旅游業(yè)共同關(guān)心的問題外文翻譯

中文 2685 字 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 外文題目： Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern 出 處 ： Senckenbergian amaritima Frankfurt am Main, 1998(12):209-212 作 者： E.W.Meiger 原文 Abstract Problems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with nature and favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Key words: Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature 1.Why a Common Concern? In the Wadden Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area each year for leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intelligent choices. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation. In 1994, in Leeuwarden, ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas (on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland). In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than just the Wadden Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of land based recreation on the areas natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation in the tourism sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region. 2.A Summary of the Situation I. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today tourists can choose from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity; sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost of dune areas.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape. II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the day tourists to the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along the mainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on the beach in the sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parking space close to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over. The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for many. The quiet and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the development of so-called bad weather facilities like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public earlier in the year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a number of bird species. IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathing the fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The current possibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, nature combing, walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wagon ride through the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the trilateral policy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature? A fifth observation: economic aspects are part of the discussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it. 3.Developments and New Trends it When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector. 1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector which can provide employment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow park to a health spa with a beach. Work is already in progress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns. 2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visitors and more transport is required. 3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often. The stabilization of the number of beds available (a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands) is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume. 4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made. 4.summarize: (I) more and more space is taken by accommodations, improving quality also requires more square meters per tourist; (II) Day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape; (III) Season lengthening means shortening of the undisturbed periods for birds; (IV) Recreation activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature; (V) The tourism related cash flow is on the rise; (VI) A growing number of people visit, know and hopefully appreciate the Wadden Sea area and., disturb each other. The importance of the international Wadden Sea area does not need to be stressed. Nor does the importance of protecting the areas natural development. Joint trilateral goals and targets have already been laid down or are receiving the final touches. Al1 we have to do, is bring about the goals. The trilateral Wadden policy can no longer ignore land based recreational activities; their effects are too far reaching. Dunes, marshes and birds are currently witnessing a loss in territory and an increase in disturbance and damage. The countryside is under attack and new building projects threaten to overshadow the cultural and historical value of the area. And sometimes there ate just too many people around.Its not enough to acknowledge that recreation is important to the area, to declare ah area a national park, to do some zoning or to fix the number of beds. A fundamental consideration is needed. What kind of recreational activates and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where can they take place? What amounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions ate the start of a strategy for conservation of nature and sustainable recreation. 5.The Choice of the Dutch Wadden Society The Wadden Sea area offers some very special opportunities for recreation. When people get to know and appreciate an area they are more willing to protect it. And from the perspective of tourism it is nature, the openness, the birds, the unique landscape and the historic cultural values that makes .this area into something singular and special. These are the selling points of the Wadden Sea area on the touristic market. In our view there should be possibilities to experience that specific Wadden Sea nature. This means Wadden nature oriented recreation. But in such a way that it is and continues respecting nature. This is of course something totally different from island hopping by aero plane or a disco party on the beach. What such a choice means from a sustainable and economic perspective is of course an important question. Does it mean more visitor management, more excursion leaders and less disc jockey? More bird watches facilities and wardening and less recreational air traffic and tropical swimming paradises? These aspects definitely need more research. The Dutch Wadden Society has taken initiatives in this direction but we certainly cannot cover this alone.To formulate such a strategy it is vital that there is a complete picture, based on comparable data, of recreation in the international Wadden area. At this moment data are still incomplete. So from our point of view the following steps lead to a strategy for conservation of nature and of sustainable possibilities for recreation:- identify the processes and areas which need extra protection. -identify the unique opportunities the area offers. -identify frictions between existing tourism and nature conservation goals. -select the types of tourism and recreational activities that can be accommodated in harmony with the area and the goals. -make choices regarding: when, where and what amounts. - formulate clear policy goals. - develop indicators to monitor and -execute it Time is ripe to make choices and there are already some hopeful initiatives. In Nord Friesland a Zukunftswerkstatt Tourisms und Umwelt is being drawn up with the aim to elaborate concepts for umbel- und sozialvertrigliche Tourismusentwicklung. The Dutch, German and Danish province and regions along the Wadden Sea started a project to develop a vision on sustainable tourism. The trilateral Wadden policy can encourage these initiatives. In 1997, in State, there should be an acknowledgement of the importance and effects of land based recreation at a trilateral level. It must be possible to develop a common strategy for all tourism and recreation activities in the trilateral Wadden area, particularly in the light of the ecological and landscape goals that have already been agreed on in the past and which also reflect the recreational interests. 譯文 旅游業(yè)共同關(guān)心的問題 摘要 旅游業(yè) 協(xié)會(huì)針對 瓦登海問題進(jìn)行了討論 ， 討論的內(nèi)容是 關(guān)于陸地活動(dòng)與自然和諧 以及 環(huán)境的保護(hù)。討論的重點(diǎn)是 歐洲國家承認(rèn) “ 三邊瓦登 ?！?的 政策。 其中所涉及的國家 包括 荷蘭，德國和丹麥。 關(guān)鍵詞： 三方瓦登海 政策，旅游，娛樂用地為基礎(chǔ)，對大自然有不利影響 一、引言 “ 三方瓦登海政策 ” 使 在瓦登海地區(qū)的人們 的生活、 工作和 家庭 重建 等得到了改變 。 “ 三方瓦登海政策 ” 一直主要集中在海上娛樂。 在這個(gè)瓦登海 地區(qū) 一般都 有 沙丘，灘涂和潮地區(qū) 等，這些 自然景觀 會(huì)影響陸上休閑活動(dòng)。 瓦登海地區(qū) 每年 有 成千上萬的 游客來到這 地區(qū) 旅游 。由于這個(gè) 地區(qū)旅游 的影響和發(fā)展， 所以 就有必要擴(kuò)大這一政策的范圍，使 這個(gè) 策略可 適用于 發(fā)展 當(dāng)?shù)?所有 的 休閑活動(dòng)。這是一個(gè) 明智的決策選擇 。 怎 么樣的 娛樂活動(dòng)和住宿 設(shè)施 適合這 些 地方？他們應(yīng)該如何做如何完成這些設(shè)施及活動(dòng) 的建設(shè) ？ 旅游與 自然的和諧， 要 如何 保護(hù)呢？這些問題的答案 都是 保護(hù)自然和 實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展 的一部分。 1994 年，在 戈登 海 提出的 “ 三方瓦登海政策 ” ， 主要 是 為 這些地 區(qū) 制定了生態(tài)目標(biāo) ， 特別是對 海灘和沙丘，鹽沼，海岸線和農(nóng)村地區(qū)（在島嶼和大陸鄰近地區(qū) ）。此外，人們認(rèn)識到三邊政策所涵蓋的不僅僅是瓦登海更廣闊的領(lǐng)域 ，而是為當(dāng)?shù)氐膭?dòng)物群和植物群 的自然棲息地，目的是為了增加旅游的資源。 為了更好地了解 這些政策對 自然環(huán)境的影響，首先 必須考慮 當(dāng)?shù)?旅游部門的情況。 主要是基于 旅游 協(xié)會(huì)在 瓦登海地區(qū) 討論之后 的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 二、具體內(nèi)容 （一） 形勢綜述 一 、 自本世紀(jì)中葉，瓦登海區(qū)已 成 為越來越多的游客 受歡迎的目的地。 如今 ，游客可 以 選擇 所需要 的住宿 ，例如： 酒店，登山小 屋，公寓，野營地，平房等。這方面的發(fā)展引發(fā)了大量的建筑 等相關(guān) 活動(dòng)， 更多的是對新的用地建設(shè) 用 以取代舊的建筑物 。而 這 些建筑活動(dòng) 是 這些 地區(qū)的成本 要素之一 。 所以， 越來越多的 開發(fā)商占據(jù)了這些空間，進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)等 。有 的 體現(xiàn) 在大自然 中 ，有 的是 在農(nóng)村的歷史建筑物或 者 景觀的成本 中 。 二 、 但并不是所有的游客 到該地區(qū)留下來 住宿 。一方面 是因?yàn)榫嚯x的原因 。特別是 島嶼渡輪 ， 頻繁而低價(jià)的輪渡是的很多游客選擇一日游，所以并不 需要住宿 。在另一方面 ，大陸海岸線不同的休閑區(qū)也吸引了 其他 的游客，特別是在德國，其 數(shù)目 相當(dāng) 大 。 游客不僅渴望在陽光下上海灘的地方， 而且 也希望走在沙丘上，買一杯咖啡，有適當(dāng)?shù)慕煌ㄔO(shè)施，并 貫穿整個(gè) 地區(qū)。例如， 每天 增加的 渡輪 班次 ，在停車場上 ，為 內(nèi)地游客提供額外的停車位。 三 、 短假期，周 末 休息 已成為許多 人的理想時(shí)間 。 長期淡季時(shí)期 ，當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境的安靜居民的自然等是些很讓游客滿意的地方 。 露營場地 小屋和別墅 成為了 越來越多 的 游客的選擇 。在假期季節(jié) ， 以及惡劣天氣 的發(fā)展 趨勢 ， 在 沙丘 上出現(xiàn) 步行者 和自由運(yùn)動(dòng)者，但 這些人類活動(dòng) 可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致鳥類的遷徙和繁殖 問題。 如果在 每年早些時(shí)候?qū)?關(guān)閉旅游區(qū) ， 那么 對這些鳥類的重要領(lǐng)域 就 會(huì) 形成保護(hù) 。 但是這是 不現(xiàn)實(shí) 的， 因?yàn)?人們應(yīng)該盡可能多的機(jī)會(huì)享受大自然 ，并進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)腻憻挼?。而且當(dāng)?shù)氐穆糜位顒?dòng)不僅可以增加當(dāng)?shù)氐闹?，提高?dāng)?shù)鼐用竦氖杖?，而且可以帶了許多就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。 所以， 節(jié)假日的延長意味著更多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)， 并 干擾了鳥類物種的數(shù)量。 四 、 休閑活動(dòng)不再局限于 一兩種 。 目前 可能 的休閑活動(dòng) 似乎無窮無盡， 有 跳傘，高爾夫球，走在泥灘，參觀鳥殖民地，短期航空飛機(jī)旅行，放風(fēng)箏，日光浴，晚上乘坐馬車，越野自行車等。 所以， 休閑活 動(dòng) 以 自然為本，對大自然 就 有越來越多的不利影響 。 五、 旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)方面發(fā)揮了一定的 作用 ， 這方面 是 在決策過程中進(jìn)行 的 。但是，在 怎樣 條件的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響 下 ， 才能實(shí)現(xiàn)資源的