機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)外文翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

The modern design method of the project of machinery product and deveolp trend Abstract:Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design at the main thinking, product program design methods into a system, modular structure, the characteristics of knowledge-based products and intelligent four types. That the four methods and the characteristics of the organic inter-linkages, product design efforts Computer direction Key words:mechanical products； Program design； Trend INTRODUCTION The rapid scientific and technological development, product performance requirements of the growing number and complexity of increased life expectancy shortened. updating speed. However, the design of the products, especially machinery products in the design means, it appears powerless, lags behind the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacture and production planning has been the subject of extensive and in-depth research and has achieved initial success, and the early stage of product development of computer-aided design program is far from meeting the design requirements. To this end, the author reading a lot of literature on the basis of summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad program design methods used in and discussed the various methods of organic link between the product and machinery design computer trend of development. Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used in the main feature, The program will be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories. 1 Systematic Design Systematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organic link, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized for the task Systematic design in the 1970s by a German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz. They system theory as a basis to formulate a general model designed to promote the design of rational should have. German Engineers Association in the design on the basis of formulate standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods. The mechanical product design process model, basically adopted the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, Many scholars in China in product design program design and also quoted from other developed systematic design, which is representative ： (1) The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, design and structure of parts design, process planning, operational control of the foundation, and the macro-product development process, the use of quality function deployment, System users will demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development objectives of the technical and operational control in order (2) The level of organisms as products of life, and the help of life-support systems theory, the product design process can be divided successfully demand levels, realize the concept of functional requirements and the level of product design level. While using the System icon lives abstract expression products to the functional requirements, and form functional product structure. (3) The mechanical design of science into two basic questions : First, to design the products as a system and to determine the best components (modules) and their mutual relations； Second, the process of product design as a system, based on the design goals, correctly, reasonably ascertain all aspects of design work and the various design stage. As each of the designers to study issues and consider the perspective of the different emphasis program used in the design of the specific research methods, there are also differences. Below introduced some representative systematic design methods. 1.1 Design Element Method Used five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector elements and the surface shape parameters) described product solution think of a product design of the five elements value is determined, all the characteristics of the products and eigen value already identified. My design scholars also used a similar method to describe the products original understanding. 1.2 graphical modeling method Developed an analysis and design guidance system KALEIT， with a clear level of graphic description of the product structure and the function of the abstract information, the realization of the structure, function graphical modeling, and the functional link between the layers Will be divided into design methods and supporting information exchange 2, Nijssen Information Analysis using methods can be used graphic symbols, with rich semantic model structure, Integration can be described conditions can be classified types of constraints can be achieved between the arbitrary combination of features Will design solutions and information technology integration, and realizing the process of designing different abstraction layers of information between the graphical modeling. 1.3 idea - design Product design into ideas and design stage two. Concept stage of the mission is to find, select and mix design tasks required to meet the original understanding. Design stage of the work is to realize the conceptual stage, the original understanding. The program will be ideas specific description: According to the functional structure suitable for the design tasks required to meet the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of the physical link between the definition of functional vector function vector and structural elements of the interaction it has developed the functional diagram (mechanical movement schematic). The program design is based on the functional diagram, first of all qualitative description of the functional vector and structural elements further quantitative description of all the structural elements and the Connector (functional vector) the shape and location The structure diagram. Roper, H. Using graph theory, using his definition of total design modules (GE) structural elements (KE), functional elements (FKE), connecting structure elements (VKE) structural components (KT), structural elements parts (KET) concept And describes elements of the structure size, location and transmission parameters of the interaction between a number of diagrams, Expert design and intuitive design of a formal description of the formation of the effective application of existing knowledge, will be applied to the concept and design stage. Design methodology from the point of view of the clear mandate of the design work is divided into three steps Design: 1) Access to function and functional structure (referred to as functional)； 2) Find effects (referred to as the effect)； 3) Find structure (referred to as the configuration Rules). And the following four strategies used to describe the conceptual stage machinery products workflow: Strategy 1 : The consideration functional Effect and configuration rules. Therefore, it can be in various steps were created variant programs, which have an extensive understanding of the original spectrum. Strategy 2: Effect and configuration rules (including designers create the rules) Association, considered in isolation function (usually associated with the design task). At this time, identify typical configuration rules and their effect needs plenty of experience. The program is far less than the spectrum of a strategy program spectrum. Strategy 3: functional and effect, configuration closely related. Applicable to the function and effects of configuration rules and there is no room for choice, with special requirements, such as ultra-small machinery, extra large machinery, high-value functional components, and special functional requirements of the parts and so on. Strategy 4: According to the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connect to achieve the desired function. 1.4 matrix design: In the program design process requirements-function logic tree (or tree) Description, function of the interaction between, met the requirements of the functional design solution set to provide different design. According the Request-functional logic tree requirement - function associated matrix, Description to meet the functional requirements for the complex relationship between shows that the functional requirements and the relationship between he gathers. Kotaetal matrix mechanical system as a basis for designing programs, include mechanical systems design space for the functional decomposition of space, each of which only said that the design of a module, abstract stage in the senior, Each module movement and a transformation matrix can operate bound vector； Abstract stage in the low-rise, Each module is represented as a matrix and equations of motion. 1.5 bond graph: Will form a system into functional components to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, Bonding and borrowing plans expression of functional components solutions, hope will be based on the functional model and Bond Graph integration, achieve functional structure of the automatic generation and functional structure and bonding between the map automatically converted, seek from the bond graph produce multiple design method. 2 The modular design structure: Products from the planning perspective: Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on each task to consider whether there are corresponding product solutions, Thus, in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design process of adjustment, which can improve design efficiency and reliability, while also reducing the cost of new product. Feldman will describe the design of the function of the product mix is divided into four tiers, (1) product (2) functional components (3) major functional components (4) functional components . And using application-oriented features of the directory structure, the functional components for more specific qualitative and quantitative description. Meanwhile develop products suitable for the development of an early design stage and the use of the software tools STRAT. That the majority of machinery specialized function can be used existing product solutions, and with the new solution is only a small number of special features, Therefore, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacturing risks are very favorable. Promotion of the product function on the basis of the analysis, Decomposition products will have some functions into one or several of the basic modular structure, through options and combinations of these basic modular structure formed into different products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system. Ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department), and is serialized, GE, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economy, interchangeability is, compatibility and relevance. Chinas combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and deformation of composite design combined, Modular principle according to the classification of machine tools from large processing center into product level, component level, component level and the component level, and the use of expert knowledge and technology CAD their portfolio into different varieties and specifications for the functional modules, by the combination of these functional modules into different processing center overall program. Design options for the directory as a variation of the mechanical structure tools, design elements for the solution of integrity, Structure of the organization formed Solution Set design catalog. And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions, is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements. 3. The characteristics of knowledge-based product design: Knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer Aided Design program. Mechanical systems design is mainly based on products with features and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation capacity, completing the type, a composite. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, research must automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. 4. Intelligent Design: Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products. The use of object-oriented technology, focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis package design expert system, and with the help of high-performance graphics and the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology, 3D environment from all angles of expert system design options for observation, If inter-agency campaign convergence position of conflict, and so on. 5. Various design review and development trends: In summary, Systematic Design will design tasks from the abstract to the concrete (from the design of the tasks required to accomplish the mission of the program or structure) hierarchical division drawing up each layer wishes to achieve the goals and methods of elementary, from abstract to concrete floors to be organically linked to the entire design process systematic so that the design rules to follow. There is a way to follow and easy computer-aided design process to achieve. Modular design of the structure, as have some method of achieving functional structure for a module, module structure of the portfolio, product program design. For specific types of mechanical products, as part of its function is clear and relatively stable, Modules of the structure more easily, so that the structure modular approach to program design would be more appropriate. As with the functional entities is not between one-to-one correspondence between an entity can usually be a number of different functions, a function can often through several entities to be implemented. Therefore, the structure of the modular design approach for the general design of the product, Modules of the structure and are more difficult to choose, and the requirements of staff with a wide range of design experience and extensive knowledge in many areas. What is worth mentioning is : the above methods are not completely isolated, various methods exist to some extent on the links If modular structure design, module division structure contains a systematic thinking, building products and design features inference engine and knowledge base, it is usually also need to use a systematic and structural modular approach, In addition, the characteristics of knowledge-based products while the design of intelligent design program is one of the foundations. In mechanical design products, as to achieve specific functions common parts, components or structure used for the module body, and the application of systematic design of the levels of specific design, Modular Approach to the forthcoming financial structure in a systematic design methodology, it can guarantee the standardization of the design, it can simplify the design process, improve design efficiency and quality, and lower design costs. Mechanical Products programs are moving towards computer-aided design to achieve, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction. product design computer method of a late start, but there were no mature, be able to reach this target program design software tools. The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve this objective effective way. Although these methods are integrated use of the field more, not only with the mechanical design of the domain knowledge, but also to the theory of systems engineering, artificial intelligence, computer hardware and software engineering, Network technology and other fields of knowledge, It is still necessary product design efforts. Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success. My design scholars have been aware of CAD technology and international exchange and cooperation of the importance and the measures that should be taken. 機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 摘 要 ：根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的主要思維特點(diǎn)，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)和智能四種類型。指出四種方法的特點(diǎn)及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的努力方向。 關(guān)鍵詞： 機(jī)械產(chǎn)品；方案設(shè)計(jì)方法；發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 引 言 科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品功能要求的日益增多，復(fù)雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，尤其是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)繪圖、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、加工制造、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃已得到了比 較廣泛和深入的研究，并初見(jiàn)成效，而產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)初期方案的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足設(shè)計(jì)的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，概括總結(jié)了國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為下述四大類型。 1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性， 所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想于 70 年代由德國(guó)學(xué)者 Pahl 和 Beitz 教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計(jì)的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國(guó)工程師協(xié)會(huì)在這一設(shè)計(jì)思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn) VDI2221“技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方法。制定的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)程模式，基本上沿用了德國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) VDI2221 的設(shè)計(jì)方式。除此之外，我國(guó)許多設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者在進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)還借鑒和引用了其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想，其中具有代表性的是： (1)將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和零件設(shè)計(jì)、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的宏觀過(guò)程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。 (2)將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計(jì)層次。同時(shí)采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 (3)將機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個(gè)基本問(wèn)題：一是把要設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分 (單元 )及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程看成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計(jì)中各個(gè)方面的工作和各個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段。 由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問(wèn)題的角度以及考慮問(wèn)題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。 1.1、 設(shè)計(jì)元素法 用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素 (功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù) )描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國(guó)亦有設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者采用了類似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。 1.2、 圖形建模法 研制的“設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)” KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。 將設(shè)計(jì)劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個(gè)方面，利用 Nijssen 信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號(hào)、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語(yǔ)義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn)，將設(shè)計(jì)方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。 1.3 “構(gòu)思” “設(shè)計(jì)”法 將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段。“構(gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解?！霸O(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。 將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖 (機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖 )。方案的“設(shè)計(jì)”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件 (“功能載體” )的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。 Roper， H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計(jì)單元 (GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素 (KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素 (FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素 (VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件 (KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件 (KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動(dòng)參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡(jiǎn)圖，把設(shè)計(jì)專家憑直覺(jué)設(shè)計(jì)的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”階段。 從設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，將明確了設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)后的設(shè)計(jì)工作分為三步： 1) 獲取功能和功能結(jié)構(gòu) (簡(jiǎn)稱為“功能” )； 2) 尋找效應(yīng) (簡(jiǎn)稱為“效應(yīng)” )； 3) 尋找結(jié)構(gòu) (簡(jiǎn)稱為“構(gòu)形規(guī)則” )。并用下述四種策略描述機(jī)械產(chǎn)品構(gòu)思階段的工作流程：策略 1：分別考慮“功能”、“效應(yīng)”和“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”。因此，可以在各個(gè)工作步驟中分別創(chuàng)建變型方案，由此產(chǎn)生廣泛的原理解譜。策略 2：“效應(yīng)”與“構(gòu)形規(guī)則” (包括設(shè)計(jì)者創(chuàng)建的規(guī)則 )關(guān)聯(lián)，單獨(dú)考慮功能 (通常與設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)相關(guān) )。此時(shí)，辨別典型的構(gòu)形規(guī)則及其所屬效應(yīng)需要有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，產(chǎn)生的方案譜遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于策略1 的方案譜。策略 3：“功能”、“效應(yīng)”、“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”三者密切相關(guān)。適用于功能、效應(yīng)和構(gòu)形規(guī)則間沒(méi)有選擇余地、具有特殊要求的領(lǐng)域，如超小型機(jī)械、特大型機(jī)械、價(jià)值高的功能零 件，以及有特殊功能要求的零部件等等。策略 4：針對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)要求進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)化求解。該策略從已有的零件出發(fā)，通過(guò)零件間不同的排序和連接，獲得預(yù)期功能 。 1.4、矩陣設(shè)計(jì)法 在方案設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中采用“要求 功能”邏輯樹(shù) (“與或”樹(shù) )描述要求、功能之間的相互關(guān)系，得到滿足要求的功能設(shè)計(jì)解集，形成不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案。再根據(jù)“要求 功能”邏輯樹(shù)建立“要求 功能”關(guān)聯(lián)矩陣，以描述滿足要求所需功能之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，表示出要求與功能間一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。 Kotaetal 將矩陣作為機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，把機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)空間分解為功能子空間，每 個(gè)子空間只表示方案設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)模塊，在抽象階段的高層，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模塊用運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣和一個(gè)可進(jìn)行操作的約束矢量表示；在抽象階段的低層，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模塊被表示為參數(shù)矩陣和一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)方程。 1.5 鍵合圖法 將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合