退農合申請書.doc

The Apgar TestThe baby was born at 3:36 p. m. At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad.Another baby, born at 8:24 p. m., scored 3 out of 10 on his first test. He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8:34 and scored 5. _1_ He called for help1.These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. _2_ Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a babys score at 5 minutes is less than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.The Apgar test is not an intelligence test. Its a test that shows a babys health right after it is born. The Apgar test measures things such as a babys color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2. _3_A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test. Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929. She faced many challenges because she was the first woman in the program. However, she was one of the best students in her class. After medical school, she started treating patients2.Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time3. During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia. _4_In the 1940s, many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth. Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a professor at Columbias medical school, she created her simple test. She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953. Soon after, people started using the Apgar test around the world.In her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems. She wanted to help these babies survive. She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a masters degree in public health. _5_Today, the Apgar test is still used all over the world. Newborn babies dont know it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives. 練習：A Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score.B She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to help newborn babies.C A score of 10 is uncommon.D The doctor was worried.E They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.F Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do not feel any pain during surgery.答案與題解：1. D由第二段的前半部分可知這個嬰兒三次健康測試的分數(shù)都不理想，而且最后一句提到他需要救助，說明他的情況不容樂觀，所以醫(yī)生應該擔心。因此，答案為D。2. E第三段中第二句話提到這項測試幫助醫(yī)生診斷新生兒的問題，即醫(yī)生可以根據(jù)測試結果判斷新生兒的健康狀況。因此，答案為E。3. A順承本段倒數(shù)第二句的句意可知選項A和選項C都可以，但選項C說10分的成績不常見，這一點由全文其他地方推斷不出來。因此，答案為A。4. F本段第二句話最后提到阿普加學習給病人實施麻醉，而選項F講的是麻醉是什么，正好與本段第二句話句意吻合。因此,答案為F。5. B本段主要講的是阿普加幫助新生兒的愿望以及她為此所做的努力，縱觀六個選項符合段意的只有選項B。因此，答案為B。 阿普加測試下午3:36，一個嬰兒出生了。3:37時，她的第一次健康測試成績是4分（總分10分）。3:41時，她的成績是8分，醫(yī)生感到非常高興。另一天晚上8:24，另外一個嬰兒出生了。他的第一次測試成績是3分，第二次成績是4分。8:34時又進行了一次測試，成績是5分。醫(yī)生非常擔心，這個嬰兒需要救助。這些新生兒進行的是一項叫作阿普加的測試。這項測試幫助醫(yī)生診斷新生兒的問題，他們根據(jù)測試成績判斷新生兒是正常的還是需要特殊護理。大多數(shù)的嬰兒會接受兩次測試。第一次是在出生后1分鐘，第二次是在出生后5分鐘。如果嬰兒在第二次測試中的成績少于6分，那他們需要在出生10分鐘后再進行一次測試。阿普加測試不是一項智力測試。它是一項在嬰兒出生后表明其健康狀況的測試。這項測試會測量諸如嬰兒的皮膚顏色、心率、呼吸一類的項目，總共包括五部分，每一部分的成績可以是0分、1分或2分。醫(yī)生把每一部分的成績加起來就是這項測試的總分。一位名叫弗吉尼亞阿普加的醫(yī)生設計了這項測試。1929年，阿普加去紐約的哥倫比亞大學醫(yī)學院就讀。由于是這個學科里的第一位女性，使她面臨了許多挑戰(zhàn)。然而，她卻是班上最好的學生之一。完成醫(yī)學院的學業(yè)后，她開始給患者治療。阿普加還是麻醉學方面的研究者，當時麻醉學是一項新的醫(yī)學課題。在求學過程中，她學會了如何給患者實施麻醉。麻醉會使病人失去意識，因而他們在手術過程中不會感到任何疼痛。20世紀40年代，許多婦女在分娩時開始使用麻醉。但阿普加有個疑問：麻醉是如何影響新生兒的呢？1949年，當阿普加在哥倫比亞醫(yī)學院擔任教授時，她創(chuàng)造了這項簡單測試。1953年，她寫了一篇關于該測試方法的論文。不久之后，人們開始在世界范圍內使用阿普加測試。在工作中，阿普加發(fā)現(xiàn)許多新生兒都有健康問題。她想幫助這些新生兒活下來。1959年，她中止了行醫(yī)，回到學校攻讀公共衛(wèi)生碩士學位。她把自己的余生都奉獻給了醫(yī)學研究以及籌集資金幫助新生兒。今天，阿普加測試仍然在全世界范圍內被廣泛運用。雖然新生兒們并不知道，但弗吉尼亞阿普加卻是他們生命的前幾分鐘里非常重要的一個人。 Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet JobJohn Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States. Hes the official taster for Edys Grand Ice Cream, one of the nations best-selling brands. Harrisons taste buds are insured for $1 million. _1_ And when he isnt doing that, he travels, buying Edys in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isnt all Cookies n Cream a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, its extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.For one thing, he doesnt swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. _2_ Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream. Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea. _3_Harrisons family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness. _4_ On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.Edys ice cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States. _5_ “Its a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.詞匯：taste bud 味蕾texture /tekst/a/ n. 質地aroma /rum/ n. 芳香vanilla /vml/ n. 香草注釋：1. in one way or another：以某種方式,用這樣或那樣的方式2. has spent his entire life with it：為此他已付出一生。spend.with sth.：花（時間等）在某事上3. on these occasions：在這種場合下4. by comparison：相比之下練習：A However, you should never call it plain vanilla.B He even orders ice cream in restaurants for dessert.C Next he smack-smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.D This is a small price to pay for what he calls the worlds best job.E In his younger days, he would help out at the ice cream factory his uncle owned.F He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edys headquarters in Oakland, California.答案與題解：1. F文中第一段講了Harrison的工作情況。后文提到他休假時的情況，所以此處應為對他工作狀態(tài)的介紹。2. C第二段主要介紹了他工作時品嘗冰淇淋的過程。前文介紹了剛入口中的情況，此處應該是后續(xù)介紹。3. D第四段講了他為此工作做出的犧牲。4. B此處前文講到他仍然愛吃冰淇淋，所以此處B選項最符合原文。5. A根據(jù)后文講“香草是一種復雜的口味”可以推斷此處應為A選項。 冰淇淋品嘗師一一一份甜蜜的職業(yè)約翰哈瑞森擁有一份可能是美國人最想要的工作。他是一名職業(yè)的冰淇淋品嘗師，供職于美國最暢銷的冰淇淋品