Thisagreementisnotsusceptibletoalteration.這一協(xié)議不容更改。psychiatristsaikaitristn.精神病醫(yī)師,精神病學(xué)家【例】Thepsychiatristgavetestimonythat精神病醫(yī)生有證言說triggertrign.觸發(fā)器,板機(jī),制滑機(jī)vt.觸發(fā),發(fā)射,引起vi.松開板柄【例】Theodouroffoodmaybeatriggerformansappetite.食物的香味能引起人的食欲。capacitykpsitin.容量,能力,才能,資格n.容量,資格,地位,職位【例】Thisroomhasaseatingcapacityof100people.這個(gè)房間可容納一百人。exposeikspuzvt.使暴露,受到；使曝光；揭露,揭發(fā)【例】Youshouldntexposethesoldierstounnecessaryrisks.你不應(yīng)該讓士兵們冒不必要的危險(xiǎn)。randomrndmn.隨意,任意a.任意的,隨便的,胡亂的,隨機(jī)的ad.胡亂地domesticdmestika.家里的,家庭的；本國(guó)的,國(guó)內(nèi)的；馴養(yǎng)的【例】Themeetingconcernsbothforeignanddomesticpolicies.會(huì)議關(guān)系到國(guó)內(nèi)外政策。devastatingadj破壞性的【例】Asmoulderingcigarettecankindleadevastatingbushfire.悶燃著的香煙會(huì)引起毀滅性的林區(qū)大火。strugglestrgln.斗爭(zhēng),戰(zhàn)斗；掙扎,努力vi.掙扎斗爭(zhēng),奮斗【例】Theystayedawakeintheirstruggleagainstterrorists.在與反恐怖分子的斗爭(zhēng)中他們始終保持警惕。frustrationfrstreinn.打破,挫折,頓挫【例】actionsexpressiveoffrustration.表達(dá)受挫的行動(dòng)paycheckpeitekn.付薪水的支票；薪津；租金【例】Thebossdockedhispaycheck$20.老板從他的工資中扣去20美元。obligationbligeinn.義務(wù),職責(zé),責(zé)任；契約,債務(wù)【例】Hefeelsapriorobligationtohisjobasajournalist.他覺得要優(yōu)先為他的新聞?dòng)浾叩墓ぷ鞅M職?！倦y句解析】1.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.【譯文】對(duì)于動(dòng)物和人類的研究都顯示出性激素會(huì)在某種程度去影響面對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致在同樣的條件下，女性產(chǎn)生更多的致病化學(xué)物質(zhì)?！窘馕觥窟@句話的主語(yǔ)是Studies，ofbothanimalsandhumans是定語(yǔ)，修飾主語(yǔ)。haveshown是謂語(yǔ)，that后是賓語(yǔ)從句，sexhormones是賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)，affect是賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)，thestressresponse是賓語(yǔ)從句中的賓語(yǔ)，causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.是賓語(yǔ)從句中的狀語(yǔ)從句。黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析32.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.【譯文】在幾項(xiàng)研究中，當(dāng)受到壓力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它們的化學(xué)反應(yīng)變得和那些雄性的一樣了。【解析】這句話中Inseveralofthestudies和whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed都是狀語(yǔ)從句，theirchemicalresponses是主語(yǔ)，became是謂語(yǔ)，在when的狀語(yǔ)從句中，stressed-outfemalerats是從句中的主語(yǔ)，hadsomethingremoved是謂語(yǔ)。3.Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.【譯文】對(duì)于女性來說，除了產(chǎn)生更多的導(dǎo)致壓力的化學(xué)物質(zhì)外，她們產(chǎn)生壓力的“機(jī)會(huì)”也更多?！安⒉皇桥砸幚淼氖虑樘?，而是她們有更多的事情要處理?！窘馕觥窟@句話中Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals是狀語(yǔ)，addto的意思是增加,增添,補(bǔ)充，后面的句子沒有主語(yǔ)。Addingto后面接的是名詞，表補(bǔ)充！4.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.【譯文】女性面對(duì)的人與人之間的暴力是在家庭環(huán)境中的。不幸的是，她們與父母還有其他的家庭成員之間不是能夠一次性解決的問題?！窘馕觥窟@句話中Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedto是主語(yǔ)，tend是謂語(yǔ)。unfortunately是插入語(yǔ)，整個(gè)的是byparentsorotherfamilymembers，and連接一個(gè)句子，所以這句話是一個(gè)并列句。5.Alvarezsexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.【譯文】Alvarez的經(jīng)歷證明了當(dāng)壓力威脅你的健康和正常生理功能之前解壓是非常重要的?！窘馕觥窟@句話中Alvarezsexperience是主語(yǔ)，demonstrates是謂語(yǔ)，theimportance是賓語(yǔ)，offindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.這整個(gè)一句話都是修飾賓語(yǔ)theimportance的?！緟⒖即鸢附馕觥?1.參考答案【A】【解析】A從文中Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen和Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.這2句話可以看出由于激素荷爾蒙的原因，女性在生理上面對(duì)壓力時(shí)更脆弱。B文中沒有表明女性受到來自于男性的壓力。C和D在前2段中沒有說明，故選A。22.參考答案【D】【解析】D首先定位，Dr.Yehuadas在第3段中，第一句話，Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.女性的壓力化學(xué)物質(zhì)增多，她面對(duì)壓力的機(jī)會(huì)就會(huì)增加。也就是更容易暴露在更多的壓力下。A參考答案中有”chemicals”，但是表達(dá)的意思是處理壓力需要額外的，更多的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，和原文意思不符。B文中有一句話，“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmens,”她們處理壓力的能力也許甚至比男性還大，而參考答案的意思是女性處理壓力的能力有限，與原文不符。C參考答案中是“avoidingstress”，而原文中沒有提到避免壓力。故選D。23.參考答案【C】【解析】C先回到原文，第4段，“Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating”來自于這些更長(zhǎng)關(guān)系的磨損甚至可以是災(zāi)難性的。長(zhǎng)期的，所以是durable；文中又說，“unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.”中theytendnottobeone-shotdeals，說明不是一次兩次，而是經(jīng)常性的，所以是frequent。A.domestic是對(duì)的，文中有提及到，但是不是temporary，短暫的，而是長(zhǎng)期的。Bviolent是男性面對(duì)的壓力的特點(diǎn)，而不是女性。D.random也是男性面對(duì)的壓力的特點(diǎn)，而不是女性。故選C。24.參考答案【B】【解析】B第五段最后定位，“Itsthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”說明Alvarez生活很艱難，參考答案中Alvarez的工黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析4資僅能支付房租符合文中的意思AAlvarez只關(guān)心賺錢，與原文不符。CAlvarez從不同的工作中賺錢，在原文中沒有體現(xiàn)。DAlvarez每件東西都是用支票支付的，在原文中沒有體現(xiàn)。故選B。25.參考答案【D】【解析】D選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題，性別的不公平：壓力下的女性，最符合原文的意思。A緊張的壓力：無路可出？文中主要是談女性與壓力，這個(gè)參考答案不符。B面對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng)：性別的不同，很多人會(huì)誤選成這個(gè)參考答案，但是文章整篇是強(qiáng)調(diào)女性和壓力的分析，而不是重點(diǎn)討論男女性別在壓力上的差別。C壓力分析：化學(xué)物質(zhì)告訴我們的，這個(gè)標(biāo)題傾向于分析壓力產(chǎn)生的原因，和原文意思相差較大。故選D。【全文翻譯】在現(xiàn)代生活中女性就算是在某些領(lǐng)域可以追趕上男性，但至少在一個(gè)方面是領(lǐng)先的，盡管是她們不太想要的。紐約的退伍軍管理醫(yī)院精神科首席醫(yī)生Yehuda博士說道，和男性相比，女性面對(duì)壓力時(shí)，更容易受到影響，導(dǎo)致抑郁和緊張。對(duì)于動(dòng)物和人類的研究都顯示出性激素會(huì)在某種程度去影響面對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致在同樣的條件下，女性產(chǎn)生更多的致病化學(xué)物質(zhì)。在幾項(xiàng)研究中，當(dāng)受到壓力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它們的化學(xué)反應(yīng)變得和那些雄性的一樣了。對(duì)于女性來說，除了產(chǎn)生更多的導(dǎo)致壓力的化學(xué)物質(zhì)外，她們產(chǎn)生壓力的“機(jī)會(huì)”也更多?！安⒉皇桥砸幚淼氖虑樘?，而是她們有更多的事情要處理。”Yehuda博士說道。“她們對(duì)于壓力的承受能力有時(shí)候甚至比男性的還大”，她觀察到，“她們只是需要處理的事情太多，看起來會(huì)更容易精疲力盡?！盰ehuda博士注意到了另一個(gè)男女之間的不同點(diǎn)?！拔艺J(rèn)為，女性通常要做的事是慢性的，重復(fù)的。而男人去戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，承受的是格斗的壓力。男性面臨的更多的是隨意的身體上的暴力。女性面對(duì)的人與人之間的暴力是在家庭環(huán)境中的。不幸的是，她們與父母還有其他的家庭成員之間不是能夠一次性解決的問題。這種長(zhǎng)期的關(guān)系的磨合是更有破壞性的。AdelineAlvarez18歲結(jié)婚并生了個(gè)兒子，但她決定完成大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)?！拔冶M了很大的努力拿到大學(xué)學(xué)位，因?yàn)槲以趯?shí)際生活中有很多的挫折，而這就是我的逃避，去學(xué)校，爭(zhēng)取上游，做到更好。”不久后，她離了婚變成一個(gè)單親母親?！俺苏疹櫼粋€(gè)十幾歲的孩子，還要工作，付房租，養(yǎng)車，還債是最難的事情了。我的生活就是不停的支付自己的賬單?！辈皇敲總€(gè)人經(jīng)歷著和Alvarezdescribes一樣的長(zhǎng)期的壓力，但是大多數(shù)女性都在處理著太多的責(zé)任，很少得到喘息，從而感到了壓力。Alvarez的經(jīng)歷證明了當(dāng)壓力威脅你的健康和正常生理功能之前解壓是非常重要的。2008Text2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthorsnamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging；threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereportsauthors.Thereisthe黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析5so-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscussesAthebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.Bthepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.Ctherelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.Dthetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?AItcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.BItintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.CItupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.DItbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthatAitprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.Bitbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.Citemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.Ditfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtoAcoverthecostofitspublication.Bsubscribetothejournalpublishingit.Callowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.Dcompletethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?ATheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.BAnewmodeofpublicationisemerging.CAuthorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.DPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析6【重點(diǎn)詞匯】straightforwardstreitf:wdadj.簡(jiǎn)單的，易懂的，不復(fù)雜的：astraightforwardprocess簡(jiǎn)單的過程；坦誠(chéng)的，坦率的，率直的。【例】Americanspeechisremarkablystraightforward.美國(guó)人的語(yǔ)言非常直率。affiliationfilieinn.隸屬關(guān)系；隸屬，從屬?！纠縀thniccharacter,background,oraffiliation.屬于少數(shù)民族種族特性、背景或關(guān)系endeavorindevn.v.努力,盡力,竭力,力圖,試圖【例】weendeavortomakeourcustomershappy.我們努力使客戶滿意。distributiondistribju:nn.分發(fā)；銷售；頻率分布；分配裝置；分布；區(qū)分,分類；配電【例】distributionofthepopulation人口分布subscribersbskraibn.訂戶,簽署者,捐款者,認(rèn)購(gòu)者【例】Writeawaynowforthefreealbumofferedtoeverynewsubscriber.請(qǐng)速來信訂閱，新訂戶可免費(fèi)獲取畫冊(cè)一本。repositoryripzitrin.貯藏室，智囊團(tuán)，知識(shí)庫(kù)，倉(cāng)庫(kù)【例】Oncerulesaredefined,theyrestoredinacentralrepository.一旦規(guī)則定下來，它們要集中存放在一處。hybridhaibridn.雜種，混血兒，混合物；adj.混合的，雜種的（hybridism雜交，混血hybridity雜種狀態(tài)）【例】widelycultivatedhybridpokerplant.廣泛種植的雜種植物?！倦y句解析】1.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.【譯文】提供資金的機(jī)構(gòu)施加壓力，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項(xiàng)目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)?！窘馕觥?jī)蓚€(gè)“-”號(hào)中間的部分完全可以視作插入部分獨(dú)立分析?！皌heinternetismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.”“fundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit.”這樣分析就會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單很多：“提供資金的機(jī)構(gòu)施加壓力，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項(xiàng)目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)?！?.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.【譯文】其他的模式都是對(duì)這三種的不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個(gè)月只允許付費(fèi)閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費(fèi)閱讀?！窘馕觥縮uchas后面引導(dǎo)從句，這句話以“其他模式”領(lǐng)起，但實(shí)際上只重點(diǎn)舉了一個(gè)例子?！皐here”后面的句子都是以“delayedopen-access”作為先行詞?！捌渌哪Ｊ蕉际菍?duì)這三種的不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個(gè)月只允許付費(fèi)閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費(fèi)閱讀?！薄緟⒖即鸢附馕觥?6.參考答案【D】【解析】本題考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：第一段的主旨題。本題的題干是主旨題的一種常見形式，即Theparagraph(passage)states(illustrates,discusses,dealswith,isconcernedabout,describes)。因此接下來要判斷哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是第一段的主旨的概括，該段沒有明顯的主題句，各句子的重要性沒有明顯的差別，因此考生需要在理解句子所陳述的意思之后，概括出作者寫這個(gè)段落的目的。綜合各句子的含義可看出，第一段在讓讀者了解學(xué)術(shù)期刊的出版過程及特點(diǎn)。第一、二段開始兩個(gè)表時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)usedtobe和Nolonger相呼應(yīng)，表明這兩段分別側(cè)重介紹過去和現(xiàn)在的情況。27.參考答案【C】【解析】選項(xiàng)從“makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.”一句可以分析得出。OECD的報(bào)告沒有談到對(duì)政府出資的科研項(xiàng)目的評(píng)論，總結(jié)全新的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺(tái)所促進(jìn)的新的出版模式，而不是引進(jìn)介紹一種新的方法。報(bào)告本身也沒有對(duì)科學(xué)研究帶來好或者不好的影響。28.參考答案【A】【解析】第二段第二句提到，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使免費(fèi)使用科研成果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)（Theinternetismakingaccesstoscienrificresultsareality）。表面上該句只是在談網(wǎng)絡(luò)的作用，但由于本文圍繞“學(xué)術(shù)期刊出版”展開論述，因此這里講的就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版的意義。黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析729.參考答案【A】【解析】根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞open-accesspublishing定位到第四段。該段共介紹了四種網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版模式，“開放存取出版模式”是第二種。文中提到它主要依靠作者或其雇主支付論文出版費(fèi)用。A是文中（askingtheauthorto）payforthepapertobepublished的改寫，為正確項(xiàng)。30.參考答案【B】【解析】整篇文章都是在以客觀的角度來介紹新的出版方式，沒有表露作者的觀點(diǎn)（排除C），更沒有從傳統(tǒng)出版商的角度來表示互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一種威脅（排除A），而對(duì)D選項(xiàng)，全文則沒有深入展示?！救姆g】原本一切都很簡(jiǎn)單。一組研究員在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里共同完成一個(gè)試驗(yàn)，把結(jié)果提交給某刊物，刊物的編輯把作者姓名及相關(guān)信息隱去，把報(bào)告交給這些研究者的同行去審閱。根據(jù)評(píng)論意見，編輯將決定是否發(fā)表。因此，版權(quán)留在刊物出版社手上，辛苦探求知識(shí)的研究者反倒要花錢訂閱刊物。現(xiàn)在不再是這樣了。提供資金的機(jī)構(gòu)施加壓力，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項(xiàng)目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作及發(fā)展組織近日發(fā)布一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，描述了這一現(xiàn)象所造成的深遠(yuǎn)影響。澳大利亞維多利亞大學(xué)的JohnHoughton和經(jīng)合組織的GrahamVickery聯(lián)合完成這一報(bào)告，內(nèi)容使目前為止收入豐厚的出版商們感到汗顏。但是這項(xiàng)報(bào)告的意義遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止于此，它標(biāo)志著科學(xué)嘗試的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵性因素即將發(fā)生改變。在某種程度上來說，知識(shí)的價(jià)值和公共投資能否取得較高回報(bào)，取決于是否能夠得到廣泛的流通、人們是否能夠比較容易地獲取這些研究成果。這是一項(xiàng)很大的產(chǎn)業(yè)。在美國(guó)，核心科研出版市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)值每年在70億美元到110億美元左右。國(guó)際科學(xué)、技術(shù)和醫(yī)學(xué)出版社集團(tuán)宣稱全世界專業(yè)出版本類期刊的出版商有2000多家。他們每年在16000種刊物上發(fā)表120萬篇以上文章。這個(gè)數(shù)字現(xiàn)在有所變化。根據(jù)OECD報(bào)告，目前有75%的專業(yè)期刊在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上有在線閱讀。全新的商務(wù)模式正在形成，報(bào)告作者總結(jié)出其中三種。第一種是所謂的大訂單模式，即機(jī)構(gòu)團(tuán)體訂閱者通過簽訂網(wǎng)站協(xié)議付錢購(gòu)買閱讀一批刊物文章題目的權(quán)限。第二種為開放式出版模式，這種方式的典型特點(diǎn)是要求作者（或其雇主）付費(fèi)發(fā)表文章。最后一種為開放式檔案模式，即一些組織，比如大學(xué)或者國(guó)際實(shí)驗(yàn)室建立和維護(hù)的一些機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。其他的模式都是對(duì)這三種的不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個(gè)月只允許付費(fèi)閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費(fèi)閱讀。至少對(duì)論文的發(fā)表來說，這些都將顛覆傳統(tǒng)的同行審閱模式。2008Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,todayspeopleespeciallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerationsapparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyarentlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,weveprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrientsnotably,proteintofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight59formen,54forwomenhasntreallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstand黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析8repeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdontexpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetodaysdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampletoAillustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.BshowthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S.CcomparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.DassesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?AGeneticmodification.BNaturalenvironment.CLivingstandards.DDailyexercise.33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?ANon-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.BHumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.CAmericansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.DLargerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.WelearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfutureAthegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.Bthedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.Cgenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.Dtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.35.ThetextintendstotellusthatAthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.Bhumanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.CAmericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.DthegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.【重點(diǎn)詞匯】associationsusieinn.聯(lián)系,聯(lián)想；交際,交往；協(xié)會(huì),社團(tuán)【例】Letsformanassociationtohelpblindpeople.讓我們建立一個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)來幫助盲人吧。dramaticallydrmtikliad.從戲劇角度；戲劇性地,顯著地【例】Ikeptemphasizinghowdramaticallythingshavechanged.我反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)事情發(fā)生了多大的變化。adjustdstvt.調(diào)整,使適應(yīng)于,校準(zhǔn)vi.調(diào)整,適應(yīng)于,校準(zhǔn)【例】Thiselectricpotcanadjustthetemperatureautomatically.這種電飯鍋能自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)溫度。obscurebskjua.微暗的,難解的,含糊的,晦澀的,偏僻的,不著名的vt.使陰暗,隱藏,使含糊【例】ThedraftingofthissectionoftheBillis黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析9obscure.草案上的這一項(xiàng)含糊不清。apparentlyprntliad.表面上,似乎,顯然地【例】Apparentlyhewantedtobeclosetothosecommonpeople.他顯然想接近那些平民。geneticdineitika.遺傳的,遺傳學(xué)的【例】Anenzymethatcatalyzesgeneticrecombination.催化重級(jí)酶能催化基因重組的一