初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法.doc

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法一、詞類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)分十種：1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容詞(adj.)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, beautiful . 4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：am, is,are,have,see,look .6、 副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠詞(art.)：用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如：a, an, the.8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.9、連詞(conj.)： 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。如and, but, so .10、感嘆詞(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.二、句子成分：英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1、 主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語(yǔ))同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)英語(yǔ)基本句型列式如下：基本句型一： （主謂）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等。1. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。 2. The pen writes smoothly.這支筆書(shū)寫(xiě)流利?；揪湫投?（主謂表）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類(lèi)：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類(lèi)，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類(lèi)，表示變化。be 本身沒(méi)有什么意義,只起連系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。1. The dinner smells good. 午餐的氣味很好。2. His face turned red. 他的臉紅了?；揪湫腿?（主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。1. Who knows the answer? 誰(shuí)知道答案？2. He enjoys reading. 他喜歡看書(shū)。三、數(shù)詞： 1、分類(lèi)：數(shù)詞有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。英語(yǔ)的數(shù)詞可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。2、基數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞。 序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。3、 英語(yǔ)的序數(shù)詞基本變法： 一般在基數(shù)詞后加th,(2)-ve結(jié)尾的改為-fth,(3)-ty結(jié)尾的改為-tieth,(4)熟記特殊詞。序數(shù)詞如下：1000thone thousandth,第703the seven hundred and third, onefirst two-second three-third 4. 序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時(shí),有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：1/5one fifth ; 2/3 two thirds ; 4/7 four sevenths ; 1/2 a half ; 1/4a quarter ; 3/4 three quarters ; 50% fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).四、簡(jiǎn)單句1、簡(jiǎn)單句的特點(diǎn)：簡(jiǎn)單句通常只由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))構(gòu)成。2、簡(jiǎn)單句的種類(lèi)：簡(jiǎn)單句一般分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句和祈使句四種。3、陳述句：用來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)的句子叫陳述句。它有肯定式和否定式兩種形式。陳述句的肯定式： He is a middle school student.（他是個(gè)中學(xué)生）/ I have a hammer in my hand.（我手上有把錘子）/ She teaches us geography.（她教我們地理）/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.（新的話(huà)劇非常好大家都喜歡）4、疑問(wèn)句：一般疑問(wèn)句： 用“yes”或“no”來(lái)回答的疑問(wèn)句叫做一般疑問(wèn)句。2)一般疑問(wèn)句的回答：一般疑問(wèn)句通常用簡(jiǎn)略形式來(lái)回答。如：Will you join us in playing basketball?（你加入我們打籃球好嗎？）Yes, we will.（是的我們會(huì)。）/ No, we wont.（不我們不會(huì)。）Have you got todays newspaper?（你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎？）Yes, I have .（是的有。）/ No, I havent.（不沒(méi)有。）回答時(shí)所用的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)和問(wèn)句里的時(shí)態(tài)一致。特殊疑問(wèn)句：要求具體回答的問(wèn)句。1)特殊疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)是：疑問(wèn)代詞+一般疑問(wèn)句+？ 疑問(wèn)副詞如：What do you want?（你要什么？）/ Who(m) are you looking for ?（你在找誰(shuí)？）/ Whose magazine is this?（這是誰(shuí)的雜志？）/Which class are you in?（你在哪班？）/ When did you get up this morning?（你今早什么時(shí)候起身的？）/ Where have you been?（你到哪兒去了？）/ Why did he go to bed so early?（他為什么這么早睡覺(jué)？）/ How did you go there?（你是怎么去的那兒？）注意從陳述句改為特殊問(wèn)句時(shí),先將句子改為一般問(wèn)句,再將(劃線(xiàn))提問(wèn)部分更改為疑問(wèn)詞置于句首,特別要注意助動(dòng)詞的使用！如果只對(duì)主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的修飾詞提問(wèn),那么只需要將疑問(wèn)部分改為疑問(wèn)詞即可。2)常用疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞：疑問(wèn)代詞： who, whom, whose, which, what,疑問(wèn)副詞： when, where, why, how,how構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)：how many (多少個(gè)) (獨(dú)立用；或跟可數(shù)名詞), how much (多少) (獨(dú)立用；或跟不可數(shù)名詞), how old (多大年紀(jì)), how far (多遠(yuǎn)), how often (多常),how long (多久,多長(zhǎng)), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。 3)特殊疑問(wèn)句有時(shí)也用否定式。如：Why dont you ask Jim instead?(?？s略為Why not?) (你為什么不轉(zhuǎn)請(qǐng)Jim呢？)5. 祈使句：祈使句用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求、命令等。它的主語(yǔ)you往往不說(shuō)出。祈使句的肯定式： 動(dòng)詞(原形) + 其他 如：Please give me a hand. (請(qǐng)幫忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！) 祈使句的否定式 Dont +動(dòng)詞原形 + 其他 如：Please dont talk in low voices. (請(qǐng)不要低聲講話(huà)。) / Dont look back! (不要掉頭看。)注意 以“l(fā)ets”引出的祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu),“not”應(yīng)放在“l(fā)ets”后面。如：Lets not trouble him. (我們不要打擾他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助動(dòng)詞來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣。如：Please do help me! (請(qǐng)千萬(wàn)幫幫我。)6、感嘆句：感嘆句用來(lái)表示喜怒哀樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情。句末常用“！”對(duì)含有形容詞的名詞短語(yǔ)感嘆的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：What + (a /an) + (形容詞) +名詞+ 陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂語(yǔ)) ,用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的名詞,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) / What bad weather (it is)! (天氣真糟糕！)僅對(duì)形容詞或副詞進(jìn)行感嘆的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：How + 形容詞/副詞 + 陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂語(yǔ)) ,用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。How carefully the old man walks! (這老人走路真小心！) / How delicious the food is! (這食品真好吃！) / How beautiful! (真美呀！)五、八種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法：1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特征。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)表示客觀(guān)真理、事實(shí)、，科學(xué)事實(shí)或表示格言或警句。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快) 表示十分確定會(huì)發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來(lái),句子中可以有將來(lái)時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開(kāi)往漢口的列車(chē)上午8點(diǎn)開(kāi)車(chē))4 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車(chē)來(lái)了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。5 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說(shuō)或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.1. When _ your mother _ to work every day, Mary? Sorry, I really cant remember.A. does; go B. has; gone C. had; gone D. did; go2. We will climb the hill if it _ tomorrow.A. doesnt rain B. isnt raining C. wont rain D. will rain3. Whats wrong with these noodles? It _ terrible.A. is tasting B. was tasted C. tastes D. tasting2.一般過(guò)去時(shí) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。表示過(guò)去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話(huà))表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來(lái)到我們市)表示過(guò)去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.講故事、對(duì)過(guò)去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過(guò)去事件等一般用過(guò)去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)1.When _ your mother _ back? About half an hour ago.A. did；come B. had; comeC. do; comeD. have; come2. Betty _ to school yesterday because she was ill.A. isnt come B. didnt come C. comesD. doesnt3. _ you _ take a bus to school? Yes. But now I usually go to school on foot.A. Were; used toB. Did; used toC. Do; used toD. Did; use to4. When _ your mother _ you that blue dress, Mary? Sorry, I really cant remember.A. does; buyB. has; bought C. had; boughtD. did; buy5. Who told you to take some cameras? Our teacher _. She said we need to take many photos.A. doesB. hasC. hadD. did【答案與解析】1. A2. B3. D。4. D。5. D。 3.一般將來(lái)時(shí) 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。用will構(gòu)成的將來(lái)時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀(guān)愿望無(wú)關(guān)?！皊hall”用于第一人稱(chēng),“will” 用于所有人稱(chēng)。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過(guò)了)“am/is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀(guān)判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會(huì)生下那個(gè)特別的男孩)/ Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了) (4 ) be about to do(正要干什么)表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。常與when 連用，when 此時(shí)意思： 就在這時(shí)，是并列連詞 構(gòu)成句型： be about to do when. I was about to leave when it rained.1. The TV show Home with Kids is so wonderful. You shouldnt miss it. If I have time, I _ it.A. see B. saw C. will see D. have seen2. When I grow up, I _ to make my parents live happily.A. try B. tried C. will try D. have tried3. You have left with the lights on in your classroom, Jim. Oh, I am sorry. I _ to turn then off right now.A. would B. have gone C. will go D. go4. Dont worry. I _ you as soon as I finish my work.A. helpB. will helpC. helpedD. was helping5. Mr. Smith _ us a talk on computer games next Monday.A. give B. gave C. has given D. is going to give【答案與解析】1. C。2. C。3. C。4. B5. D4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： now, this , these等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹(shù)上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫(xiě)一本長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)) 標(biāo)志性的單詞有：Look Listen 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：Im coming now.(我就來(lái))/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿(mǎn)或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢(qián),過(guò)一些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)1. listen! Who _ the piano in our classroom? I think it must be our music teacher.A. plays B. is playing C. is play D. played2. Many children like eating some snacks while they _ interesting cartoons on TV.A. watching B. are watching C. watch D. is watch3. Hello! Is that John speaking? Sorry. This is Henry. John _ supper.A. is cooking B. cooked C. cooks D. cooking4. Keep quiet, please. Your father _ in the bedroom. OK, Mum.A. sleep B. sleeping C. is sleeping D. sleeps5. Do you often hear your mother _ in your room? Yes. Listen! She _ in her bedroom now.A. singing; singing B. is singing; singing C. sing; is singing D. sing; sings【答案與解析】1. B。2B3. A。4. C。5. C。5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱(chēng)單數(shù))或were(第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù)和各人稱(chēng)的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具) 用于賓語(yǔ)從句或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們?cè)诤诎档纳掷镒邥r(shí)唱了很多歌)1. What _ you _ at seven last night? Oh, I was watching TV.A. did；do B. is；doing C. are；doing D. were；doing2. My mother _ when I got home.A. cook B. cooks C. cooked D. was cooking3. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes4. As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was fallingD. read; fell【答案與解析】1. D。2D。3. C。4. B6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的、對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開(kāi)始在過(guò)去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有看過(guò)這么好的畫(huà))/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?guó))表示在過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開(kāi)家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠(chǎng)開(kāi)張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)口語(yǔ)中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書(shū)館有上萬(wàn)本書(shū))have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過(guò)”)表示人在這里。如：-Where is Mr Li? He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國(guó)。)/ -Do you know something about Beijing? Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過(guò)那里三次。)在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。具體變化見(jiàn)下表：瞬間性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)have(already)gone tohavebeen in / at for (two years) (had)left(had)been away fromarrivedbeen indiedbeen deadbegunbeen onendedbeen overbought.hadborrowedkept 或者使用下面這個(gè)句型：It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主語(yǔ)(人)+謂語(yǔ)(過(guò)去時(shí))+過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 注意 在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類(lèi)似問(wèn)題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書(shū)我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)7. 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡(jiǎn)言之, 過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when,before等引出狀語(yǔ)從句。有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語(yǔ),也會(huì)有for 或since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來(lái)的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺(jué)那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說(shuō)他以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)袋鼠)1. The film _for ten minutes when we got to the cinema.A. have already been on B. had already begun C. had already been on D. have already begun2. We _five English songs by the end of last term.A. had learned B learned C. have learned D will have learned 3. Han Mei told me she _lunch, so she was very hungry.A